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CONVENTIONONINTERNATIONALTRADEINENDANGEREDSPECIESOFWILDFAUNAANDFLORA
CONSIDERATIONOFPROPOSALSFORAMENDMENTOFAPPENDICESIANDII
A.ProposalInclusionofthegenusDalbergiainCITESAppendixIIwithexceptiontothespeciesincludedinAppendixI.
TheUNEP-WCMCassessedtheDalbergiaspeciesofLatinAmericaandconcluded:“…allpopulationsofDalbergiaspp.from South and Central America appear to meet the criteria for listing in CITES Appendix II” (UNEP-WCMC, 2015).Including the whole genus in Appendix II will be essential for the control of international trade by eliminating thearduoustaskofenforcementandcustomsofficersofdifferentiatingbetweenthehundredsofDalbergiaspecies listedandnotlistedinCITES.Theinclusionwillhelpensurethatlegaltradedoesnotbecomeadirectcauseoftheextinctionofthesehighlythreatenedspeciesandwillhelpcurbillegaltrade.Considering that CITES Appendix II must include all species, which although not necessarily now threatened withextinctionmay become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoidutilizationincompatiblewiththeirsurvival,itisimportanttoincludethegenusDalbergiainCITESAppendixII.
a) ResolutionConf.9.24,Annex2a,CriterionA-”Itisknown,orcanbeinferredorprojected,thattheregulation
oftradeinthespeciesisnecessarytoavoiditbecomingeligibleforinclusioninAppendixIinthenearfuture”.b) ResolutionConf.9.24,Annex2a,CriterionB-”Itisknown,orcanbeinferredorprojected,thatregulationof
tradeinthespeciesisrequiredtoensurethattheharvestofspecimensfromthewildisnotreducingthewildpopulationtoalevelatwhichitssurvivalmightbethreatenedbycontinuedharvestingorotherinfluences”.
c) Resolution9.24(Rev.CoP15)Annex2bCriterionA–“Thespecimensofthespecies intheforminwhichtheyaretradedresemblespecimensofaspeciesincludedinAppendixIIundertheprovisionsofArticleII,paragraph2 (a), or in Appendix I, so that enforcement officers who encounter specimens of CITES-listed species areunlikelytobeabletodistinguishbetweenthem”.
Domestic and international experience has indicated that enforcement and customs officers who encounteredspecimensofDalbergiaproductsareunlikelytobeabletoreliablydistinguishbetweenthevariousspeciesofDalbergia.B.Proponent
Guatemala,C.Supportingstatement1. Taxonomy
1.1 Class: Magnoliopsida1.2Order: Fabales
1.3 Family Leguminosae(Fabaceae)Juss.1789
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1.4 Genus,speciesorsubspecies,includingauthorandyear:DalbergiaL.f.(Grandtner,2005)1.1.5Scientificsynonyms: AccordingtoGRIN(2014)thefollowinggeneraareacceptedassynonymsfor
DalbergiaAmerimnonP.BrowneCoroyaPierreEcastaphyllumP.BrowneMiscolobiumVogelTriptolemeaMart.
1.6 Commonnames2: English:Rosewood,Palisander.
Spanish:PalodeRosa,Rosul,Granadillo,Ébano,CorazónBonito, Cocobolo,Palisandro. French:Palissandre;boisderose.
1.7Codenumbers:
2. OverviewSpeciesofthegenusDalbergiabelongtothefamilyLeguminosae(Fabaceae)Juss..Thegenusincludestrees,shrubsandvines,approximately250speciesinthetropics(Mabberley,2008)and304speciesworldwide(ThePlantList,2013)(seeannex1).These species are in high demand in the international tropical hardwood trade for the manufacture of furniture.However, the wild populations of several species have experienced a major decline due to legal and illegaloverexploitation.CITESregulates61speciesofDalbergia:D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.aurea,D.baronii,D.bathiei,D. bojeri,D. brachystachya,D. bracteolata,D. calycina,D. campenonii,D. capuronii, D. catipenonii, D. chapelieri,D.chlorocarpa, D. cochinchinensis, D. cubilquitzensis, D. darienensis, D. davidii, D. delphinensis, D. emirnensis, D.erubescens, D. gautieri, D. glaberrima, D. glaucocarpa, D. glomerata, D. granadillo, D. greveana, D. hildebrandtii, D.hirticalyx,D.humbertii,D.hutibertii,D.lemurica,D.louvelii,D.madagascariensis,D.malacophylla,D.manongarivensis,D.marítima,D.masoalensis,D.mollis,D.montícola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.normandii,D.occulta,D.orientalis,D.peltieri, D. pervillei, D. pseudobaronii, D. pseudoviguieri, D. purpurascens, D. retusa, D. stevensonii, D. suaresensis, D.trichocarpa,D.tricolor,D.tsaratananensis,D.tsiandalana,D.tucurensis,D.urschii,D.viguieri,D.xerophila.Whilesome identificationguidesfora fewDalbergia speciesexist,distinctionbetweenand identificationof individualspeciesisverydifficultfornon-professionalsandsometimesevenforexperts,makingitaproblemforenforcementandcustoms officers to comply correctly with inspection and identification of CITES listed Dalbergia tree and productshipments.However,Dalbergiaspeciesatgenuslevelcanbedistinguishedfromother“rosewood”timbergenus.ThegenusDalbergia is native to the tropical regionsofCentral andSouthAmerica,Africa,Madagascar and southernAsia.Thedistributionofthisgenusisfragmentedandmanyspeciespopulationsareindeclinemainlyduetothelossofforest coverage by human induced disturbances (e.g. non-sustainable agricultural practices, population growth, fires,legalandillegallogging).SeveraltimbertreespeciesofDalbergiaproducefinetimbersofhigheconomicvalue,generallyknownas“rosewood”,sorenownedforitsfragrancesandcolours,usedinmusicalinstrumentsandexpensivefurniture
1Taxonomiccircumscriptionofthegenusissubjecttomuchdebate.2ThegenusDalbergiahasalargernumberoftradeandvernacularnames,dependingonthespeciesandtheregiononwhichthespeciesoccur.
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(e.g.D.cochinchinensis,D.latifolia,D.melanoxylon,D.nigra,D.odoriferaandD.sissoo).However,thetermrosewoodhasalsobeenvariouslyascribedtothegeneraJacaranda,Guibourtia,MachaeriumandPterocarpus.Onlytheheartwoodyieldqualitytimber,butthetreeshavealowregenerationandtheyareslowinformingheartwood;even large logs often losemuch of their volumewhen the valueless sapwood is removed. The cutting of exploitableindividualsinthewildisthemaincauseoftheabsenceofcertaindiameterclassesandlowdensityofpopulations.Rosewoodspeciesarecurrentlyinhighdemandbyconsumersandlogsandsawnwoodarethemainproductsintradeinmostoftheproducingcountries.AsaresultofanongoingdemandintheAsianmarket,rosewoodhasbecomeseriouslyendangeredbytheirabusivelogginganddestructionoftheirhabitatwhichisleadingtothedeclineofwildpopulationsinsideandoutsideprotectedareas.ThisdocumentsuggeststhatthegenusDalbergiameetsthecriteriafor listing inCITESAppendix II incompliancewithArticle II, paragraph2(a) of theConvention and resolutionsConf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16)Annex2 a, CriteriaA andB, andAnnex2bCriterionA.Itisestablishedoritispossibletodeductthatregulationoftradeinthespeciesofthegenusisrequiredtoensurethattheharvestoftheirspecimensfromthewild isnotreducingthepopulationtoa levelatwhichtheirsurvivalmightbethreatened.
3. Speciescharacteristics
3.1Distribution
ThegenusDalbergiahasapantropicaldistributionwithhighspeciesdiversityinAsia(ca.119species),inAfrica(ca. 116 species) and in Central and South America (ca. 80 species) (Vatanparast et al., 2013); according toVaglica(2014),thegenusDalbergiaisspreadworldwideto102countries;(seefigure1andAnnex2).
Figure1.GlobaldistributionofDalbergiaspecies(Source:Vaglica,2014).
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3.2Habitat
The genus Dalbergia occurs in different types of ecosystems such as humid evergreen rainforest, semideciduousrainforest,riparianforest,drytropicalforest,Miombowoodland,dryandsubaridforests,savannahs,thicketsandpastureland.Speciesarefoundinareaswithcompletelydifferentcharacteristics,suchastotallyflatareaswithdryrockysites,areaswithpossibilityof floodingduringtherainyseason(s), fertileanddeepsandyclay or calcareous soils along streams (Standley & Steyermark, 1946; Carvalho, 1997; Stevens et al., 2001;Linares&Sousa,2007;Lemmens,2008).Speciescanbefoundataltitudesfromsealevelupto1.700m.
3.3Biologicalcharacteristics
TheplantsofthegenusDalbergiaaresmalltomediumsizedtrees,shrubs,orwoodyclimbersandlianaswithalternate,imparipinnateandcompoundleaves(Sahaetal.,2013);stipulesoftensmallandfallingearly;leafletsarealternate,rarelysubopposite,andglabrous(Sahaetal.,2013).
Flowerssmall(2to20mm):corollasmall,rarelyfragrant,usuallywhite,lightyelloworpurple,withlightgreenspot at the center of the vexillum (FAUSAC- FNPV, 2015). Inflorescences are terminal or axillar, racemes orpanicles,usuallynumerousflowered;bractsandbracteolesusuallysmall,rarelypersistent,sometimesscorpioidorcorymbiform.
Thefruitisapod/legumeoblong,ligulate,winged,elliptic,orstrap-shaped,rarelyhalf-moon-shaped(Carvalho,1997;Shu,2010).Fruitswithintactseedsarewind-dispersed(Bawa&Webb,1984).Thefruithasinmostofthespeciesbetween1to3seeds,withsomeexceptionsasD.retusawhichhasfromonetofiveseedsinthefruit(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).
