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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN474-3:1996

Earth-movingmachinery

Safety

Part 3: Requirements for loaders

The European Standard EN 474-3:1996 has the status of aBritish Standard

ICS 53.100

opyright British Standards Institutionovided by IHS under license with BSI

Not for Resaleo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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BS EN 474-3:1996

This British Standard, havingbeen prepared under thedirection of the Sector Board forBuilding and Civil Engineering,was published under theauthority of the StandardsBoard and comesinto effect on15 July 1996

BSI 02-1999

The following BSI referencesrelate to the work on thisstandard:Committee reference B/513/1Draft for comment 93/102261 DC

ISBN 0 580 25868 8

Committees responsible for thisBritish Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/513, Construction equipment and plant, and site safety, toSubcommittee B/513/1, Earth-moving machinery, upon which the followingbodies were represented:

British Coal CorporationConstruction Plant (Hire Association)Federation of Civil Engineering ContractorsFederation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and CranesHealth and Safety ExecutiveInstitution of Civil EngineersSilsoe Research Institute

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments



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Contents

PageCommittees responsible Inside front cover

National foreword iiForeword 2Text of EN 474-3 5List of references Inside back cover



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National foreword

This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/513/1 and is theEnglish language version of EN 474-3:1996 Earth-moving machinery Safety Part 3: Requirements for loaders, published by the European Committee forStandardization (CEN). It is one of a number of British Standards implementingEuropean Standards on machinery safety matters, in the development of whichthe United Kingdom has played an active part.This British Standard covers the essential safety requirements in the MachineryDirective (89/392/EEC) and the Amending Directive (91/368/EEC).

Cross-references

Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard

BS EN 292 Safety of machinery Basic concepts,general principles for design

EN 292-1:1991 Part 1:1991Basic terminology, methodologyEN 292-2:1991 Part 2:1991 Technical principles and specificationsEN 294:1992 BS EN 294:1992 Safety of machinery Safety

distances to prevent danger zones being reached by theupper limbs

EN 474-1:1995 BS EN 474 Earth-moving machinery SafetyPart 1:1995 General requirements

ENV 1070:1993 DD ENV 1070:1993 Safety of machinery Terminology

EN 23411:1988 BS 5538:1983 Specification for minimum operatorspace envelope for earth-moving machinery

EN 25353:1988 BS 5631:1978 Specification for earth-movingmachinery and tractors and machinery for agricultureand forestrySeat index point

EN 60204-1:1992 BS EN 60204 Safety of machineryElectricalequipment of machinesPart 1:1993 Specification for general requirements

ISO 2330:1995 BS 5639 Fork arms for fork lift trucksPart 4:1978 Specification for technical characteristicsand testing

ISO 2867:1994 BS 6912 Safety of earth-moving machineryPart 15:1995 Specification for access systems

ISO 3164:1992 Part 7:1992 Specification for laboratory evaluations orroll-over and falling object protective structures: thedeflection-limiting volume for earth-moving machinery

ISO 3449:1992 Part 6:1992 Specification for falling object protectivestructures on earth-moving machinery: laboratory tests

ISO 3457:1986 BS EN ISO 3457:1995 Earth-moving machineryGuards and shieldsDefinitions and specifications

ISO 3471:1994 BS 6912 Safety of earth-moving machineryPart 14:1995 Specification for laboratory tests andperformance requirements of roll-over protectivestructures

ISO 4250-2:1991 BS AU 50 Tyres and wheelsPart 1: TyresSection 3: Off-the-road tyresSubsection 3.2a:1991 Specification for narrow and widebase tyre loads and inflation pressures

ISO 5006-1:1991 BS 6911 Testing earth-moving machinery

Part 5:1992Determination of operators field of viewISO 5998:1986 BS 6912 Safety of earth-moving machineryPart 2:1989 Specification for rated operating load forcrawler and wheel loaders



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A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunityfrom legal obligations.

