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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp. 689–700, Article ID: IJCIET_09_12_073

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

CHARACTERIZATION OF M-SAND CONCRETE

MIX WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

COARSE AGGREGATE SCRAP TYRE

S. Santhosh

Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,

Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai-600095, Tamilnadu, India

S. Arivalagan

Professor and Dean, Department of Civil Engineering,

Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai-600095, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT

Now a day’s solid waste management has gained a lot of attention to the research

community. Out of the various solid waste, accumulated waste tyres has become a

problem of interest of its non-biodegradable nature. Most of the waste tyre rubbers

are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as thermal power plant, cement kilns

and brick kilns etc., Unfortunately, this kind of usage is non environment friendly and

requires high cost. Thus, the use of scrap tyre rubber in the preparation of concrete

has been thought as an alternative disposal of such waste to protect the environment.

Also we are having much great responsibility of our society and our environment also

natural resources. In the way of prevent river sand used for construction; inventing

manufactured sand (M-Sand) as construction materials. This is obtained from the end

product of Blue metal. It is free from impurities (pure), eco friendly, easily available

and economical. In this study an attempt has been made to compare strength of

nominal concrete with special concrete (Made with M-sand and Scrap Tyre) .the

various properties necessary for the design of concrete mix with the scrap tyre rubber

as coarse aggregate in a systematic manner. In the present experimental investigation,

the M30 grade concrete has been chosen as the reference concrete specimen. Scrap

tyre rubbers, has been used as coarse aggregate with the replacement of conventional

coarse aggregate.

Key words: Scrap Tyre, M-Sand, Aggregate, Mechanical Properties, Concrete Mix

Cite this Article: S. Santhosh, S. Arivalagan, Characterization of M-Sand Concrete

Mix With Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate Scrap Tyre, International Journal

of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(12), 2018, pp. 689–700.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12

Characterization of M-Sand Concrete Mix With Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate Scrap Tyre


1. INTRODUCTION

Communities around the world rely on concrete as a safe, strong and simple building material.

It is used in all types of buildings (from residential to multi-story office blocks) and in

infrastructure projects (roads, bridges, etc). Despite its widespread use, many people are

unaware of the considerations involved in providing high quality, strong, durable concrete.

Concrete basics provides a clear, concise explanation of all aspects of making quality concrete

from the materials and properties involved through planning, preparation, finishing and

curing. The recycle prospective of tire chips as coarse aggregates in pavement concrete by

investigating the effects of low and high-volume tire chips on fresh and hardened concrete

properties indicated that tire chips can be used replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete

pavement mixtures. The use of scrap tyre rubber in the preparation of concrete has been

thought as an alternative disposal of such waste to protect the environment [1-3]. Concrete

basics address the needs of unskilled and semi-skilled persons undertaking general concreting

projects including home and handyman projects. Concrete Basics also assists owner builders

in the supervision of construction. A general understanding of these terms will help to

facilitate communication within the building industry. Concrete basics will help to generate a

higher standard of workmanship on site and facilitate better communication among

construction workers, builders, engineers, building surveyors, architects and anyone interested

in understanding the processes involved in making quality concrete.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Using untreated rubber aggregates, the compressive strength of the resultant concrete reduced

rapidly, but when treated rubber aggregates were introduced, it resulted in the regaining of

more than 90% of the 28 day compressive strength of normal concrete which can be

considered quite satisfactory considering the easy and cheap availability of the used tyres and

the negative impacts it can have on the environment if left unused was investigated. This

much compressive strength is enough for treated-rubberized concrete for its use in different

areas where compressive strength is not much important like in floors and concrete road

pavements. Flexural and split tensile strength is found to be higher than that of the normal

concrete but only when treatment is given to the rubber aggregates before using them.

Workability is decreased. Flexibility gets increased and due to the lower unit weight of the

rubber particles, it is also lighter than the normal concrete [1-3].

The strength getting highest strength at using minimum replacement at 5% of 20.12

N/mm2, Maximum Flexural Strength 3.42 N/mm

2 getting at minimum replacement of coarse

aggregate by crumbed rubber was investigated [4, 5]. Introduction of recycled rubber tires

into concrete mix leads to decrease in slump and workability for the various mix samples.