TreesbloombetweenDecemberandJuly inCentralAmericaafter4to5years,withasecondflush inAugustandSeptember(e.g.D.retusa),whileinMadagascartreesbloomfromSeptembertoMarch.Dalbergiatreesareslowgrowing. It hasbeenestimated that trees inAfrica reacha size largeenough to yield a fair amountofheartwoodonlyafter70–100years(Lemmens,2008).InSouthEastAsia,heartwoodoftreesreachesanaverageof13cmindiameterafter20years(CITESCOP16Prop.60).Honeybees, beetles and butterflies are the typical pollination agents for the genus that requires cross-pollination(Vasudeva&Sareen,2009).Bumblebeesandwaspsarealsofrequentvisitorsoftheflowers;aphidshavebeenfounddamagingtheflowersstructures(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Information on the breeding system of the genusDalbergia is not available; however, some aspects of thereproductive biology show common features: high levels of seed abortion have been observed inD. retusa(Bawa&Webb,1984);pollenisdispersedbybeesinD.glomerata,D.stevensoniiandD.retusa(Frankieetal.,2002),andseeddispersedbywindandwaterinD.retusaandD.stevensonii(Marín&Flores,2003).
Naturalregenerationofsomespecies(suchasD.retusa)isscarce,howeversaplingsandjuvenilesarenumerousinareasperiodicallyexposedtofire(Madrigal,1993;Marín&Flores,2003).InGuatemalaonlyD.retusaseedsgerminateinareasaffectedbyfire(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).
AveryimportantandcommonregenerationstrategyforDalbergiaspeciesintropicaldryforestsissproutingorcoppicing. The ability to coppice is used for management systems (including plantation) of some Dalbergiaspecies.ExamplesforwellcoppicingspeciesareD.sissoo,D.stevensoniiandD.cochinchinensis.
3.4MorphologicalcharacteristicsofthewoodThewoodofthegenusDalbergiahasatextureandspecificcoloursthatmakesithighlydesirable:redincolor(D. tucurensis and D. glabra), dark brown (D. calycina), brown to dark brown with reddish stripes (D.stevensonii)darkbrowntopurplishblack(D.melanoxylon)(Lemmens,2008;FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Accordingto
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Condit&Pérez(2002),thecolourmaychangeanddarkensrelativelyquicklyinthelighttobecomeebonyblack.The trees that produce rosewood are also much alike: they are medium size, reaching 20-30 m tall, withirregular-shaped trunk, 1-2m in diameter (NAS/NRC, 1979). Field studies of FAUSAC-FNPV (2015) showed inGuatemalathatthebiggesttrunksreached0.90minDBH(diameteratbreastheight)forD.tucurensis,1.00minD.calycina,0.77mforD.retusaand0.83mforD.stevensonii.Only theheartwoodyieldquality timber: it isveryhard,heavyandstrong.Thus inmanufacturedobjects thewood is stable, durable and holds its shape. The heartwood is surrounded by clearly differentiated whitesapwood;thesapwood,whichisasdenseastheheartwood,willvaryinamountdependingonthespecies,theageofthetreeandtheconditionsofitshabitat(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Thetreesareslowinformingheartwoodandevenlargelogsoftenlosemuchoftheirvolumewhenthevaluelesssapwoodisremoved(NAS/NRC,1979).Wastagemaybeashighas70-80%asonlythefineststraightgrainlogsareusedinmakingbarsformarimbasandxylophones(Kline,1980).However,theamountoffigureandcontrastingcolourvarieswidelyfromtreetotree.
3.5Roleofthespeciesinitsecosystem
The Dalbergia flowers represent an important food source for honeybees, beetles, wasps, bumble bees,butterflies andother insects (Vasudeva&Sareen,2009; FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).D. retusa is ahighly attractivebeeplantinCostaRica,whereupto60speciesofbeesvisittheflowers(Frankieetal.,2002).D.stevensoniiinBelize isadominantcomponentof thesouthern forest types (Cho&Quiroz,2005).Mature treesaresitesofwaspsandbeescolonies;beehiveshavebeenfoundintheprincipaltrunks(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Antcoloniesare frequently found associated withD. stevensonii, especially because the use of leaves as source of food(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Leavesalsorepresentasourcefoodformammals,suchasPotosflavus;birdsareoftenseenonthecrownofthetrees(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).
Numerous epiphytes such as orchids, bromeliads, fungi, lichens, ferns, aroids and peperomias live on thebranchesandinthemaintrunksofthetrees(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).ClimbingplantsarealsoassociatedtothegenusDalbergia.The roots of Dalbergia species form nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (it has beendemonstrated to have aeschynomenoid type of root nodules): as a result of this nitrogen-fixing symbiosis,Dalbergia species play an important role in the natural forest ecosystem, enhancing soil fertility(Rasolomampianina et al., 2005; Sprent, 2009) and this is a requirement for biodiversity preservation(Rasolomampianinaetal.,2005).Loggingislikelytodisturbthehabitatofallthespeciesassociates,withtherelatedconsequencesofroadandtrailbuildingto transport the logs (Newman,2004).Theprotectionof thespecies fromfurtherunsustainableloggingwouldallowremainingtreestocontinuetheirecologicalfunctions.
4. Statusandtrend
TheIUCNRedListhasassessedthegenusDalbergiaandhasclassified83ofthe304knownspeciesofDalbergia(IUCN, 2016): 1 species asCritically Endangered (D. intibucana); 29 species asEndangered (D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.annamensis,D.bariensis,D.bathiei,D.bojeri,D.brachystachya,D.cambodiana,D.capuronii,D.congesta,D. davidii, D. delphinensis, D. erubescens,D. glaucocarpa,D. gloveri, D. hirticalyx,D. humberti, D.intibucana, D. louvelii, D. mammosa, D. maritima, D. normandii, D. oliveri, D. peishaensis, D. setifera, D.suarensis,D.tsaratanensis,D.tsiandalana,D.urschii,D.xerophila);26speciesasVulnerable(D.acariiantha,D.aurea,D.balansae,D.baronii,D.catipenoni,D.chlorocarpa,D.cochichinensis,D.glaberrima,D.hildebrantii,D.latifolia,D. lemurica,D.madagascarensis,D.monticola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.odorifera,D.orientalis,D.pseudobaronii,D.purpurascens,D.retusa,D.simposonii,D.tonkinensis,D.tricolor,D.vaccinifolia,D.viguieri);3 species as Near Threatened (D. chapelieri, D. cultrate, D. eremicola); 5 species as Lower Risk/NearThreatened(D.bracteolata,D.emirnensis,D.greveana,D.mollis,D.pervillei);12speciesasLeastConcern(D.arbutifolia,D.assamica,D.calycina,D.cana,D.louisii,D.monetaria,D.oligophylla,D.ovata,D.parviflora,D.
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peltieri,D. reniformis,D. rimosa);1 speciesasLowerRisk/LeastConcern (D. thrichocarpa);6 speciesasDataDeficient(D.boniana,D.ealaensis,D.entadoides,D.funera,D.menoeides,D.sambesiaca).
4.1Habitattrend
InCentralAmerica the typicalhabitathasbeendestroyedand isunder continuingpressureparticularly fromincreasing agriculture, cattle ranching, palm plantations, population growth and overexploitation (FAUSAC-FPNV,2015).ThetropicaldryforestsofCentralAmerica,themainhabitatforD.retusa,havebeensubjecttohumaninfluencessuchashuntingandmodificationofthevegetationcoverforalongas11,000years(Murphy&Lugo,1995).Lessthan0.1%oftheoriginaldryforesthasconservationstatusinPacificMesoamerica(Maass,1995).Deforestation has been commonly observed throughout the habitat range ofD. cochinchinensis, the naturalstandsofthespeciesarefoundscatteredonlyin30protectedareasthusthehabitatisfragmented(CITESCOP16Prop.60).InMadagascarinadditiontothedamagecausedbyabusiveloggingoftheDalbergiaspecies,thedestruction of the habitat is worsened by various anthropological activities (slash-and-burn agriculture,extension of crop fields) (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). In some areas, in eastern and southern AfricaDalbergiamelanoxylon is found in theMiombowoodlands which has been highly degraded as a result of human use(Deweesetal,.2011).
4.2 Populationsize
InMadagascar,theresultsobtainedonthedensityanddendrometricfeaturesofsomeDalbergiaspeciesshowawidevarietyofindividualsrangingbetween10and320individualsperhectare.Moreover,thebiovolumeandthebasalareaarelow.Thisindicatesthatmostindividualsarenotyetexploitable(DBEV,2010).InaninventoryofDalbergiamelanoxyloninNachingwea,southernTanzania,thespeciesaccountedfor4%oftreestemsofthesampling area (Opulukwa et al., 2002). The density in southern Tanzania corresponds well with the densityfound in the two forest types inwhichD.melanoxylon occurs inMozambiquewith 3% and 5% respectively(Jenkinsetal.,2002).InThailand,itwasestimatedthatthecountryhadjust80,000-100,000D.cochinchinensistrees(approximately63,500m3)leftintheforestsin2011.ThepopulationsizeofrosewoodinVietnamhasbeendecliningabout50-60%duringthepast5-10years(CITESCOP16Prop.60).According to FAUSAC-FNPV (2015), in Guatemala a few (only four) populations ofD. stevensonii have beenfoundatthemomentatthesocalled”FranjaTrasversaldelNorte,FTN”(AltaVerapazandIzabal),witharangefrom44to800trees (only5%of treeshaveadiameterbetween60and100cmDBH). In theDepartmentofSantaRosaonepopulationofD.calycinawas identified,around100trees (18%of thetreeshaveadiameterbetween40and80cmDBH)andscatteredtreeshavebeenfoundinalltheDepartment.Dalbergia retusa was widely distributed at the coastal planes in the South Pacific regions of Guatemala(Standley&Steyermark,1946).However,onlyonepopulationofthisspecieshasbeenfoundinSuchitepéquez(48 trees), and few scattered trees have been found in Santa Rosa and Escuintla. This species shows a highpercentageoftrees(69%)inthelowestdiameterclassesrange(0-20cmDBH)indicatingrecentregeneration,andonly21%belongtotherange20-40cmDBH,confirmingahighlevelofoverexploitationinthecountry.AccordingtoFAUSAC-FNPV(2015),inGuatemala,forDalbergiatucurensisonlyscatteredtreeshavebeenfoundinAltaVerapazandQuiché,ofwhichonly12%oftreesbelongtotherangeof60-100cmDBH.