ISO 6014:1986 BS 5982:1987 Method for determination of groundspeed of earth-moving machinery

ISO 6016:1982 BS 6300:1982 Methods of measuring the masses ofwhole machines, their equipment and components ofearth-moving machinery

ISO 6393:1985 BS 6812Airborne noise emitted by earth-movingmachineryPart 1:1987 Method of measurement of exterior noise ina stationary test condition

ISO 6682:1986 BS EN ISO 6682:1995 Earth-moving machinery Zones of comfort and reach for control

ISO 6683:1981 BS 6218:1981 Specification for performancerequirements for seat belts and seat belt anchorages forearth-moving machinery fitted with roll-over protective

structuresISO 7096:1994 BS 6912 Safety of earth-moving machineryPart 17:1995 Specification for laboratory evaluation ofoperator seat vibration

ISO 7131:1984 BS 6685:1986 Glossary of terms for loaders used forearth-moving

ISO 7546:1983 BS 6422:1983 Method for volumetric rating of loaderand front loading excavator buckets used forearth-moving

ISO 8313:1989 BS 6911 Testing earth-moving machineryPart 2:1990 Measurement of tool forces and tippingloads of loaders

ISO 10533:1993 BS 6912 Safety of earth-moving machinery

Part 11:1993 Requirements for lift arm support devices

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,the EN title page, pages 2 to 18, an inside back cover and a back cover.This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have hadamendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table onthe inside front cover.



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EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPENNE

EUROPISCHE NORM

EN 474-3

February 1996

ICS 53.100

Descriptors: Earth-moving equipment, loaders, safety of machine, accident prevention, safety requirements, specifications

English version

Earth-moving machinery Part 3: Requirements for loaders

Engins de terrassement Scurit Partie 3: Exigences applicables aux chargeuses

Erdbaumaschinen Sicherheit Teil 3: Anforderungen fr Lader

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1995-11-03. CEN membersare bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations whichstipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a

national standard without any alteration.Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to anyCEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,German). A version in any other language made by translation under theresponsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to theCentral Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland andUnited Kingdom.

CEN

European Committee for StandardizationComit Europen de NormalisationEuropisches Komitee fr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

1996 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved to CEN andits members

Ref. No. EN 474-3:1996 E



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Foreword

This European Standard has been prepared byCEN/TC 151, Construction equipment and buildingmaterial machines Safety, of which thesecretariat is held by DIN.This European Standard has been prepared under amandate given to CEN by the EuropeanCommission and the European Free TradeAssociation and supports essential requirements ofEU Directive(s).The Annex A is normative and contains List ofhazards and the Annex B is informative andcontains Illustrations.

EN 474 Earth-moving machinery Safetycomprises the following Parts.Part 1: General requirements;Part 2: Requirements for tractor-dozers;Part 3: Requirements for loaders;Part 4: Requirements for backhoe loaders;Part 5: Requirements for hydraulic excavators;Part 6: Requirements for dumpers;Part 7: Requirements for tractor-scrapers;Part 8: Requirements for graders;Part 9: Requirements for pipelayers;

Part 10: Requirements for trenchers;Part 11: Requirements for earth and landfillcompactors;

Part 12: Requirements for rope excavators.This European Standard shall be given the status ofa national standard, either by publication of anidentical text or by endorsement, at the latest byAugust 1996, and conflicting national standardsshall be withdrawn at the latest by August 1996.According to the CEN/CENELEC InternalRegulations, the national standards organizationsof the following countries are bound to implementthis European Standard: Austria, Belgium,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland andUnited Kingdom.

Contents

PageForeword 20 Introduction 51 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Definitions 63.1 Common definitions 63.2 Additional definitions 63.2.1 Loader 63.2.2 Compact loader 63.2.3 Skid steer loader 63.2.4 Attachment bracket 63.2.5 Attachment 64 Safety requirements 64.1 Access 64.1.1 Access to crawler machines 64.1.2 Access to compact loaders 64.1.2.1 Primary access opening 64.1.2.2 Alternative egress opening 64.2 Operators station 64.2.1 Minimum space envelope 6

4.2.2 Heating and ventilation system 74.2.3 Rear visibility 74.3 Operators protection 74.3.1 Roll-over protective structures

(ROPS) 74.3.2 Roll-over protective structures

(ROPS)on derivated machinery 8

4.3.3 Falling object protectivestructures (FOPS) 8

4.3.4 Fenders 8

4.3.5 Securing of controls for compactloaders having front access 8

4.3.6 Guarding for compact loaders 84.4 Operators seat 84.5 Lift arm support device 84.6 Operators controls 84.6.1 Remote control 84.6.1.1 Control box 84.6.1.1.1 General requirements 94.6.1.1.2 Emergency stop 9

4.6.1.1.3 Controls 94.6.1.2 Selecting switch 94.6.1.3 Warning devices 9



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Page4.6.1.4 Travelling 9

4.6.1.5 Instructions 94.7 Lighting, signalling and marking

lights and reflex-reflector devices 94.8 Tyres and rims 94.9 Stability 94.9.1 Stability in different applications 94.9.1.1 Bucket application 94.9.1.2 Fork application 94.9.1.2.1 Stability factor 94.9.1.2.2 Hydraulic capacity 9

