Chapter 21Sect ion 1-2
CIVIL RIGHTS
1950’S-60’S
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal did not violate 14 th ammendment
Jim Crow Laws = Separating the races “Whites Only” “Colored Water”-All black neighborhoods-forbade interracial marriage-everything separate
Job Competition
WWII = New opportunities / Armed forces
SEGREGATION
NAACP = led desegregation campaign Thurgood Marshall = law student Dedicated his life to fighting racism Schools 29 / 32 cases won
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka8 year old Linda Brown was denied entry to an all white school right next to her house. Supreme court said Segregation is unconstitutional And it violated 14 th ammendment Chief Justice Earl Warren
COURTS
“The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court……”
1955 Brown II = School desegregation implemented immediately
Arkansas :”Little Rock Nine” 1957 Governor = Orval Faubus for segregation he ordered National guard to keep them out NAACP Central High School http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEVSIt96R00 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRpcLy7kfw
REACTION
Eisenhower has to react National Guard under federal control Sent there and attended class with them
Central High Closes
1957 Civil Rights Act
Gave Attorney General more power over school desegregation
Federal government jurisdiction over violation of voting rights for African Americans
CONT.
December 1955
Rosa Parks Seamstress Rode bus every day
NAACP Officer
Took a seat in the front row “colored section”
Bus filled = Refused to move Arrested http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZhSNiTQuqo
Bus Boycott Montgomery, Alabama 381 days
Martin Luther King Jr. Lead the group 26 Birth of power of MLK
1956 Supreme Court outlawed
bus segregation
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8QXNyCvDP4
EMMETT TILL
Non-violent resistance = “Soul Force” Civil Disobedience = Refusal to obey an unjust law
Massive demonstrations
Southern Christian Leadership Conference = SCLC Carry out nonviolent crusades
Protests / Demonstrations Churches as base
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee = SNCC National Protest Group Shaw University Raleigh N.C.
MLK JR. MOVEMENT
Congress of Racial Equality = CORE
Sit-ins Sat at segregated lunch counters Refused to leave Greensboro N.C. = Woolworths TV Beating, jeering, pouring food over students
Refused to strike back http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbbcjn4d1cE
DEMONSTRATIONS
1961 Alabama White racists Attacked buses, smashed windows, fire bombs Kennedy = 400 U.S. marshals sent to protect the riders Banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities
FREEDOM RIDERS
September 1962 University of Mississippi
All White
James Meredith African American won a court case that allowed him to enroll
Governor James Barnett Refused to let him register
“We will never surrender
Kennedy Orders marshals to escort him
to register
Campus riots 2 deaths Thousands of soldiers 200 arrests 15 hours
In the end he kept attending
OLE MISS
1963 Birmingham
Most segregated city Demonstrations May 2
1000+ African-American children marched 959 arrested
May 3 2nd Children’s crusade Fire hoses Attack dogs Clubs TV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggUt0gJh9U8
Finally ended segregation
ALABAMA
1963Kennedy outraged
Sends troops Governor George Wallace
Forced to desegregate University of Alabama
Civil Rights Bill Equal access to all public accommodations Attorney General
Power to file school desegregation suits
KENNEDY TAKES A STAND
August 28, 1963 250,000+ people
75,000 whites
Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial
Martin Luther King Jr. “I Have a Dream” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE
MARCH TO WASHINGTON
Freedom Summer College Students Non-violent Resistance Register Voters KKK = murders,
destruction of homes / businesses
Selma Campaign Protests – to Montgomery 600+ Police
Whips, clubs, tear gas
Johnson sends Congress a bill immediately
Voting Rights Act 1965 Eliminated literacy tests Federal examiners could enroll
those who were denied
VOTING