4.3Populationstructure
InMadagascarthepopulationstructureoftheDalbergiaspeciespresentsadisruptioncausedbytheabsenceofcertain diameter classes inside and outside the protected areas (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). An inventory ofDalbergiamelanoxyloninNachingwea,southernTanzania,revealedthepatchydistributionofthespecies.The
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highestamountoftreeswasfoundinthetwosmallestdiameterclassesupto20cmandthelowestintheclassbiggerthan40cm,showingtheinfluenceofpastharvests(Opulukwaetal.,2002).AccordingtoFAUSAC-FNPV(2015),onlytreeswithadiameterclassbetween20and60cmhavebeenfoundofDalbergiaspp.inthewild,mainlylocalisedintworegionsofGuatemala:AltaVerapazandPeten.Thebiovolume(m3/ha)andthebasalarea(m2/ha)arelow,andthisindicatesthatmostindividualsarenotexploitable.
4.4Populationtrends
Opulukwaet al. (2002) noted in a studyon a region in southern Tanzania that itwas nowvery hard to findDalbergiamelanoxylontreesofaharvestablesize(commonlyasfromaDBHof24cm),withreductionsinthenumberandvolumeoftreesduetoexcessiveexploitation.InMadagascarthereisadecreaseinthenumberofexploitableindividualsintheproductionareas(CITESCOP16Prop.63).InThailand,itwasestimatedthatthecountryhad300,000naturalstandsin2005,butgreatlyreducedtojust80,000-100,000trees(approximately63,500m3)in2011.EvidencesuggeststhatthespeciesisthreatenedwithextinctionasEIAreportedthatamajorRosewoodtradercomplainedinApril2011that“thespeciesisfinished...there are only about fiveyears left in the trade.” InVietnam, the species has been exposed to high rates ofexploitationoftheprimetimber(CITESCOP16Prop.60).AccordingtoFAUSAC-FPNV(2015),thecombinationofforestcoverlossandcuttinghasresultedinadeclineofthe populations of the species of the genus Dalbergia in Guatemala. Thewild populations ofDalbergia spp.(namelyD. retusa,D. tucurensis andD. stevensonii) are likely to be severely diminished as a result of heavyloggingandland-changeeffectsduringtheperiod1991-2012.
4.5Geographictrends
Ingeneral,therateandextentofdeforestationintherangeStatesisveryhigh.FAO(2005)reportedthattheannual rates of forest cover change between -0.4% (Colombia) and -4.6% (El Salvador) for the range Statesbetween 1990 and 2000. Between the period 2006-2010, in Guatemala therewas a loss in forest covers of500.210hectareswithadeforestationrateestimatedat1%peryear.Themainareasaffectedbydeforestationfor illegal loggingwere Verapaz, Petén, Quiché and the central regions Chimaltenago, Guatemala and SantaRosa which includes the distribution areas ofD. stevensonii,D. retusa, D. tucurensis andD. calycina (INAB,CONAP,UVG&URL,2012).Mexicolostanaverageof274,450haor0.39%peryearbetween1990and2010ora7.8%totallossofforestcoverwhileinBrazil,thechangeinforestcoverbetween1990and2010wasalossof2,765,850haor0.48%peryear,intotalalossof9.6%oftheforestcover(Butler,2016)In Asia, deforestation has been commonly observed throughout the habitat range of D. cochinchinensis. InThailand,thehabitatareahasbeencontinuouslyreducedduetobothdeforestationforagricultureandillegallogging.Thenatural standsof the speciesare foundscatteredonly in30protectedareasof557.76km2.Thehabitatisthusfragmented(CITESCOP16Prop.60).InMalaysia,thechangeinforestcoverbetween1990and2010wasalossof96,000haor0.43%peryear,intotalalossof8.6%oftheforestcover(Butler,2016).
InAfrica,MiombowoodlandsstretchacrosssouthernAfricainabeltfromAngolaandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongointhewesttoMozambiqueintheeast.Insomeareas,Miombohasbeenhighlydegradedasaresultof human use (Deweeset al., 2011). This is also the biome predominant in the countries (Mozambique andTanzania)fromwheremostoftheDalbergiamelanoxylontimberisexported(Lemmens,2008).InMadagascarinadditiontothedamagecausedbyabusiveloggingoftheDalbergiaspecies,thedestructionofthehabitatisworsenedbyvariousanthropologicalactivities(slash-and-burnagriculture,extensionofcropfields)(CITESCOP16Prop.63).
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5. Threats
ThegenusDalbergiaisknowntobeindeclineasaresultintheextractionofthespeciesforitsvaluabletimber.Thesewoodshavealongtraditionofuseinmusicalinstruments,likemarimbasandguitars,woodcarvingsandcurrentlysubjecttohighdemandforluxuryfurnituretrade(Lemmens,2008,Jenkinsetal.,2012).ManyspecieshavebecomeendangeredorvulnerableduetotheoverexploitationforitsvaluablewoodlikeD.annamensis,D.bariensis,D.cambodiana,D.mammosa,D.oliveri(Nghia,1998),D.latifolia(AsianRegionalWorkshop,1998),D.odorifera(WCMC,1998),D.tonkinensis(Ban,1998),aswellasthe61DalbergiaspecieslistedinCITES.ThehabitatofthegenusinGuatemalaisknowntobeaffectedbyarangeofthreats,andtheprincipalprocessesthataffectforestsare:shiftingagriculture(palmoil-Elaeisspp.,coffee-Coffeaspp.andrubberplantations-Heveaspp.),forestfires,useoffuelwoodandtheillegalextractionandover-exploitationofspecieswithhighmarketvalues(bothnationallyand internationally),whichrepresentuptothe95%ofdeforestationrate,andtheextractionoftimberbyruralcommunitiesforlocaluse(Viveroetal.,2005;IARNA-URL,2009).InMexicoandCostaRica,cattlefarmingandroadconstructionareopeningupareasandmakingaccessibleforloggingsiteswhereD.calycinaoccurs(Groom,2012).
6. Utilizationandtrade
6.1Nationalutilization
Timber species of Dalbergia of South America (e.g. D. brasiliensis, D. cearensis, D. cubilquitzensis, D.cuscatlanica,D.decipularis,D.foliolosa,D.funera,D.glomerata,D.hortensis,D.miscolobium,D.spruceana,D.villosa) provide someof themost highly prizedwoods for themanufacture of fine furniture,marquetry andveneers,alsousedincabinetwork,musicalinstrumentsandsculpturesforlocalmarketsandhandcrafts(Harris,2004;Grandtner&Chrevrette,2013;ILDIS,2014;INAB-SEINEF,2015).InAfricaitissometimesusedforraftersandpolesinconstruction,andforimplementssuchaswalkingsticks,hammers, drumsticks, arrow tips, pestles, cups, plates and combs. The wood is also used for charcoalproductionandasfirewood,althoughtheflameisveryhotandmaydamagecookingpots.InSenegalthestemandrootbarkisusedintraditionalmedicinetotreatdiarrhoeaincombinationwithbaobabortamarindfruits.The smoke of burnt roots is inhaled for treatment of headache, bronchitis and colds. In Sudan, patientssufferingfromrheumatismareexposedtothesmokeofburntstems.InEastAfrica,arootdecoctionisusedtopreventmiscarriage,asananthelminticandaphrodisiac,andtotreatgonorrhoea,stomach-acheandabdominalpain.Abarkdecoctionorbarkpowderisusedtocleanwoundsandaleafdecoctiontorelievepaininthejoints.Leafsapistakentotreatinflammationsinmouthandthroat.Barkdecoctionsandleafsaparealsoingredientsofmixturesusedtotreatvariouscomplaints(Lemmens,2008).InSouthEastAsiaD.cochinchinensiswoodisusedtomakefurniture,carvings,woodturnery,fine-artarticles,musical instrumentsandsewingmachines.Thewoodfromthestumpsandrootscanalsobeusedformakinghandicrafts.Root,barkandsapcanbepartoftraditionalmedicine.Thedistinctiveheartwoodmakesbeautifulpatternsaftersawing(CITESCOP16Prop.60.
6.2 Legaltrade
Rosewoodspeciesareexportedasrawlogsorfinishedproducts,furnitureandhandicrafts.InMadagascar,over90% of exported productswere logs and sawnwood (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). Heartwood from old trees isvalued for having the richest colouration (Zadro, 1975). The burls, highly figured cambium outgrowths, areparticularlyvaluedbysometimbertraders.TradeintimberproductsofDalbergiahasincreasedexponentiallyinthepastfewyearsasseenbylogimportstoAsianmarketsfortheHongmu(RedWood)tradethatisbasedon33speciesoftropicalhardwoodtreesof
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which 16 species areDalbergia (EIA, 2016) (Figure 2). Of these 16Dalbergia species, 7 come from Asia (D.odorifera, D. cultrata, D. fusca, D. latifolia, D. bariensis, D. cochinchinensis, D. oliveri), 2 from Africa (D.melanoxylon, D. louvelli) and 7 from Latin America (D. nigra, D. spruceana, D. stevensonii, D. cearensis, D.frutescens,D.granadillo,D.retusa)(EIA,2016).OnlyD.cochinchinensis,D. louvelli,D.nigra,D.stevensonii,D.granadilloandD.retusaareregulatedbyCITES.FarmoreDalbergiaspeciesarepresentlytradedthanthoseCITES-listed.However,informationontradeflowsisnoteasilyavailable.
Other LatinAmerica Africa Asia
Figure2.Chinahongmulogimportsbyregionoforigin(Source:EIA,2016).According to theCITESTradeDatabase ,a totalof28,288.45m3ofDalbergiawoodproductsand140 tweretradedbetween2005and2014(UNEP-WCMC,2016a);thenumberofDalbergiaspeciesintradeincreasedfrom1to6(duetothefactthatnewspecieswerelistedintheCITESAppendices),thenumberofrecordsoftradealso increased from aminimum of 64 in 2006 to amaximum of 220 in 2013 (Figure 3) and the number ofimportingcountriesfluctuatedfromaminimumof20toamaximumof35importingcountriesin2013.