4.9.1.2.3 Rated operating load 104.9.1.2.4 Fork size 104.9.1.3 Object handling application 104.9.1.3.1 Stability factors 104.9.1.3.2 Hydraulic capacity 104.9.1.3.3 Rated operating load 104.9.1.3.4 Load hooking device 104.9.1.4 Log handling application 104.9.1.4.1 Stability factors 104.9.1.4.2 Hydraulic capacity 104.9.1.4.3 Rated operating load 114.9.2 Other applications 114.9.3 Load capacity information 114.10 Airborne noise 114.11 Attachment bracket 114.11.1 Locking 114.11.2 Identification 114.11.3 Instructions 114.12 Attachment 114.12.1 Identification 114.12.2 Instructions 11

5 Warning signs and hazard pictorials 116 Instruction handbook 11Annex A (normative) List of additionalhazards Loaders 13Annex B (informative) Illustrations 15Figure 1 Location of measuring points 7Figure 2 Deflection-limiting volume (DLV),front view 7Figure 3 Load centre distance 10Figure B.1 Wheel loader 15Figure B.2 Compact wheel loader 15Figure B.3 Crawler loader 16Figure B.4 Wheel loader with fork arms 16

PageFigure B.5 Wheel loader with grapple 16

Figure B.6 Wheel loader with objecthandling equipment 17Table 1 Rated operating load capacityas % of tipping load 9Table 2 Load centre distance 10Table 3 Rated load capacity as % oftipping load 10Table 4 Achievable sound power levels forairborne noise 11Table 5 Attachment bracket identification 12Table 6 Attachment identification 12



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0 Introduction

This European Standard is a Type C-standard inthe structure of A-/B-/C-standards as defined inEN 292-1:1991.The machinery concerned and the extent to whichhazards are covered is indicated in the scope of thisstandard.

1 Scope

This standard specifies additional requirements toand/or exceptions from EN 474-1:1994Earth-moving machinery Safety Part 1: General requirements.

This standard applies to wheel and crawler loadersdefined in ISO/DIS 6165:1994, and gives additionalrequirements for attachments and for derivatedmachinery.This standard applies also for compact loaders asdefined in 3.2.2 and Figure B.2.This standard deals with the significant hazardspertinent to loaders when they are used as intendedand under the conditions foreseen by themanufacturer (see Annex A of this standard andAnnex C of EN 474-1:1994).Telescopic loaders are not covered in EN 474.

2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated orundated references, provisions from otherpublications. These normative references are citedat the appropriate places in the text and thepublications are listed hereafter. For datedreferences, subsequent amendments to or revisionsof any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it byamendment or revision. For undated references thelatest edition of the publication referred to applies.EN 292-1:1991, Safety of machinery Basic

concepts General principles for design Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology.

EN 292-2:1991, Safety of machinery Basicconcepts General principles for design Part 2: Technical principles and specifications.

EN 294:1992, Safety of machinery Safetydistances to prevent danger zones being reached bythe upper limbs.

EN 474-1:1994, Earth-moving machinery Safety Part 1: General requirements.

ENV 1070:1993, Safety of machinery Terminology.

EN 23411:1988, Earth-moving machinery Human physical dimensions of operators andminimum operator space envelope.

EN 25353:1988, Earth-moving machinery, andtractors and machinery for agriculture and

forestry Seat index point.EN 60204-1:1992, Safety of machinery Electricalequipment of machines Part 1: Generalrequirements.

ISO 2330:1995, Fork lift trucks Fork arms Technical characteristics and testing.

ISO 2867:1994, Earth-moving machinery Accesssystems.

ISO 3164:1992, Earth-moving machinery Laboratory evaluations of roll-over and falling objectprotective structures Specifications fordeflection-limiting volume.

ISO 3449:1992,Earth-moving machinery FallingObject Protective Structures Laboratory tests andperformance requirements.

ISO 3457:1986,Earth-moving machinery Guardsand shields Definitions and specifications.

ISO 3471:1994, Earth-moving machinery Roll-over Protective Structures Laboratory testsand performance requirements.

ISO 4250-2:1991, Narrow and wide base off-roadtyres and rims Part 2: Loads and inflationpressures.

ISO/DIS 4250-3:1993, Earth-mover tyres andrims Part 3: Rims.

ISO 5006-1:1991, Earth-moving machinery Operators field of view Part 1: Test method.

