The Urinary System
The Urinary (Renal) SystemBy: Ryan M., Brady P., Connor H.
UrineUrine is a liquid by-product of bodyNitrogen RichRemoved through urinationUrea: CH4N2OUsed in everyday lifeUrinalysisDetection and analysis of chemicals/toxins in urinePathogens
UrineColor:Light colors=healthyDark colors=unhealthypH:4.6-8Acidic urine forms stones (ex: Kidney, bladder, ureter)Volume:1-2 liters depending on hydration
UrineSecreted by kidneysSecretion: a process by which substances are produced and discharged.Excreted by UrethraExcretion: a process by which waste products (Metabolic Wastes) are eliminated from an organism.
StonesRounded crystals of dietary mineralsLargest: 2.5 lbs.
PhysiologyRemoval of WasteRegulation of Electrolyte BalancepH RegulationControlling Blood VolumeRegulating Blood Pressure
Major Organs InvolvedKidneysUretersUrinary BladderUrethra
http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.KidneysBean shaped organServes regulatory roles (homeostatic)ElectrolytesAcid-Base BalanceBlood PressureThe kidneys function as natural filters.
KidneysExcrete WasteUreaAmmonium HydroxideReabsorptionWaterGlucoseAmino AcidsProductionHormonesEnzyme Renin
Compare and ContrastFiltration separates large molecules and blood cells from water and small molecules.Reabsorption is the blood taking back the filtrate.
Nephron(Greek) Nephros: Kidney
The nephron is the main functional unit of the kidney.Regulates conc. of water and solutes in the bloodNecessary to life
Average human has 800,000-1.5 million nephrons
NephronBowmans Capsule:Tube like structure in beginning of the nephronPerforms first step of filtration of blood
Glomerulus:High pressure tube system within Bowmans CapsuleForces waste out of blood plasma
Active TransportActive transport is the movement of any substances across a cell membrane. Against concentration gradient Ex: amino acids, ions, glucoseEnergy Required
AortaThe aorta feeds the renal arteries with oxygenated blood.Blood is filtered through kidneys
Superior Vena CavaTakes venous blood back to heartDeoxygenated bloodBlue=No oxygen rich blood cells
Renal ArteriesRenal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.Right artery is longer due to positioningDivides into multiple branches for distribution
Renal VeinsRenal veins drain the clean blood from the kidneys.Divides into 2 positionsAnterior and posterior
UretersTubes made of smooth muscle fibersThe ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.Common site for impaction of kidney stones
*Cause 80% of failed kidney transplants*
Urinary BladderHollow elastic organUrine enters by ureters, exits by urethraThe urinary bladder collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal.
UrethraThe urethra is a connection tubeConnects urinary bladder to genitals Excretion of fluids from the body.Males:8 inchesEmerges through the penisFemales:1.5 inchesEmerges above vaginal opening
Accessory Organs/MethodsLungsExhalationCarbon dioxide formed by oxidation of food releasing energyBlood carries this to lungsWaste products: carbon dioxide & water vapor
Accessory Organs/MethodsSebaceous GlandsAttached to hair follicleEach gland contains alveoli which produces oily substance called sebumWaxes, sterols, fatty acids, and other hydrocarbons are released
Accessory Organs/MethodsLiverRemoves broken down hemoglobin from the worn out red blood cellsRemoves along with bile into the fecesMakes urea less toxic by combining with carbon dioxideAlso further breaks down alcohol and several drugs
Accessory Organs/MethodsSweat GlandsSudoriferous GlandsProduces a saline solution called sweatReleased to cool down body
Accessory Organs/MethodsAdrenal GlandsEndocrine GlandsSit atop the kidneysRelease hormones in response to stressCorticosteroids > CortisolCatecholamines > Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Diseaseshttp://nyp.org/health/urology-diseases.html
Summaryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chhNaLi9P3E&feature=em-share_video_user
Polycystic Kidney DiseaseCystic genetic disorderAutosomal dominantGrowth of cysts on both kidneys. No known cureDialysis is most frequently used treatment
Bibliographyhttp://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yoururinary/http://www.kidneyfund.org/kidney-health/?gclid=CN_Y09Xn2rsCFcFj7AodVh8A1whttp://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Projects00/memfilt/kidneys.htmKohn A. Crocco, Greys Anatomy Textbookhttp://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-kidney-stone/http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/picture-of-the-kidneys