10
Figure3.AnnualtransactionsofDalbergiaspp.products:yearrange2005-2014(Source:UNEP-WCMC,2016a).
AccordingtoUNEP-WCMC(2015),EuropeanimportersreportedtradeinsawntimberofD.nigra,D.retusa,andD.stevensoniifromSouthandCentralAmerica.ThemainexportercountrieswereGuatemala(D.stevensonii),Belize(D.stevensonii)andBrazil(D.nigra)forcommercialpurpose,andD.retusafromCostaRicaforpersonalpurpose. Between 2004 and 2013 exports from South and Central America to the rest of the world werereported inD. granadillo, D. nigra, D. retusa,D. stevensonii andDalbergia spp., except for 2005 and 2006.CommercialtradewaspredominantlyintimberwithsomeadditionalcommercialtradeinveneersandcarvingsofD.nigra(UNEP-WCMC,2015).According to The National Forest Institute of Guatemala (INAB, 2015), for the year 2014, Dalbergia timberproducts(logs,tables,sawnwoodandfurniture)ofD.calycina,D.cubilquitzensis,D.stevensoniiandDalbergiaspp.havebeencommercializedandexportedoutsidethecountry.Consulted the CITES Trade Database (UNEP-WCMC, 2016b) Guatemala reported the export of 463.79m3 ofsawnwoodofDalbergiaspp.duringtheperiod2011-2014.Allexportsweredoneundersourcecode“W”(wild)andwith“T”purpose(commercial).Dalbergiamelanoxylon is principally viable for commercial timber extraction only in southeast Tanzania andnorthernMozambique(Jenkinsetal.,2012).BasedonofficialrecordsofMozambicantimberexports,thetotalconsumptionoftimber(notonlyD.melanoxylon)domesticallyandforexportwas727,000m³oflogsequivalentin 2012 (FAEF, 2013). Timber imports toChina fromMozambique increasedaround seven-fold in the last 10years, the figures given by Chang & Peng (2015) for imported Dalbergia melanoxylon timber (round woodequivalents)intoChinaaremorethan5,000m3in2004andmorethan33,000m3in2013.
6.3 Partsandderivativesintrade
InGuatemala,logsandsawnwoodofDalbergiatimbertreespeciesarethemainproductsintheinternationaltrade, butwooden furniture, firewood, tables and finished items manufactured (doors, frames, board) andhandicrafts are also found in the national and international trade (CONAP, 2015; INAB, 2015; UNEP-WCMC,2016b).
69 6481
95 99110 107
123
220
181
0
50
100
150
200
250
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
11
With an exception forD. nigra, the CITES trade database shows that almost all the exports in CITES listedDalbergia species reportedby range states for theperiod2000-2015are identifiedas logs, timber and sawnwood(UNEP-WCMC,2016c).WoodcarvingsofD.nigraanAppendixIspeciesfromBrazilaretradedinternationally(UNEP-WCMC,2016a).D. melanoxylon is a favourite wood for musical instruments, especially wind-instruments such as clarinets,oboes, flutes and bagpipes, because of its dark colour, stability and clearness of tone. Jenkins et al., (2012)reportedastabledemandforthis industryof255m3peryear.Usuallythewoodforthispurpose isexportedsemi-processedasbillets.In1999itwasestimatedthat250,000piecesofcarvingwereexportedwithavalueofUS$970,000. In the past Senegal, Kenya andMalawi produced considerable amounts of African blackwood,especially for thecarving industry,butstandshavebeendepletedconsiderablyandcarversoftenchangedtootherwoodsorusedAfricanblackwoodfromTanzania(inKenya)orMozambique(inMalawi)(Lemmens,2008).DestructiveuseinKitui,KwaleandMakuenihasincludeddigginguptherootstomaketallthincarvings.MostcarversnowbuytheirDalbergiamelanoxylonwoodfromtraderswhocrosstheborderfromTanzania.
6.4 Illegaltrade
The trade inHongmuDalbergia species has increasedmanifold in the past few years causing an increase inillegal trade. All Hongmu source countries in theMekong region have strict log export bans and trade in anumberofthemorethreatenedspeciesiscompletelyprohibited.Despitetheseprovisions,illegalcross-borderlogand sawn timber trade isevidentacross theMekong (EIA,2016). The sameoccurs inWestAfrica,wheremost countries have adopted total bans on harvesting and export and in Latin America, despite severalmoratoriums on exports and recent CITES listings, the illegal trade in Hongmu species is still rampant (EIA,2016).
IllegalloggingisaprevalentprobleminCentralAmerica.Forinstance,itwasestimatedin2003thatupto85%ofthetotalharvestinbroadleafforestsinHonduraswasillegal.Thereisverylittleinformationonthevolumeofinternational tradealthoughcocobolowood isavailable fromnumerous sourcesonline (Jenkinsetal., 2012).Extensiveillegaltradeinrosewoodshasbeenreported,raisingconcernsthatithasacceleratedinrecentyears(Jenkins et al., 2012). Seizures of illegally trafficked timber in Guatemala suggest that there is an organizedsmuggling ring capable of exporting large quantities. The demand for D. retusa from the Darien Region ofPanamahasbeendescribedas“outofcontrol”with“hundredsofsettlers looting”thespecies(Jenkinsetal.,2012).Duringtheperiod2011-2014,38shipmentsandvehicles,withatotalamountof906.244m3ofDalbergiatimber(mainlytrunks,flitchesandtables)ofD.stevensonii,D.retusaandDalbergiaspp. (reportedasrosul)of illegaloriginwereconfiscatedinGuatemala(almosttwotimestheCITEStimberreportedaslegallyexportedforthesame period). With the exception of two shipments destined to Honduras and El Salvador, all the othershipmentsweredestinedtoAsia.Dalbergia stevensoniiwas once locally common in Belize, then faced with rapidly declining stocks, Belizeprohibitedallrawrosewoodexportsin1992butliftedthebanin1996.Localestimatesin2010suggestedalossof 90 per cent of historical rosewood stands and in 2012, Belize enacted amoratorium on the harvest andexportofrosewoodspecies.Despitethisprogressivemove,theillegalharvestofthespecieshascontinued(EIA,2016).D.granadillo started tobe logged in all the sierrasofMichoacán,Mexico in2012where it is sold forUS$2,500/m3. An environment authority said that a ship container is sold to Asian buyers for US$50,000(PROCESO,2014).In Mexico the seizures ofD. granadillo sawn wood destined for the Asian market increased twofold from318.077m3in2012to727.703m3in2014(PROFEPA,2014).InrecentyearsMadagascarhasexperiencedveryhighlevelsofillegalloggingofeboniesandrosewoodsfromitsrainforestnationalparks,particularlysinceacoupd’étatinMarch2009.Thisillegallogginghasbeendescribed
12
asthemostseverethreattoMadagascar’snorth-easternrainforests.Thevastquantitiesbeingfelledhavebeenvaluedat severalhundredmillionUSdollars’worthextractedduring2009.Thereareestimatesof100–200treesbeingfelleddailywithacollectivevalueofuptoUS$460,000/day.Mostoftherosewoodbeingextractedis destined for Asianmarkets, for luxury furniture. Foreign traders and local traders dubbed ‘timber barons’dominate the illegal loggingwith thevastmajority (Jenkinsetal.,2012). IllegalPreciousWoodtradeappearsfrom this brief look (anecdotally) to have been accelerating in the last few years, particularly for rosewoodspecies.ItmaybethecasethattheveryrecentescalationinillegalrosewoodextractionfromCentralAmericaisduetoMadagascarclampingdownontheillegalrosewoodtradefrom2010andthereforethissupplydryingupfor the Asianmarket. Areas where rosewood used to occur closer to China have been all but exhausted ofrosewood,withestimatesfromtradersthatthespecieshasjustfiveyearsleft.Thisrosewoodtradeappearstohavebeenacceleratinginthelastfewyears,particularly‘specieshopping’and‘sourceareashifting’isatrendthathasbeenknownaboutandcommenteduponformanyyears(Jenkinsetal.,2012).Species shifting, as species become commercially extinct, is a common practice. For instance, with thecommercial extinction of D. odorifera in China and Pterocarpus santalinus in India, the trade in D.cochinchinensisgrewrapidlyanditbecamethemostsought-afterHongmuspeciesglobally(EIA,2016). AsD.cochinchinensiswasoverexploitedthemainspeciesnowdominatingtheHongmutradeinSouth-EastAsiaareD.oliveri,D.bariensis,Pterocarpusmacrocarpus,andP.pedatus(EIA,2016).In2014,anestimated229,796m3ofD.oliverilogsweretradedinternationally(EIA,2016).MoreandmorespeciesofDalbergiaareenteringthetradeworldwideasstocksofonceabundantspeciesarebeingdepleted.
Hongmu trade is also linked to and drives violence in source and transit countries. InWest Africa, Hongmuspecies are known as “blood timbers” due to connections between illegal Hongmu trade and rebel groupuprisings; for example, in the Senegalese Casamance, in Côte d’Ivoire and in northern Nigeria in territoriescontrolled by the Muslim extremist group Boko Haram. In Thailand, more than 150 forest rangers, police,soldiers and illegal loggers have been killed in gunfights during rosewood enforcement operations in recentyears(EIA,2016).Traffickersexploitanylegalloopholetosmuggleillegaltimber.Traffickershaverepeatedlytakenadvantageofthe current gaps in the CITES listings, misdeclaring Dalbergia retusa as the unregulated and similar-lookingDalbergia bariensis in violation of national moratoriums and CITES listings (EIA, 2016). In Guatemala, thedocuments accompanying rosewood shipments often recorded the export as recycling material (such ascardboard,junkorscrapmetal)orothertimberspecies,suchasCupressus,DialiumandMiroxylum.InMexico,D.granadillo logsaremixedwithother species in ship containers todisguise the shipments fromauthoritiessincetherearenopermitstologthisprotectedspecies(PROCESO,2014).