ISO 5998:1986, Earth-moving machinery Ratedoperating load for crawler and wheel loader.

ISO 6014:1986, Earth-moving machinery Determination of ground speed.

ISO 6016:1982, Earth-moving machinery Methods of measuring the masses of wholemachines, their equipment and components.

ISO/DIS 6165:1994, Earth-moving machinery

Basic types Vocabulary.ISO 6393:1985,Acoustics Measurement ofairborne noise emitted by earth-movingmachinery Method for determining compliancewith limits for exterior noise Stationary testcondition.

ISO 6682:1986, Earth-moving machinery Zonesof comfort and reach for controls.

ISO 6683:1981, Earth-moving machinery Seatbelts and seat belt anchorages.

ISO 7096:1994, Earth-moving machinery Laboratory evaluation of operator seat vibration.

ISO 7131:1984, Earth-moving machinery Loaders Terminology and commercialspecification.



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ISO 7546:1983, Earth-moving machinery Loaderand front loading excavator buckets Volumetric

ratings.ISO 8313:1989, Earth-moving machinery Loaders Methods of measuring tool forces andtipping load.

ISO 9244:1995, Earth-moving machinery General principles for safety signs and hazardpictorials.

ISO/DIS 9249:1995, Earth-moving machinery Engine test code Net power.

ISO 10263-2:1994, Earth-moving machinery Operator enclosure environment Part 2: Air filtertest.

ISO 10263-4:1994, Earth-moving machinery Operator enclosure environment Part 4: Operatorenclosure ventilation, heating and/orair-conditioning test method.

ISO 10533:1993, Earth-moving machinery Lift-arm support devices Performancerequirements.

ISO/DIS 10968:1993, Earth-moving machinery Operators controls.

ISO 12509:1995, Earth-moving machinery Lighting, signalling and marking lights, andreflex-reflector devices.

3 Definitions

For the purposes of this standard the definitionsstated in ENV 1070:1993 apply.Additional definitions specifically needed for thisstandard are added below.

3.1 Common definitions

Terminology and commercial specifications forloaders are specified in ISO 7131:1984 andillustrated in Annex B of this standard.Definitions used in EN and ISO standards referred

to in this standard are also valid for this standard.3.2 Additional definitions

3.2.1loader

self-propelled wheeled or crawler machine, having afront-mounted supporting loader linkage, primarilydesigned for bucket loading or excavating through aforward motion of the machineNOTE A work cycle comprises filling, elevating, transportingand discharging material.

3.2.2compact loader

loader having an operating mass(see ISO 6016:1982) of 4 500 kg or less, designed towork in confined spaces and the associated needs forgreater manoeuvrability

3.2.3skid steer loader

loader steered by using variation of speed and/ordirection of rotation between traction drives onopposite sides of a machine having fixed axles

3.2.4attachment bracket

device to facilitate quick interchange of attachments3.2.5attachment

removable device (working tool) mounted eitherdirectly to the linkage or on an attachment bracketto fulfil the primary function of the machine or for aspecific useexample: bucket, log grapple, blade, ripper

4 Safety requirements

4.1 Access

4.1.1Access to crawler machines

EN 474-1:1994, clause4.1applies with the followingexceptions. An access step integrated in the trackframe can be retracted up to 30 mm from the outeredge of the track shoe.

4.1.2Access to compact loaders

EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.1applies. For compactloaders the reference to ISO 2867:1994 applies withthe following provisions.

4.1.2.1Primary access opening

The primary opening shall not be less than: height: 875 mm; width: 550 mm.

4.1.2.2Alternative egress opening

An alternative opening shall be provided. Therectangular dimension shall not be lessthan 470 mm 600 mm.

4.2 Operators station

4.2.1Minimum space envelope

EN 474-1:1994, clause4.2applies with the followingprovision.For compact loaders the minimum space envelope

width (dimension 920 mm, EN 23411:1988,Figure 5) may be reduced to 650 mm at elbowheight.



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4.2.2Heating and ventilation system

If a heating and ventilation system according to

EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.2.2.6 is required, thefollowing applies. The heating and ventilationsystem shall:

either comply with ISO 10263-4:1994; or have the capacity of increasing thetemperature of the air inside the cab andmaintain a temperature of + 18 C at prevailingambient temperature. The minimum capacity ofthe heating system shall have a %Tof 25 Cmeasured at 10 C ambient temperature.

Measurement of the system capacity shall be madeat three points. The three points shall be located in

a vertical plane through the SIP and parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the machine as follows(see Figure 1).