Reduction in unit weight of 14.33 % was observed corresponding to 15% by weight of coarse

aggregates was replaced by rubber aggregate in sample A3 which is with a targeted

compressive strength of 12.14 Mpa [6, 7]. A much similar trend of reduction in unit weight of

rubberized concrete was observed in all other samples containing rubber aggregates. For

rubberized concrete, test results show that addition of rubber aggregates resulting to

significant reduction in compressive strength compared to conventional concrete which is in

the range of 28.95 % to 55.21% [8-11].

Although the compressive strength is still in the reasonable range for the 5% replacement

was done. The light unit weight qualities of rubberized concrete may be suitable for

architectural application, false facades, stone baking, interior construction, in building as an

earthquake shock wave absorber, where vibration damping is required such as in foundation

pads for machinery railway station, where resistance to impact or explosion is required, such

as in jersey barrier, railway buffers, bunkers and for trench filling [12-14]. Rubberized

S. Santhosh, S. Arivalagan


concrete can be used in non-load bearing members i.e. light weight concrete walls, other light

architectural units, thus rubberized concrete mixes could give a viable alternative to where the

requirements of normal loads, low unit weight, Medium strength, high toughness etc [15-18].

One of the possible applications of rubcrete may be its application in rendering of roof top

surfaces for insulation and water proofing. With proper Mixed Design a 20 mm thick

rendering on roof top surfaces may be done with 4.75 mm down rubber aggregate [19-22].

The Slump value is decreased as the percentage of replacement of scrap tyre rubber increased.

So decrease in workability was studied. The compressive strength is decreased as the

percentage of replacement increased, but rubber (MCR-03) concrete developed slightly higher

compressive strength than those of without rubber (MC-00) concrete. The split tensile

strength is increased with decreased percentage of scrap tyre rubber. Decrease in compressive

strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of the specimen due to lack of proper

bonding between rubber and cement paste matrix. In the rubberized concrete the loss of

strength was 45% with 15% replacement of coarse aggregate by rubber particles [23-26].

Rubber replacing concrete can be used in light weight concrete as it decreases the density

of the concrete was concluded. Compressive strength of the concrete decreases when increase

in replacement of rubber chips. From the literature review and experimental studies it is

concluded that despite of decrease in strength of concrete there is a very high demand of

concrete so it can be used as a partial replacement. In India there is a very few tyre recycle

industries despite of 36 tyre manufacturers. So, there is need to increase in tyre recycle

industry. Light weight rubber concrete can be used for the architectural use [27-30].

According to the experimental investigation, the utilization of rubber tire as partial

replacement of fine aggregates has been used in three different proportions 5%, 10% and 15%

with silica fumes as mineral admixture was carried out. Based on the results, following

conclusions are drawn: As the percentage of crumb rubber is increased, the workability of the

concrete also increases [31-33]. In comparison to the previously done experimental

investigations with crumb rubber in the absence of silica fumes, this research has shown

comparatively better adhesive and bonding properties and hence comparatively better values

for compressive, tensile and flexural strength. The increase in the workability also shows

decrease in the voids due to the betterment in the compaction but due to the decrease in the

other properties it is not significant. For larger percentage of rubber in concrete, the decline

rate of compressive strength is higher than normal concrete. Better results were obtained

when 5% of rubber is used for substituting the natural aggregate in the rubberized concrete

[34-37].

3. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the project is to investigate the behaviour of concrete when the M-Sand replaced

river sand and scrap tyre is partially replaced in coarse aggregate respectively and compare

the results with conventional concrete.

3.1. Scope

To provide an economical concrete.

To be easily adopted in construction field.

To use the wastes in useful manner.

To reduce the demand of Sand.

To improve the durability of the concrete.

To reduce the cost of the construction.



3.2 Objectives

Replace the conventional concrete with the partial replacement of Coarse Aggregate

by Scrap Tyre with M-Sand.

Finding the optimum level of percentage of usage of Scrap Tyre in place of Coarse

Aggregate.

To effectively use the construction waste. To study the effective utilization of

pozzolanic material in concrete by conducting the following tests.