6.5 ActualorpotentialtradeimpactsDalbergiaspecieshavearelativelowregenerationrateandtheabsenceofcertaindiameterclasses(70-100cm)and the low density of population of certain diameter classes (20-30, 40-50) further disturbs the health ofregeneration.Wastagemaybeashighas70-80%asonlythefineststraightgrainlogsareusedinmakingbarsformarimbasandxylophones (Kline,1980).Thetreesareslow in formingheartwood,soeven large logs losemuchoftheirvolumewhenthesapwoodisremoved(NAS,1979).Thecuttingofexploitableindividualsinthewildisthemaincauseofthisdisturbance;harvestingforexportationcouldslownaturalregenerationandtheinternational trade has therefore promoted cutting of great manyDalbergia spp., leading to the decline ofpopulationsinsideandoutsideprotectedareas.
7.Legalinstruments
7.1National
Most range states have different legal instruments for the protection and conservation of the species, theirhabitat,declarationofprotectedareas,measurescontrollinglogging,use,importorexport.
13
7.2International
CITES regulates 61 species ofDalbergia: 1 species in Appendix I, 55 species in Appendix II and 5 species inAppendixIII:
Species Appendix Country Annotation
AppendixI AppendixII AppendixIII
D.nigra Brazil D.cochichinensis Thailand#5 D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.aurea,D.baronii,D.bathiei,D.bojeri,D.brachystachya,D.bracteolata,D.campenonii,D.capuronii,D.catipenonii,D.chapelieri,D.chlorocarpa,D.davidii,D.delphinensis,D.emirnensis,D.erubescens,D.gautieri,D.glaberrima,D.glaucocarpa,D.greveana,D.hildebrandtii,D.hirticalyx,D.humbertii,D.hutibertii,D.lemurica,D.louvelii,D.madagascariensis,D.malacophylla,D.manongarivensis,D.marítima,D.masoalensis,D.mollis,D.montícola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.normandii,D.occulta,D.orientalis,D.peltieri,D.pervillei,D.pseudobaronii,D.pseudoviguieri,D.purpurascens,D.suaresensis,D.trichocarpa,D.tricolor,D.tsaratananensis,D.tsiandalana,D.urschii,D.viguieri,D.xerophila
Madagascar#5
D.granadillo,D.retusa,D.stevensonii
Belize,CostaRica,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico,Nicaragua,Panama#6
D.darienensis Panama#2
D.calycina,D.cubilquitzensis,D.glomerata Guatemala#6
D.tucurensis Nicaragua#6
Annotations:#2Allpartsandderivativesexceptseedsandpollenandfinishedproductspackagedandreadyforretailtrade;#5logs,sawnwoodandveneersheets;#6logs,sawnwood,veneersheetsandplywood.8.Speciesmanagement
8.1Managementmeasures
Most range states have different kinds of management measures for either the species, protected areas,logging,useorexport.
8.2Populationmonitoring
VeryfewreportshavebeenpublishedonpopulationmonitoringalthoughtwoexistforGuatemala(InventarioNacionaldeEspeciesForestalesEstratégicaporlaConvenciónCITES-FaseIyFaseII;FNPV,2015).FAUSAC-FNPV(2015)isdoinganongoingpopulationmonitoring.
8.3Controlmeasures
8.3.1National
Most range states have different legal instruments for the protection and conservation of the species, theirhabitat,declarationofprotectedareas,logging,use,importorexport.
14
8.3.2International
CITES regulates 61 species ofDalbergia: 1 species in Appendix I, 55 species in Appendix II and 5 species inAppendixIII(seesection7.2)
8.4Artificialpropagation
Due to thevalueof their timber,NAS (1979) recommended thateffortbemade toextendDalbergia speciescultivations.Guatemalahasregistersofplantationsof:D.retusaandD.stevensonii(INAB,2012;FNPV,2012).D.retusawasincluded inplantation trialsofnativepreciouswood species inCostaRica,which started in1992 (Fonseca&Chinchilla,2002;Fonsecaetal.,2002).Inmanagedplantations,treesmayreach13cmDBHand8minheightafter17years (Marín&Flores,2003andreferencestherein).Dalbergia treeshavebeenfoundtogrowatanaveragerateof1.1m/yearinheight(Knowles&Leopold,1997).Laos andThailandhave trial plots of D. cochinchinensis (CITESCOP16Prop. 60). InMadagascar propagationtrialsfromcuttingsandbylayeringproducedsatisfactoryresultsforD.monticola(CITESCOP16Prop63).Thereare records of artificial propagation ofD.melanoxylon in plantations in Kenya and Tanzania (Gregory et al.,1999).
8.5Habitatconservation
ManyspeciesofDalbergiaexistwithinnaturalprotectedareasintheirrespectiverangestates.
9.Informationonsimilarspecies
ManyDalbergiaspecieshavethesamewoodanatomyandtheprocessof identificationofdifferentspeciesisvery difficult because of the hardness of thewood in the process of preparing thin sections formicroscopicanalysys(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015;McLureetal.,2015).The timberofD. retusa is likely tobeconfusedwithD. stevensoniandD. tucurensis (Wiedenhoeft,2011).D.retusacanbemosteasilyseparatedfromthembyitsdistinctreddish-orangecolor,butalsoitscomparativelackof paratracheal parenchyma and distinct abundance of diffuse-in-aggregate parenchyma; this require strongtechnical knowledge (Wiedenhoeft, 2011). D. tucurensis and D. stevensonii cannot usually be definitivelyseparated (Wiedenhoeft, 2011). The two species can be distinguished by means of density that requiresaccurateweightandvolumemeasures (Wiemann&Ruffinatto,2012).D. retusawood isdenserandstrongerthan Brazilian rosewood D. nigra (SCMRE, 2002). D. tiralana can be confused with D. stevensonii (Zamora,2000).ThetimberofD.granadillo(rangeStatesElSalvadorandMexico)isnotdistinguishablefromthatofD.retusa(Record&Hess,1943;Richter,2006).Althoughithasthecommonname”granadillo”,itisoftentradedunderthe name ”cocobolo” (Richter, 2006). The inclusion in CITES Appendix II of the whole genus is thereforeproposedforlook-alikereasons.Mexico alsomade recommendations to the CITES Plants Committee for the evaluation of look-alike speciesfrom the genus, due to the difficulty that differentiation of CITES-listed and non-listed Dalbergia speciespresentsforimplementationoftheConvention(PC22Doc.22.4),aproblemalsonotedbyotherPartiesintheregion(PC22Doc.17.2;UNEP-WCMC,2015).
10.Consultations
15
11.AdditionalremarksTradeinDalbergiaspecieshasbeenincreasingformanyyearsandmoreandmorespeciesarebeingloggedandtradedinternationally,mostoftheseillegally.Severalfactorsarecausingmajorproblemsforenforcementauthoritiestocomplycorrectly with the actual CITES listings. For example, the difficulty in differentiating between Dalbergia species wasdiscussedinsection9,andmanyshipmentsareonlyidentifiedasDalbergiaspp.forwhichthereisnowayofknowingifit includes only CITES-listed Dalbergia species or illegal non-listed Dalbergia species. It has been recognized thatenforcementandtracking/reportingofDalbergiaspeciesintradeishamperedbytheuseofcommontradenames,suchas“rosewood”asitcanrelatetoCITES-listedDalbergiaspeciesandtomanynon-listedDalbergiaspeciesorspeciesfromdifferentCITESornon-listedgenera(PC22Doc17.6).IthasbeenrecognizedaswelltheproblemtoidentifybetweenDalbergiaandothertimberlook-alikespeciesorimprovetestingtodifferentiatebetweenlistedandnon-listedDalbergiaspeciesandlook-alikespecies.Forexample,thegeneraPterocarpusspp.andMachaeriumspp.arecloselyrelatedtoDalbergiawhileotherlook-alikegeneraincludeDicoryniaspp.,Caesalpiniaspp.,andSwartziaspp.(PC22Doc17.6).Theseandotherproblemshavebeendiscussedbyseveralexpertsandworkinggroups,includingdiscussionsatthelastPlantsCommitteemeetinginTbilisi,Georgia.TheCommitteenoteddocumentPC22Doc.17.6.ontheimplementationofthe Convention forDalbergia spp., presented by the representatives from the European region. The Committee alsonoted document PC22 Doc. 22.4 and supported its submission for consideration by the Conference of the Parties,includingrecommendations9and10:
“9.TotakenoteoftheadvancesmadebyMexicowithrespecttotheevaluationoftimberspeciesofthegenusDalbergia, andalsoof theprincipaldifficulties that theCITESAuthoritiesofMexicohaveencountered in theimplementationofthelistingsofDalbergiaspp.inAppendixII(para.3).10.Consideringthattodatethereisnoreliablemethod(noronetriedoutbyCustomsofficials)toidentifyatanintra-species levelthewoodfromspecimensofDalbergia,andthatthismaycauseproblemsin implementingthe listings of Dalbergia in Appendix II, to develop recommendations on the appropriateness of listing thethirteenremainingMexicantimberspeciesinAppendixII,andinthatcontexttoconsiderothertimberspeciesofDalbergiathatmightbesuitableforthesametreatment,inaccordancewiththeruleonlistingoflook-alikespecies(inlinewithArticleII,para.2b.oftheConvention).”
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13.ListofAnnexesAnnex1.Annex2
Annex1.ChecklistofacceptednamesandsynonymsofthegenusDalbergiaaccordingto“ThePlantList”;acceptednamesarepresentedinboldromantypeandsynonymsarepresentedinitalictype(www.theplantlist.org,accessedonlineon10April2016).AllNames Acceptednames
DalbergiaabbreviataCraib
DalbergiaabrahamiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaacaciifoliaDalzell Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.
DalbergiaacariianthaHarms
DalbergiaacutaBenth.
DalbergiaacutifoliolataMendonca&Sousa
DalbergiaadamiBerhaut
DalbergiaafzelianaG.Don
DalbergiaafzeliiBaker Amerimnonafzelii(Baker)Kuntze
DalbergiaagudeloiJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiaajudanaHarms
DalbergiaalbertisiiPrain
DalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel
Dalbergiaalbiflorasubsp.albiflora DalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiaaltissimaBakerf.
Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergiaambongoensisBaill. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiaamerimmonL.exB.D.Jacks.
DalbergiaamerimnumBenth. Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb.
DalbergiaandapensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaangustifoliaHassk. MillettiasericeaBenth.
DalbergiaarboreaB.Heyne DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
DalbergiaarboreaWilld. Pongamiapinnata(L.)Pierre
DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker
Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill
Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.arbutifolia DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker
DalbergiaarmataE.Mey.
Dalbergiaassamica"Benth.,p.p." DalbergiasericeaG.Don
DalbergiaassamicaBenth.
DalbergiaatropurpureaDucke Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaaturensisPittier DalbergiainundataBenth
DalbergiaaureaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiabakeriBaker
DalbergiabalansaePrain
DalbergiabarclayiHook. Munduleabarclayi(Hook.)DuPuy.
DalbergiabarclayiiHook.[Spellingvariant] Munduleabarclayi(Hook.)DuPuy.
DalbergiabariensisPierre
DalbergiabaroniiBaker
DalbergiabarretoanaHoehne Dalbergiavillosavar.barretoana
DalbergiabathieiR.Vig.
DalbergiabeccariiPrain
DalbergiabeddomeiThoth.
DalbergiabenthamiPrain[Spellingvariant] DalbergiabenthamiiPrain
DalbergiabenthamiiPrain
DalbergiabernieriBaill. DalbergiasuaresensisBaill.
Dalbergiaberteroi(DC.)Urb.
DalbergiabhutanicaThoth. DalbergiaassamicaBenth
DalbergiabignonaeBerhaut
DalbergiabintuluensisSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiablumeiHassk. Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.boehmii DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii(Taub.)Polhill
DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
DalbergiaboinensisJum. DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker
DalbergiaboiviniiBaill. DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke
DalbergiabojeriDrake
DalbergiabonianaGagnep.
DalbergiaborneensisPrain
DalbergiabrachystachyaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiabrasiliensisVogel
DalbergiabrevicaudataVatke Craibiabrevicaudata(Vatke)Dunn
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)"Schinz,p.p." Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb..
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Schinz[Spellingvariant] Dalbergiabrownie(Jacq.)Urb.
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb.
DalbergiaburmanicaPrain
DalbergiacalderoniiStandl.
Dalbergiacalderoniivar.calderonii DalbergiacalderoniiStandl.
DalbergiacalycinaBenth.
DalbergiacambodianaPierre
DalbergiacampechianaBenth. Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiacampenoniiDrake
DalbergiacanaKurz
Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
Dalbergiacanescens(Elmer)Merr.
DalbergiacapuroniiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiacarringtonianaSousa
DalbergiacassioidesA.Gray Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain.
DalbergiacatingicolaHarms
DalbergiacaudataG.Don
DalbergiacavalerieiH.Lév. DalbergiastenophyllaPrain.
DalbergiacearensisDucke
DalbergiachampioniiThwaites Dalbergiapseudo\sissooMiq.
DalbergiachapelieriBaill.
DalbergiachermezoniiR.Vig. Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiachlorocarpaR.Vig.
DalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams
DalbergiacibixPittier Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiaclarkeiThoth.
DalbergiacloiseliiDrake Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiacochinchinenisLaness.
DalbergiacochinchinensisPierre
Dalbergiacolettii"Prain,p.p." Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth.
DalbergiacollettiiPrain DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.
DalbergiacommiphoroidesBakerf.
DalbergiacomorensisBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiaconfertiflora"Benth.,p.p." DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
DalbergiaconfertifloraBenth.
Dalbergiaconfertifloravar.confertiflora DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
DalbergiacongensisBakerf.
DalbergiacongestaWight&Arn.
DalbergiacongestifloraPittier
DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain
DalbergiacrispaHepper
Dalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier
DalbergiacucullataPittier
DalbergiacuiabensisBenth.
DalbergiacujabensisBenth.[Spellingvariant] DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
DalbergiacultrataBenth.
Dalbergiacultratavar.cultrata DalbergiacultrataBenth
DalbergiacumingianaBenth.
DalbergiacumingiiBenth. DalbergiaparvifloraRoxb.
DalbergiacurtisiiPrain
Dalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl.
DalbergiadalzieliiHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiadarienensisRudd
DalbergiadavaoensisElmer Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergiadavidiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiadebilisJ.F.Macbr.
DalbergiadecipularisRizzini&A.Mattos
DalbergiadelavayiFranch. Cladrastisdelavayi(Franch.)Prain
DalbergiadelphinensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiadensaBenth.
Dalbergiadensavar.densa DalbergiadensaBenth
DalbergiadensicomaBaill. DalbergiapervilleiVatke.
Dalbergiadensiflora(Benth.)Benth.
Dalbergiadialoides(Pierre)Niyomdham
DalbergiadiphacaPers. Ormocarpumcochinchinense(Lour.)Merr.
DalbergiadiscolorBlume
DalbergiadiscolorBlumeexMiq. Amerimnondiscolor(BlumeexMiq.)Kuntze.
DalbergiadiversifoliaMiq. Dalbergiapseudo\sissooMiq.
DalbergiadomingensisPers. Lonchocarpusdomingensis(Pers.)DC.
DalbergiadongnaiensisPierre
DalbergiaduarensisThoth.
DalbergiadubiaElmer Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergiaduperreanaPierre
DalbergiadyerianaHarms
DalbergiaealaensisDeWild.
Dalbergiaecastaphylla(L.)Taub.[Spellingvariant] Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb.
Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(L.)Taub.
Dalbergiaecastophyllum(L.)Taub.[Spellingvariant] Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb.
DalbergiaelataHarms DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
DalbergiaelegansA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaemarginataPrain DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiaemarginataRoxb. DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.
DalbergiaemirnensisBenth.
Dalbergiaemirnensisvar.emirnensis DalbergiaemirnensisBenth
DalbergiaenneandraHoehne Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith.
DalbergiaenneaphyllaPittier
DalbergiaentadoidesPrain
DalbergiaeremicolaPolhill
Dalbergiaernest-uleiHoehne
DalbergiaerransCraib
DalbergiaerubescensBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaeurybothryaDrake DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiafalcataPrain
DalbergiaferrugineaGlaz. DalbergiaglazioviiHarms.
DalbergiaferrugineaRoxb. DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiaferrugineavar.daronensisElmer DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiaferrugineo-tomentosaHoehne DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
DalbergiafischeriTaub.
DalbergiaflexuosaBenth. DalbergiareniformisRoxb.
DalbergiafloribundaCraib
DalbergiafloriferaDeWild.
Dalbergiafoliacea"Prain,p.p." DalbergiaentadoidesPrain.
DalbergiafoliaceaBenth. Dalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth.
DalbergiafoliolosaBenth.
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)T.S.Ralph Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaforbesiiPrain
DalbergiafouilloyanaPellegr.
DalbergiafrondosaDC. DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton
Dalbergiafrutescensvar.frutescens Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton
Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.
DalbergiafuneraStandl.
DalbergiafuscaPierre
DalbergiafuscaPrain DalbergiacultrataBenth
Dalbergiafuscavar.enneandraS.Q.Zou&J.H.Liu DalbergiafuscaPierre
DalbergiagardnerianaBenth.
DalbergiagentiliiDeWild.
DalbergiagerardianaBenth.[Spellingvariant] DalbergiagardnerianaBenth
DalbergiagilbertiiCronquist
DalbergiagilletiiDeWild. DalbergiahostilisBenth
DalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiaglaberrimasubsp.glaberrima DalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
Dalbergiaglabravar.chontalensis(Standl.&L.O.Williams)Rudd
DalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams.
Dalbergiaglabravar.glabra Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiaglandulosaBenth.
Dalbergiaglauca(Desv.)Amshoff Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaglaucaKurz Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
DalbergiaglaucaWall. DalbergiaovataBenth
Dalbergiaglaucescens(Benth.)Benth.
DalbergiaglaucocarpaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaglazioviiHarms
DalbergiaglomerataHemsl.
DalbergiaglomerifloraKurz Dalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth.
DalbergiagodefroyiPrain
DalbergiagoetzeiHarms DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiagossweileriBakerf.
DalbergiagracilisBenth.
DalbergiagranadilloPittier
DalbergiagrandibracteataDeWild.
DalbergiagrandidieriBaill. DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiagrandistipulaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiagummiferaDC. Ateleiagummifera(DC.)D.Dietr.
DalbergiaguttembergiiA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiahainanensisMerr.&Chun
DalbergiahanceiBenth.
DalbergiaharmsianaDeWild. DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
DalbergiahavilandiPrain[Spellingvariant] DalbergiahavilandiiPrain
DalbergiahavilandiiPrain
DalbergiahemsleyiPrain Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
DalbergiahenryanaPrain
DalbergiaheptaphyllaPoir. Lonchocarpusheptaphyllus(Poir.)DC.
DalbergiaheterophyllaWilld. DerristrifoliataLour.
DalbergiaheudelotiiStapf
DalbergiahiemalisMalme
Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.hildebrandtii DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke
Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke
DalbergiahircinaBenth. DalbergiasericeaG.Don.
DalbergiahircinaWall. DalbergiasericeaG.Don.
DalbergiahirticalyxBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiahookeriBojer Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensisDuPuy&Labat
Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiahorridaGraham DalbergiaspinosaRoxb.
Dalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair
Dalbergiahorridavar.horrida Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiahortensisHeringer&al.
DalbergiahoseanaPrain
DalbergiahostilisBenth.
DalbergiahullettiiPrain
DalbergiahumbertiiR.Vig.
DalbergiahupeanaHance
Dalbergiahupeanavar.hupeana DalbergiahupeanaHance
Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne
Dalbergiahygrophilavar.nephrocarpa(Ducke)Hoehne
Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergiahypargyreaHarms Machaeriumfloribundumvar.hypargyreum(Harms)Rudd.
DalbergiahypoleucaPittier DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
DalbergiaikopensisJum. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
Dalbergiainaequilatera(Poepp.)Wiehler ColumneainaequilateraPoepp.&Endl.
DalbergiainsularisPulle DalbergiabeccariiPrain.
DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaintibucanaStandl.&L.O.Williams
DalbergiainundataBenth.
DalbergiaiquitosensisHarms
DalbergiaisaloensisR.Vig. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiaisangiensisDeWild. DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.