At filament position centre-point as defined inISO 5006-1:1991. At the SIP as defined in EN 25353:1988. 100 mm above floor plate and 600 mm in frontof the SIP.

Alternatively the heating capacity can bedetermined by calculation.The ventilation system shall be capable of providingthe cab with filtered fresh air at the minimumo f 4 3 m3/h. The filter should be tested according toISO 10263-2:1994.NOTE The filter element selection depends on the operatingenvironment conditions.

4.2.3Rear visibility

EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.7.1, third paragraph,

applies also for rear window(s) with the followingprovisions.

Arrangement to defrost the rear window(s)shall be made. The rear window(s) shall be fitted with amotorized wiper and washer.

Loaders with a cab width # 750 mm may beexcepted.

4.3 Operators protection

4.3.1Roll-over protective structures (ROPS)

For compact loaders the test procedure of

ISO 3471:1994 is modified as follows.The portion of the deflection-limiting volume (DLV)above the LA (SIP) line (see ISO 3164:1992) isallowed to deviate (lean) up to 15 degrees laterallyas shown in Figure 2, when the minimum energyrequirement is met. The portion below the LA (SIP)line of the DLV can be disregarded.

Figure 1 Location of measuring points

Figure 2 Deflection-limiting volume(DLV), front view



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4.3.2Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) onderivated machinery

Loaders equipped with an attachment other than abucket application shall have a ROPS(see EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.2.3) related to themaximum operating mass (see ISO 6016:1982) asspecified by the manufacturer. When used asderivated machinery (e.g. log handling), themaximum machine mass, which the ROPSstructure meets, may be exceeded.

4.3.3 Falling object protective structures(FOPS)

For compact loaders the following provisions apply: compact loaders with an operating

mass # 700 kg (see ISO 6016:1982) shall bedesigned and built so that a FOPS can be fitted,which shall meet the performance requirementsof ISO 3449:1992 level 1; compact loaders with an operatingmass > 700 kg (see ISO 6016:1982), shall bedesigned and built so that a FOPS can be fitted,which shall meet the performance requirementsof ISO 3449:1992 level 1 or level 2.

4.3.4 Fenders

Loaders without a cab, except loaders with frontaccess, shall have fenders which comply with

ISO 3457:1986. Loaders with a maximum designedspeed (see ISO 6014:1986) > 30 km/h shall beequipped with fenders that protect the operatorsstation from debris ejected by the tyres if the riskexists.

4.3.5 Securing of controls for compact loadershaving front access

Controls for: lifting and lowering the boom; machine movement; and hydraulically controlled attachments

(e.g. multi-purpose bucket);shall be either mechanically secured e.g. by a safetybar; or automatically deactivated,

when the operator leaves/enters the operatorscompartment.

4.3.6 Guarding for compact loaders

Compact loaders shall be fitted with side protection

that prevents the operator from reaching thetrapping parts between the side arms and fixedparts of the machine when the operator is seated inthe operators position. Where mesh guarding isused the dimensions of the openings shall notexceed 40 mm 80 mm or an equivalent surfacearea.NOTE EN 294:1992 is not fully complied with because thiswould cause the hazard of restricted visibility to the workingarea.

4.4 Operators seat

Clause 4.3and Annex A of EN 474-1:1994 apply forcompact loaders with the following changes.

Either the fore and aft adjustment(see EN 474-1:1994, Table A.1, dimension Z4)shall be at least 35 mm or correspondingadjustment of frequently used operator controlsshall be provided. Vertical adjustment may not be applied. Requirements of4.3.1.3 of EN 474-1:1994regarding seat transmitted vibrations accordingto ISO 7096:1994 do not apply. Requirements of4.3.1.4 of EN 474-1:1994regarding operator restraint system shall be met.

Alternatively, a lockable and sufficiently paddedmechanical device (e.g. bar, half bars) can beaccepted as an operator restraint system if therestraint forces comply with ISO 6683:1981.

4.5 Lift arm support device

A mechanical lift arm support device shall beprovided if the lift arm is to be held in an elevatedposition for maintenance, service or othernon-operational purposes. The support device shallcomply with ISO 10533:1993.

4.6 Operators controls

Operators controls shall comply with

ISO/DIS 10968:1993.The normal engine stopping device shall be withinthe zone of reach (see ISO 6682:1986).

4.6.1Remote control

EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.4.2.6applies with thefollowing additions.

4.6.1.1 Control box

Activation of controls shall only be possible from aportable remote control box. The remote control boxshall have a key switch for activating/deactivatingthe remote control.