Compressive strength

Flexural strength

Split tensile strength

4. PRELIMINARY STUDY

4.1. Cement

Cement is a fine, grey powder. It is mixed with water and materials such as sand, gravel, and

crushed stone to make concrete. Cement and water form a paste that binds the other materials

together as the concrete hardens. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is manufactured by the

inter-grinding of OPC clinker with 10 to 25 percent of pozzolanic material. The pozzolanic

materials generally used for manufacture of OPC are calcined clay or fly ash.

4.1.1. Standard Consistency of Cement

For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement, and strength a

parameter known as standard consistency has to be used. The standard consistency of a

cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a vicat plunger having 10 mm

diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the mould.

That particular percentage of water which allows the plunger to penetrate only to a depth of

33-35 mm from the top is known as the percentage of water required to produce a cement

paste of standard consistency. This percentage is usually denoted as “P”. The test is required

to be conducted in a constant temperature (27°±2°C).

Figure 1 Standard Consistency Test for Cement

Thus the standard consistency of cement is found to be 29% as shown in Figure 1.

4.1.2. Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement

Fill the vicat mould completely with the paste prepared as for normal consistency. Fix the

specified needle with the rod. Place the mould with the test specimen and release rod quickly.

Note the depth of needle penetrate into paste once again for every 5 minutes. The reading is

maintained up to 5 minutes. The penetrated depth can be found out.



Table 1 Initial Setting Time for Cement

Sl. No. Time (min) Needle Penetration (mm)

1 5 0

2 10 0

3 15 1

4 20 2

5 25 3

6 30 4

7 35 5

The final setting time of cement is = 485 minutes.

4.1.3. Specific Gravity of Cement

This is done by using standard Le-chatelier flask apparatus as per the codal provision in IRC.

Dry the flask and fill with kerosene or naphtha to a point between zero or 1ml. Put a weighted

quantity of cement into the flask so that level of kerosene rise to about 22 ml mark. After

putting all the cement to the flask, roll the flask gently in an inclined position to expel air until

no further air bubble rises to the surface of the liquid. Note down the liquid level as final

reading. Specific gravity of cement is 3.12

4.2 Coarse Aggregate

Local aggregates, comprising 20 mm, and less than 20 mm coarse aggregates and fine

aggregates, in saturated surface dry condition, were used. The coarse aggregates were crushed

granite-type aggregates and the fine aggregate was fine sand. Coarse aggregates were

obtained in crushed form majority of the particles were of granite type. The quality is tested

using the crushing and impact test. The fine aggregate was obtained from the sand dunes in

uncrushed form. These are purchased from local suppliers.

4.2.1. Sieve Analysis Coarse Aggregate

Sieve analysis is carried out for the determination of particle size distribution of coarse

aggregates by sieving. Fineness modulus of 20mm size aggregate is 3%

Figure 2 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

4.2.3. Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate

To design the concrete mix, specific gravity of the aggregate is an essential one. It is

necessary for calculations of yield of concrete or the quantity required for a given volume of

concrete Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 20mm size is 2.71.



4.3. Water Absorption Test

A specimen was taken and it is weighed dry. It is then immersed in water for a period of 24

hours. It is weighed again and difference in weight indicates the amount of water absorbed by

the specimen.

Water absorption of coarse aggregate 20mm size is 0.50%.

4.4. M-Sand

Scarcity of good quality Natural River sand due to depletion of resources and restriction due

to environmental consideration has made concrete manufactures to look for suitable

alternative fine aggregate. One such alternative is M-Sand sand. M-Sand sand is quarry dust.

It improves both compressive strength and flexural strength through better bond compared to

river sand.

Figure 3 M-Sand

4.4.1. Sieve Analysis for M-sand

For this study, 1 Kg of M-Sand sand is taken for sieve analysis test. The column is typically

placed in a mechanical shaker. The shaker shakes the column, usually for some fixed amount

of time. After the shaking is complete the material on each sieve is weighed. The weight of

the sample of each sieve is then divided by the total weight to give a percentage retained on

each sieve. The results of this test describe the properties of the aggregate and to see if it is

appropriate for using for concrete.