DalbergiajaheriiBurck
DalbergiajavanicaMiq. DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiajingxiensisS.Y.Liu
Dalbergiajunghuhnii"Baker,p.p." DalbergiacurtisiiPrain
DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth.
DalbergiakerriiCraib
DalbergiakingianaPrain
DalbergiakisantuensisDeWild.&T.Durand
DalbergiakostermansiiSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiakroweeRoxb. Derrisrobusta(DC.)Benth
DalbergiakunstleriPrain
DalbergiakurziiPrain
Dalbergiakurziivar.kurzii DalbergiakurziiPrain
DalbergialacciferaLaness. DalbergiaoliveriPrain
DalbergialaceiThoth.
DalbergialacteaVatke
DalbergialaevigataStandl. Acosmiumpanamense(Benth.)Yakovlev
DalbergialakhonensisGagnep.
Dalbergialakhonensisvar.lakhonensis DalbergialakhonensisGagnep.
Dalbergialanata(Seem.)Wiehler Columnealanata(Seem.)Kuntze
DalbergialanceolariaHemsl. DalbergiabalansaePrain
DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
DalbergialanceolariaLitv. Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergialanceolariaMoon PericopsismoonianaThwaites
DalbergialanceolariaNav.&Ferdinand Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.lanceolaria DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
Dalbergialanceolariavar.assamica(Benth.)Thoth. DalbergiaassamicaBenth
Dalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)Thoth.
DalbergialastoursvillensisPellegr.
DalbergialaterifloraBenth.
DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.
Dalbergialatifoliavar.sissoides(Wight&Arn.)Baker DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergialaurentiiDeWild. Aganopelucida(Baker)Polhill
DalbergialavigataStandl.[Spellingvariant] Acosmiumpanamense(Benth.)Yakovlev
DalbergialaxifloraMicheli
DalbergialemuricaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergialibrevillensisPellegr.
DalbergialimonensisBenth. DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergialindeniana(Benth.)Hoehne MachaeriumlindenianumBenth
DalbergialineataPittier DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
Dalbergialivida"Wall.,p.p." Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergialongepedunculataJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergialouisiiCronquist
DalbergialouveliiR.Vig.
DalbergialuteolaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergialuzonensisVogel DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiamacrophylla(Kunth)Spreng. LonchocarpusmacrophyllusKunth
DalbergiamacrospermaBaker
DalbergiamacrothyrsaHarms DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.
Dalbergiamadagascariensissubsp.madagascariensis DalbergiamadagascariensisVatke
Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamadagascariensisVatke
DalbergiamalabaricaPrain
DalbergiamalangensisSousa
DalbergiamalifoliaWelw.exBaker Amerimnonmalifolium(Welw.exBaker)Kuntze
DalbergiamammosaPierre
DalbergiamarcanianaCraib
DalbergiamarginataRoxb. Derrismarginata(Roxb.)Benth
DalbergiamaritimaR.Vig.
Dalbergiamaritimavar.maritima DalbergiamaritimaR.Vig.
DalbergiamartiniiF.White
DalbergiamaymensisCraib Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
DalbergiamaymyensisW.G.Craib Dalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)Thoth.
DalbergiamayumbensisBakerf.
DalbergiamegalocarpaHarms Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill.
DalbergiamelanocardiumPittier
DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr.
DalbergiamengsuoensisY.Y.Qian DalbergiarimosaRoxb.
DalbergiamenoeidesPrain
DalbergiamexicanaPittier
Dalbergiamexicanavar.hygrophila(Mart.exBenth.)J.F.Macbr.
Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne.
DalbergiamicrocarpaBakerf. DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov.
DalbergiamicrocarpaR.Vig. DalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov.
DalbergiamillettiiBenth.
DalbergiamillettiiPrain Dalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth.
Dalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth.
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergiamimosoidesFranch.
DalbergiaminahassaeKoord. Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth.
DalbergiamodestaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiamollisvar.mollis DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
Dalbergiamonetariavar.brachyphyllaRadlk. DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
Dalbergiamonetariavar.hygrophila(Benth.)J.F.Macbr.
Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne.
Dalbergiamonetariavar.monetaria DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
DalbergiamonophyllaG.A.Black
DalbergiamonospermaDalzell Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
DalbergiamonticolaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamoonianaThwaites PericopsismoonianaThwaites.
DalbergiamultifloraB.Heyne Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiamultifloraPrain Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
Dalbergiamultifloravar.glabrescensPrain Dalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair
DalbergiamultijugaE.Mey.
DalbergiamyriabotrysBaker DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
Dalbergianegrensis(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergianelsiiSchinz Philenopteranelsii(Schinz)Schrire
DalbergianeoperrieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergianephrocarpaDucke Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke.
DalbergiangounyensisPellegr.
Dalbergianigra(Vell.)Benth.
DalbergianigrescensKurz Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
Dalbergianitida(Benth.)Hoehne
DalbergianitidulaBaker
DalbergianoldeaeHarms
DalbergianormandiiBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergianovo-guineenseMerr.&L.M.Perry DalbergiabeccariiPrain
DalbergiaoblongifoliaG.Don
DalbergiaobovataE.Mey.
DalbergiaobtusaLecomte DalbergiapervilleiVatke
Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
Dalbergiaobtusifoliavar.obtusifolia Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
DalbergiaochraceaHarms DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker
DalbergiaodoriferaT.C.Chen
DalbergiaoligophyllaHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiaoliveriPrain
DalbergiaoojeinensisRoxb. Desmodiumoojeinense(Roxb.)H.Ohashi
DalbergiaorientalisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaovataBenth.
DalbergiaovataGraham DalbergiaovataBenth
Dalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth.
Dalbergiaovatavar.obtusifoliaBaker Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
Dalbergiaovatavar.ovata DalbergiaovataBenth
DalbergiaoxyphyllaHarms DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
Dalbergiapachycarpa(DeWild.&T.Durand)DeWild.
DalbergiapachycarpaDucke Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith
DalbergiapacificaStandl.&Steyerm. Dalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl.
Dalbergiapalo-escritoRzed.
DalbergiapaniculataRoxb. Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
DalbergiapapuanaPulle DalbergiaalbertisiiPrain
DalbergiaparvifloraRoxb.
DalbergiapaucifoliolataLundell
DalbergiapeguensisThoth.
DalbergiapeishaensisChun&T.Chen
DalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiapentaphyllaPoir. Lonchocarpusheptaphyllus(Poir.)DC.
DalbergiaperrieriDrake DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker
DalbergiaperrieriJum. DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiapervilleiVatke
DalbergiaphyllanthoidesMiq. DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth
DalbergiapierreanaPrain
DalbergiapinatubensisElmer Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.
Dalbergiapinnatavar.badiaMerr. Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiapinnatavar.pinnata Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergiaplurifloraBakerf.
DalbergiapolyadelphaPrain
DalbergiapolyphyllaBenth.
DalbergiapolyphyllaPoir. Glottidiumvesicarium(Jacq.)R.M.Harper
DalbergiapooliiBaker Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiapraecoxHochst.exA.Rich. PterocarpuslucensGuill.&Perr.
DalbergiaprainiiThoth.
DalbergiaprazeriPrain DalbergiaoliveriPrain
DalbergiapreussiiHarms Dalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist
Dalbergiapseudo-ovataThoth.
Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.
DalbergiapseudobaroniiR.Vig.
DalbergiapterocarpifloraBaill. DalbergiachapelieriBaill.
DalbergiapterocarpifloraBaker DalbergiachapelieriBaill.
DalbergiapubescensHook. DalbergiasubcymosaDucke
DalbergiapurpurascensBaill.
Dalbergiapurpurea"Benth.,p.p." DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
DalbergiapurpureaKurz DalbergiakurziiPrain
DalbergiapurpusiiBrandegee Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiaradiataPrain Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.
DalbergiareniformisRoxb.
DalbergiareticulataMerr.
DalbergiaretusaBaill. DalbergiapervilleiVatke
DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
Dalbergiaretusavar.lineata(Pittier)Rudd DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
Dalbergiaretusavar.retusa DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
DalbergiarevolutaDucke
DalbergiarhachiflexaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiarichardiiBaill. DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiarichardsiiSunarno&Ohashi
Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith
DalbergiarimosaRoxb.
Dalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth.
Dalbergiarimosavar.rimosa DalbergiarimosaRoxb.
Dalbergiariparia(Mart.)Benth.
DalbergiarivularisMerr.&L.M.Perry DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
DalbergiarobustaDC. Derrisrobusta(DC.)Benth
DalbergiaroseiHoehne DalbergialaterifloraBenth
DalbergiarostrataHassk.
DalbergiarostrataPrain Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.
DalbergiarotundifoliaSond. Pterocarpusrotundifolius(Sond.)Druce
DalbergiarubiginosaRoxb.
DalbergiaruddiaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiarufaG.Don
DalbergiarufaGraham Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergiarugosaHepper
DalbergiasacerdotumPrain
DalbergiasaigonensisPierre Dalbergianigrescensvar.saigonensis(Pierre)Gagnep.
DalbergiasalvanaturaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiasambesiacaSchinz
DalbergiasampaioanaKuhlm.&Hoehne
DalbergiasandakanensisSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.
Dalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist
DalbergiascandensRoxb. Derrisscandens(Roxb.)Benth
DalbergiascorpioidesBaker Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiascortechinii(Prain)Prain
DalbergiasericeaBojer Munduleasericea(Willd.)A.Chev.
DalbergiasericeaG.Don
DalbergiasessilifloraHarms DalbergiaobovataE.Mey.
DalbergiasetiferaHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiasimplicifoliaMerr. DalbergiarostrataHassk.
DalbergiasimpsoniiRudd
DalbergiasissoidesGraham DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiasissooDC.
DalbergiaspinosaRoxb.
DalbergiaspinosaWight&Arn. DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain
Dalbergiaspruceana(Benth.)Benth.
DalbergiastenocarpaKurz DalbergiasericeaG.Don
Dalbergiastenocarpavar.menabeensisR.Vig. Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiastenocarpavar.typicaR.Vig. DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiastenophyllaPrain
DalbergiastercoraceaPrain
DalbergiastevensoniiStandl.