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4.6.1.1.1 General requirements

By design the control box shall not obstruct the

machine operators freedom of movement, and notbe affected by impact and shock which could causeinadvertent machine movements.

4.6.1.1.2 Emergency stop

The remote control box shall be fitted with anemergency stop that fulfils the requirementsof10.7 of EN 60204-1:1992.

4.6.1.1.3 Controls

The control box shall have clearly marked directionsof movements for the machine and its attachmentand be safeguarded against unintentional

actuation e.g. pushbuttons with protective collars.It shall be possible to lock the controls in thedeactivated mode against unintentional orunauthorized actuation.

4.6.1.2 Selecting switch

A selecting switch shall be located at the operatorsstation of the machine for selecting main or remotecontrolled mode.

4.6.1.3 Warning devices

When activated a visual warning shall indicate tothe bystanders that the machine is remotecontrolled and it shall be possible to operate the

audible warning device of the machine from thecontrol box.

4.6.1.4 Travelling

The machine travelling speed shall notexceed 10 km/h. When travelling the attachment,steering and brake systems shall be remotecontrolled.

4.6.1.5 Instructions

The instruction handbook for remote controlledmachines shall contain information about safedistance from which the operator can control themachine with the control box.NOTE This standard does not prescribe technical designrequirements for remote control systems.

4.7 Lighting, signalling and marking lightsand reflex-reflector devices

EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.7.2applies with thefollowing additions.Lighting, signalling and marking lights andreflex-reflector devices shall comply withappropriate clauses of ISO 12509:1995.

4.8 Tyres and rims

Tyre and rim manufacturers shall be consulted to

determine if the tyre and rim are of sufficientstrength (inflation pressure and load performance)for the intended operating conditions,see ISO 4250-2:1991.

Rims shall be easy to identify(see e.g. ISO/DIS 4250-3:1993, clause 2).

Instructions regarding safety rules, pressure(s),method of inflation and checking shall be providedin the instruction handbook.

4.9 Stability

4.9.1 Stability in different applications

All rated capacities as defined hereafter are basedon the machine being level and on a firm supportingground surface.The weight of the attachment and attachmentbracket fitted should be included in thedetermination of the rated capacity.

EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.9 applies. To provide asufficient stability the rated operating loads inintended operating applications shall be determinedas follows.

4.9.1.1Bucket application

The rated capacity of a loader used in bucketapplication shall be determined as follows:

tipping load shall be determined according toISO 8313:1989; rated operating load shall be determinedaccording to ISO 5998:1986; volumetric rating of the bucket shall be

determined according to ISO 7546:1983.NOTE The mass, the volumetric rating of the bucket and thedensity of the material have to be taken into account when abucket is selected for a specific application.

4.9.1.2 Fork application

The rated operating load capacity for forkapplication shall be determined as follows.

4.9.1.2.1 Stability factor

The rated load capacity as percentage of tippingload shall be determined according toISO 8313:1989 with the fork attachment in ahorizontal position and shall not exceed the values

given in Table 1.NOTE Skid steer loaders shall have a rated operating load notexceeding 50 % of the tipping load.

Table 1 Rated operating load capacityas % of tipping load

4.9.1.2.2 Hydraulic capacity

It shall be possible to control and move the load in

all positions foreseen by the manufacturer and withall relevant hydraulic circuits involved.

Ground condition % of tipping load

Rough terrain 60

Firm and level ground 80



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4.9.1.2.3 Rated operating load

The rated operating load capacity is either

determined by the rated load capacity specifiedin 4.9.1.2.1, or by the hydraulic capacity specifiedin 4.9.1.2.2 whichever is less.

4.9.1.2.4 Fork size

To select the fork arm size and to determine the loadcentre of gravity distanceD, shown in Figure 3, thespecifications in Table 2 shall be followed.

Table 2 Load centre distance

Forks shall meet the requirements stated inISO 2330:1995.

4.9.1.3 Object handling application

The rated operating load capacity for handling asuspended load shall be determined as follows.

4.9.1.3.1 Stability factors

The rated load in object handling shall not

exceed 50 % of the tipping load determinedaccording to ISO 8313:1989, to be measured at theload hooking system and at the maximum reachspecified by the manufacturer.


It shall be possible to control and move the load inall positions foreseen by the manufacturer and withall relevant hydraulic circuits involved.


The rated operating load capacity is eitherdetermined by the rated load capacity specified

in 4.9.1.3.1 or by the hydraulic capacity accordingto 4.9.1.3.2, whichever is less.

