Chapter 21Sect ion 1-2

CIVIL RIGHTS

1950’S-60’S

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal did not violate 14 th ammendment

Jim Crow Laws = Separating the races “Whites Only” “Colored Water”-All black neighborhoods-forbade interracial marriage-everything separate

Job Competition

WWII = New opportunities / Armed forces

SEGREGATION

NAACP = led desegregation campaign Thurgood Marshall = law student Dedicated his life to fighting racism Schools 29 / 32 cases won

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka8 year old Linda Brown was denied entry to an all white school right next to her house. Supreme court said Segregation is unconstitutional And it violated 14 th ammendment Chief Justice Earl Warren

COURTS

“The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court……”

1955 Brown II = School desegregation implemented immediately

Arkansas :”Little Rock Nine” 1957 Governor = Orval Faubus for segregation he ordered National guard to keep them out NAACP Central High School http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEVSIt96R00 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRpcLy7kfw

REACTION

Eisenhower has to react National Guard under federal control Sent there and attended class with them

Central High Closes

1957 Civil Rights Act

Gave Attorney General more power over school desegregation

Federal government jurisdiction over violation of voting rights for African Americans

CONT.

December 1955

Rosa Parks Seamstress Rode bus every day

NAACP Officer

Took a seat in the front row “colored section”

Bus filled = Refused to move Arrested http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZhSNiTQuqo

Bus Boycott Montgomery, Alabama 381 days

Martin Luther King Jr. Lead the group 26 Birth of power of MLK

1956 Supreme Court outlawed

bus segregation

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8QXNyCvDP4

EMMETT TILL

Non-violent resistance = “Soul Force” Civil Disobedience = Refusal to obey an unjust law

Massive demonstrations

Southern Christian Leadership Conference = SCLC Carry out nonviolent crusades

Protests / Demonstrations Churches as base

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee = SNCC National Protest Group Shaw University Raleigh N.C.

MLK JR. MOVEMENT

Congress of Racial Equality = CORE

Sit-ins Sat at segregated lunch counters Refused to leave Greensboro N.C. = Woolworths TV Beating, jeering, pouring food over students

Refused to strike back http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbbcjn4d1cE

DEMONSTRATIONS

1961 Alabama White racists Attacked buses, smashed windows, fire bombs Kennedy = 400 U.S. marshals sent to protect the riders Banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities

FREEDOM RIDERS

September 1962 University of Mississippi

All White

James Meredith African American won a court case that allowed him to enroll

Governor James Barnett Refused to let him register

“We will never surrender

Kennedy Orders marshals to escort him

to register

Campus riots 2 deaths Thousands of soldiers 200 arrests 15 hours

In the end he kept attending

OLE MISS

1963 Birmingham

Most segregated city Demonstrations May 2

1000+ African-American children marched 959 arrested

May 3 2nd Children’s crusade Fire hoses Attack dogs Clubs TV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggUt0gJh9U8

Finally ended segregation

ALABAMA

1963Kennedy outraged

Sends troops Governor George Wallace

Forced to desegregate University of Alabama

Civil Rights Bill Equal access to all public accommodations Attorney General

Power to file school desegregation suits

KENNEDY TAKES A STAND

August 28, 1963 250,000+ people

75,000 whites

Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial

Martin Luther King Jr. “I Have a Dream” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE

MARCH TO WASHINGTON

Freedom Summer College Students Non-violent Resistance Register Voters KKK = murders,

destruction of homes / businesses

Selma Campaign Protests – to Montgomery 600+ Police

Whips, clubs, tear gas

Johnson sends Congress a bill immediately

Voting Rights Act 1965 Eliminated literacy tests Federal examiners could enroll

those who were denied

VOTING