Fineness modulus of M-Sand sand is 4.15%

Figure 4 Sieve Analysis for M-Sand



4.4.2. Specific Gravity of M-Sand

The specific gravity of M-Sand can be generally found by using Pycnometer apparatus

.Specific gravity of aggregates is also required in calculating the compaction factor in

connection with the workability measurements. Average specific gravity of the rocks varies

from 2.4 to 2.8.

Specific gravity of M-Sand sand is 2.58.

4.5. Properties of Scrap Tyre

The unit weight is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the volume of a substance, whereas

specific gravity is the ratio of the unit weight of solids divided by the unit weight of water. A

material whose unit weight of solids equals the unit weight of water has a specific gravity of

1.0. The specific gravity of tire shreds ranges from 1.02 to 1.36,

Figure 5 Scrap Tyre (Chipped)

The scrap tyre are collected and cut into small pieces. The rubber chips are sieved through

12 mm and retained in 10 mm for the replacement of coarse aggregate as shown in Figure 5.

Specific gravity of Scrap Tyre 1.5.

5. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

5.1. Casting of Control Specimen

Cubes specimens of size 150 X 150 X 150 mm and cylinder specimens of diameter 150 mm

& height 300 mm (as per IS 10086:1982) are Casted. Mix proportion for the control Specimen

was cast as per the ration given in Table 2.

Table 2 Mix Proportions

Water (lit/m3) Cement (Kg/m

3) M-Sand (Kg/m

3) Coarse Aggregate (Kg/m

3)

168 420 673.34 1161.506

Mix Proportion 0.4:1:1.603:2.765

The casting of rubber concrete contains waste tyre rubber chips of 10 mm with partial

replacement of coarse aggregate at various percentages like 4%, 8% & 12%. The mix

identification is given in the Table 3.



Table 3 Mix Identification

Sl. No. Specimen Mix

1 M1 Control Mix

2 M2 M1 + 4% of Scrap Tyre



5.2. Compressive Strength Test

The test is carried out on 150x150x150 mm size cubes, as per IS: 516-1959. The test

specimens are marked and removed from the moulds and unless required for test within 24

hrs, immediately submerged in clean fresh water and kept there until taken out just prior to

test. A 2000 KN capacity Universal Testing Machine (CTM) is used to conduct the test. The

specimen is placed between the steel plates of the CTM and load is applied.

Figure 6 Compressive Test Machine (CTM) Setup

5.3. Split Tensile Strength

The splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinder was determined based on 516-1959. The

load shall be applied nominal rate within the range 1.2 N/ (mm2/min) to 2.4/ (mm2/min). The

test was carried out on diameter of 150mm and length of 300mm size cylinder.

Table 4 Compressive and Split Tensile Strength Test for 7 Days

Sl. No. Mix Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Split Tensile Strength (N/mm

2)

1 M1 22.785 2.734

2 M2 22.128 2.655

3 M3 17.986 2.15

4 M4 16.652 1.98



Figure 7 Split Tensile Test in CTM

Figure 8 Compressive Strength for Different Concrete Mix at 7 Days

Figure 9 Split Tensile strength for Different Mixes at 7 Days



6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The test result implies that the Compressive and split tensile strength decreases with increase

in percentage of rubber chips. Among diverse mixes of concrete M2 gives the highest strength

for the replacement of coarse aggregate in comparison with control specimens. Slump value

of the concrete increases as increase in waste rubber chips of scrap tyre .Environmental

pollution can be controlled by the use of the scrap tyres. As decomposition of scrap tyre is a

major problem in a developing nation like India.

7. CONCLUSIONS

In this research an attempt was made to characterize the concrete mix with scrap tyre. Based

on the observed results the following conclusions were made.

Rubber replacing concrete can be used in light weight concrete as it decreases the

density of the concrete.

Compressive strength of the concrete decreases as increase in replacement of rubber

chips.

In India there is a very few tyre recycle industries despite of 36 tyre manufacturers. So,

there is need to increase in tyre recycle industry.

Light weight rubber concrete can be used for the Government Projects like Road Lane

Divider, Drainage System and, architectural use.

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