4.9.1.3.4 Load hooking device

The load hooking device may be either fixed orremovable. This device may be located on a bucket,on an arm or be a separate device, and shall:

be so located that the risk of being damagedduring normal earth moving operations isminimized; be designed so that the hooking deviceprevents unintentional unhooking; withstand a load equal to twice the rated load

capacity. This test load shall be applied in themost unfavourable position of the total hookingsystem. No permanent deformation of the loadhooking system is accepted.

4.9.1.4 Log handling application

The rated operating load capacity for log handlingshall be determined as follows.

4.9.1.4.1 Stability factors

The rated load capacity as percentage of tippingload determined according to ISO 8313:1989 butwith log handling attachment fitted, shall not

exceed the values given in Table 3.Table 3 Rated load capacity as% of tipping load


It shall be possible to control and move the load inall positions foreseen by the manufacturer and withall relevant hydraulic circuits involved.

ForceF DistanceD

N mm

F # 10 000 400

10 000 < F # 50 000 500

50 000 < F # 100 000 600

100 000 < F # 200 000 900

F > 200 000 1 200

Figure 3 Load centre distance

Ground condition % of tipping load

Wheelloader

Crawlerloader

Rough terrain 75 50

Firm and level ground 85 60



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The rated operating load capacity is either

determined by the rated load capacity specifiedin 4.9.1.4.1 or by the hydraulic capacity specifiedin 4.9.1.4.2 whichever is less.

4.9.2 Other applications

The rated load capacity of derivated machineryshall be determined by the manufacturer accordingto the load capacity specification givenin 4.9.1.1 to 4.9.1.4 whichever best suits the specialapplication.

4.9.3 Load capacity information

The attachment manufacturer shall provide

information of the rated load capacity atcorresponding reach and height in the applicationsas described in 4.9.1.1 to 4.9.1.4 and 4.9.2. Thisinformation shall be provided to the user.

4.10 Airborne noise

EN 474-1:1994, clause 4.10.1 applies with thefollowing addition.The sound power level of airborne noise shall bemeasured according to ISO 6393:1985. The targetsfor achievable sound power level are shown inTable 4.NOTE Achievable sound power levels do not constitute limitvalues of exposure for persons, but are the emission values froma machine under defined test conditions. They are not a barrierto innovation and they should not prevent the achievement oflower levels.

Table 4 Achievable sound power levels forairborne noise

4.11 Attachment bracket

4.11.1 Locking

The attachment bracket locking system shall meetthe following requirements.

It shall keep the attachment in the lockedposition by a positive engagement system andretain it under all operating conditions. It shall be possible to verify the locked positionof the attachment bracket and the attachmentfrom the operators position, or from the locationwhere the locking control is operated.

The control for locking and unlocking thesystem of the attachment bracket shall be

secured against unintended release. It shall not be possible to release theattachment accidentally by malfunction or loss ofengagement forces.

4.11.2 Identification

The attachment bracket shall be permanentlymarked according to Table 5.

4.11.3 Instructions

Instructions concerning mounting, locking,checking procedure and the influence on the ratedoperating load shall be provided by the attachmentbracket manufacturer. The checking procedure ofthe locking shall be described in detail.4.12 Attachment

The machine manufacturer shall define the range ofattachments intended to be used with the machineand establish the criteria for the safe fitting andsubsequent use of the attachment.

4.12.1 Identification

The attachment shall be permanently markedaccording to Table 6.

4.12.2 Instructions

Instructions concerning mounting and use shall beprovided by the attachment manufacturer.

5 Warning signs and hazard pictorials

Warning signs and hazard pictorials should followthe general principles of ISO 9244:1995. They shallbe made of durable materials.

6 Instruction handbook

EN 474-1:1994, clause 5 apply with the followingadditions.The instruction handbook shall contain the

following information. The need for a well-trained and competentoperator. The safety rules to be observed in particularthe stability of the machine, its attachments andsafe operation. All rated capacities are based on the criteria ofthe machine being level and on a firm supportingground. When the machine is operated inconditions that deviate from these criteria(e.g. on soft or uneven ground, on a slope or whensubject to side loads), these conditions shall be

taken into account by the operator.

Engine powerPaccording to

ISO/DIS 9249:1995

Achievable sound power level

kW dB(A) 1 pW

P # 70 106

70 < P # 160 108

160 < P # 350 113

350 < P # 700 118

P > 700 120



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Indication that the machine user shalldetermine if special hazards exist in his

application such as toxic gases, ground(underfoot) conditions etc. that require specialprecautions and that he shall take measures toeliminate or reduce the hazards.

The need for personal protective equipment. The range of temperature in which the

machine is intended to be operated and stored. Provisions for limiting proximity hazards.

NOTE More detailed instructions for use will be included in afuture revision of this standard.

Table 5 Attachment bracket identification

Table 6 Attachment identification

Required information Attachment bracket manufacturer

Same as machinemanufacturer

Other than machinemanufacturer

Attachment bracket manufacturers name or logotype Required Required

Type denomination (e.g. Part number) Required Required

Mass (kg) Not requireda Required

Working circuit pressure (Pa) (if relevant) Not requireda Required

Load capacity (N) Not requireda Requireda See manufacturers machine documentation.

Required information Attachment manufacturer

Same as machinemanufacturer

Other than machinemanufacturer

Attachment manufacturers name or logotype Required Required

Type denomination (e.g. Part number) Required Required

Mass (kg) Not requireda Required

Working circuit pressure (Pa) (if relevant) Not requireda Required

Capacity of the attachment (e.g. m2, m3) if relevant Not requireda Required

a See manufacturers machine documentation.



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Annex A (normative)List of additional hazards Loaders

The list of hazards in Annex C of EN 474-1:1994 applies with the following additions.

Additional hazards Relevant clauses

EN 292-2:1991 EN 474-3

Annex A

20 Hazards due to mobility and lifting

20.1Travelling functions 3.2.1 4.3.43.2.3 4.6

3.3.3 4.6.1.1.2

4.6.1.2

20.2Operating functions 3.3.1 4.6.1.13.3.2 4.6.1.1.5

4.9.1

4.9.1.1

4.9.1.2

4.9.1.3

4.9.1.4

4.9.2

20.3Powering functions 3.3.5 4.9.1.2.24.9.1.3.2

4.9.1.4.2

20.4Operators position 3.2.1 4.23.5.3 4.4

20.4.1ROPS 3.4.3 4.3.14.3.2

20.4.2FOPS 3.4.4 4.3.320.4.3Side guards 3.2.3 4.3.620.5Remote control 3.3.3 4.6.120.6Accidental movement 3.4.1 4.3.5

4.1.2.6 4.3.6

20.7Access 3.2.1 4.13.4.5

21Hazards generated by inadequate lighting21.1Travelling area 3.1.2 4.721.2Working area 3.1.2 4.722Hazards caused by attachment and/or equipment 4.12.122.1Arm system 4.522.2Bucket application 3.3.1 4.9.122.3Fork application 4.9.1.222.4Log handling application 4.9.1.4

22.5Energy supply 4.9.1.2.24.9.1.3.2

4.9.1.4.2



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Additional hazards Relevant clauses

EN 292-2:1991 EN 474-3

Annex A

23 Hazards caused by attachment bracket 4.11.1

4.11.2

24 Hazards due to object handling 4.1.2.7

24.1Stability 4.1.2.1 4.9.1

4.9.1.2.1

4.9.1.2.3

4.9.1.2.4

4.9.1.3

4.9.1.3.1

4.9.1.3.3

4.9.1.4

4.9.1.4.1

4.9.1.4.3

24.2Lifting accessories 4.1.2.3 4.9.1.3

4.1.2.4 4.9.1.3.3

4.2.1.5 4.9.1.3.4

4.1.2.6

4.3.14.3.2

25Hazards generated by noise 1.5.8 4.10

26Hazards generated by lack of warning signs 1.7.2 4.6.1.1.4

3.6.1

27Hazards due to missing and/or incorrect instructions 1.7.4 4.6.1.3

3.6.3 4.8

4.4 4.9.3

4.11.3

4.12.26



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Annex B (informative)Illustrations

B.1.1 Wheel loader

Wheel loader with an operating mass > 4 500 kg.

B.1.2 Compact loader

Wheel loader with an operating mass < 4 500 kg designed to work in confined spaces and with a need forgreater manoeuvrability.

Figure B.1 Wheel loader

Figure B.2 Compact wheel loader



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B.1.3 Crawler loader

B.2 Derivated machinery (examples)

Crawler or wheel loader with an alternative attachment, which does not change the safety requirement ofthe loader but modifies the application for use.

Figure B.3 Crawler loader

Figure B.4 Wheel loader with fork arms

Figure B.5 Wheel loader with grapple



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Figure B.6 Wheel loader with object handling equipment



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18 blankopyright British Standards Institutionovided by IHS under license with BSI


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List of references

See national foreword.



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