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiastipulaceavar.stipulacea DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
DalbergiastipulaceaeFern.-Vill. DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
DalbergiastipulataWall. Amerimnonstipulatum(Wall.)Kuntze
DalbergiastocksiiBenth. DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr.
DalbergiastriataBojer Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensis
DalbergiastuhlmanniiTaub. Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii
DalbergiasuaresensisBaill.
Dalbergiasubalternifolia(Elmer)Merr. DalbergiarostrataHassk.
DalbergiasubcymosaDucke
DalbergiasuccirubraGagnep.&Craib
DalbergiasuccirubraGagnepain&Craib Dalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham
DalbergiasympatheticaNimmo Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiaszemaoensisPrain DalbergiaassamicaBenth
DalbergiatabascanaPittier Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiatamarindifoliaRoxb. Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiatamarindifoliavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Baker Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.
Dalbergiatamarindifoliavar.pubescensBaker DalbergiamalabaricaPrain
DalbergiateijsmanniiSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiateixeiraeSousa
DalbergiatelfairiiBojer Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensisDuPuy&Labat
DalbergiathomsoniiBenth.
DalbergiathoreliiGagnep.
DalbergiatilaranaN.Zamora
DalbergiatimoriensisDC. Derrisscandens(Roxb.)Benth
DalbergiatingensBaill. RoureaorientalisBaill.
DalbergiatinnevelliensisThoth.
Dalbergiatomentosa(Benth.)Ducke DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiatomentosaVogel Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.
DalbergiatonkinensisPrain
DalbergiatortaA.Gray Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
DalbergiatortaGraham Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
DalbergiatoxicariaBaill. RoureaorientalisBaill.
DalbergiatravancoricaThoth.
DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker
DalbergiatricolorDrake
Dalbergiatricolorvar.tricolor DalbergiatricolorDrake
DalbergiatsaratananensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiatsiandalanaR.Vig.
DalbergiatsoiMerr.&Chun
DalbergiatucurensisDonn.Sm.
Dalbergiauarandensis(Chiov.)Thulin
DalbergiaurschiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiavacciniifoliaVatke
Dalbergiavariabilisvar.bahiensisHoehne DalbergiacearensisDucke
Dalbergiavariabilisvar.cubilquitzensisDonn.Sm. Dalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier
Dalbergiavariabilisvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth. Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth
DalbergiavariabilisVogel Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton
DalbergiavelutinaBenth.
Dalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham
Dalbergiavelutinavar.velutina DalbergiavelutinaBenth
DalbergiaverrucosaCraib
DalbergiaviguieriBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth.
Dalbergiavillosavar.barretoana(Hoehne)A.M.Carvalho
Dalbergiavillosavar.divaricataHoehne Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth
Dalbergiavillosavar.villosa Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth
Dalbergiaviolacea(Jacq.)Hoffmanns. DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth
Dalbergiaviolacea(Vogel)Malme DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth
Dalbergiavolubilis(L.)Urb. DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
Dalbergiavolubilisvar.cuspidigeraHoehne DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
Dalbergiavolubilisvar.volubilis DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
DalbergiawattiiC.B.Clarke
DalbergiaxerophilaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaximengensisY.Y.Qian
DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.
Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth.
Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.yunnanensis DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.
1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010
Annex 2. Distribution of accepted species names of the genusDalbergia according to “TheInternationalLegumeDatabaseandInformationService”(ILDIS,2013).Note.DifferentreferencesourceswerealsoutilisedandthoseareindicatedbyspecificnumbersaftertheISOcodesofcountriesmentionedinAnnex2.
ACCEPTEDSPECIESNAMES RANGESTATESDalbergiaabbreviataCraib THDalbergiaabrahamiiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaacariianthaHarms TZDalbergiaacutaBenth. BRDalbergiaacutifoliolataMendonca&Sousa ZMDalbergiaadamiBerhaut SNDalbergiaafzelianaG.Don AO,CM,CF,CD,GA,GN,GW,NG,SL,TGDalbergiaagudeloiJ.Linares&M.Sousa SV1,GT1,HN1,NI1DalbergiaajudanaHarms BJDalbergiaalbertisiiPrain ID,PG,SBDalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel CI,NG,SLDalbergiaaltissimaBakerf. VE1Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke BR,CO4,FR1,GY,VEDalbergiaamerimmonL.exB.D.Jacks. US1DalbergiaandapensisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker MW,MZ,TZ,ZM,ZWDalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill CD,TZADalbergiaarmataE.Mey. MZ,ZA,LK,SZ,TZDalbergiaassamicaBenth. BD2,BT2,KH2,CN,IN,KE,LA1,MM,TH1,VN1DalbergiaaureaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiabakeriBaker AO,CD,GADalbergiabalansaePrain CN,VNDalbergiabariensisPierre KH2,LA2,TH,VNDalbergiabaroniiBaker MG,TZDalbergiabathieiR.Vig. MGDalbergiabeccariiPrain BN,ID,MY,PG,SBDalbergiabeddomeiThoth. INDalbergiabenthamiiPrain CN,VN1Dalbergiaberteroi(DC.)Urb. CU1,HT1,JM1DalbergiabignonaeBerhaut GW,CI,SN,TGDalbergiabintuluensisSunarno&Ohashi MYDalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii(Taub.)Polhill DalbergiaboehmiiTaub. AO,CM,CF,CD,GW,KE,MW3,MY,MZ,SL,SD,TZ,ZM,ZWDalbergiabojeriDrake MGDalbergiabonianaGagnep. VNDalbergiaborneensisPrain ID,MYDalbergiabrachystachyaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiabracteolataBaker KE,MG,MZ,TZDalbergiabrasiliensisVogel BRDalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb. BZ,CO,CR,CU1,DO1,EC1,SV1,GT,HT1,HN1,JM1,MX,NI,PA,
TT1,GB1,US,VEDalbergiaburmanicaPrain CN,MMDalbergiacalderoniiStandl. BZ1,SV,GT1,HN1,MX,NIDalbergiacalycinaBenth. BZ2,CR1,SV1,GT,HN1,MX,NIDalbergiacambodianaPierre KH,VNDalbergiacampenoniiDrake MGDalbergiacanaKurz LA2,MM,THDalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain AU,BD,BN,KH1,CN,FJ,IN,ID,MY,FM,PG,PH,MM,SG,SB,
LK,TH,VNDalbergiacanescens(Elmer)Merr. MY,PHDalbergiacapuroniiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiacarringtonianaSousa AODalbergiacatingicolaHarms BR
1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010
DalbergiacaudataG.Don DalbergiacearensisDucke BR,MX3DalbergiachapelieriBaill. MGDalbergiachlorocarpaR.Vig. MGDalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams SV1,GT1,NIDalbergiaclarkeiThoth. INDalbergiacochinchinenisLaness. KH,LA2,PG,SB,TH,VNDalbergiacochinchinensisPierre KH,LA,PG,SB,TH,VNDalbergiacommiphoroidesBakerf. ET,KE,SODalbergiacomorensisBosser&R.Rabev. KM1DalbergiaconfertifloraBenth. BD,IN,MXDalbergiacongensisBakerf. AO,CFDalbergiacongestaWight&Arn. INDalbergiacongestifloraPittier SV1DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain INDalbergiacrispaHepper NG,SLDalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier BZ1,CR,MX,NIDalbergiacucullataPittier VEDalbergiacuiabensisBenth. BO,BRDalbergiacultrataBenth. KH2,CN5,IN,LA,MM,TH,VNDalbergiacumingianaBenth. PHDalbergiacurtisiiPrain ID,LA,MY,TH,VNDalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl. CR,SV1,GT,MX,PADalbergiadalzieliiHutch.&Dalziel CM,GA,NG,TGDalbergiadarienensisRudd PADalbergiadavidiiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiadebilisJ.F.Macbr. PEDalbergiadecipularisRizzini&A.Mattos BRDalbergiadelphinensisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiadensaBenth. AU,ID,PG,PHDalbergiadensiflora(Benth.)Benth. BRDalbergiadialoides(Pierre)Niyomdham DalbergiadiscolorBlume ID,MY,PH,THDalbergiadongnaiensisPierre KH,TH,VNDalbergiaduarensisThoth. INDalbergiaduperreanaPierre KH,THDalbergiadyerianaHarms CNDalbergiaealaensisDeWild. AO,CM,CD,GADalbergiaecastaphyllum(L.)Taub. AO,AG,BS,BB,BZ,BR,CM,CO,CR,CU,DM,DO,GQ,FR,GM,
GH,GD,GT,GN,GW,GY,HT,HN1,IN,CI,JM1,LR,MU3,MX,NI,NG,NL,PA,PY1,PE,VC,ST,SN,SL,SR,TG,TT,GB,US
DalbergiaelegansA.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiaemirnensisBenth. MGDalbergiaenneaphyllaPittier VEDalbergiaentadoidesPrain KH,LA,TH,VNDalbergiaeremicolaPolhill KE,SODalbergiaernest-uleiHoehne BRDalbergiaerransCraib THDalbergiaerubescensBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiafalcataPrain BN,ID,MYDalbergiafischeriTaub. MW,MZ,TZ,ZM,ZWDalbergiafloribundaCraib THDalbergiafloriferaDeWild. AO,CF,CDDalbergiafoliolosaBenth. BO1,BRDalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho BR,CO,FR,GY1,SR,VEDalbergiaforbesiiPrain ID,LA,THDalbergiafouilloyanaPellegr. GADalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton AR,BO,BR,CO1,CR1,EC1,GY,PY,PE,VEDalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth. BO1,BR,SR,VE4
1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010
DalbergiafuneraStandl. SV,GTDalbergiafuscaPierre CN,MM1,VN1DalbergiagardnerianaBenth. INDalbergiagentiliiDeWild. CDDalbergiagilbertiiCronquist CDDalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl. BZ,CR,SV1,GT,HN,MX,NIDalbergiaglandulosaBenth. BRDalbergiaglaucescens(Benth.)Benth. BRDalbergiaglaucocarpaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaglazioviiHarms BRDalbergiaglomerataHemsl. CR1,GT2,HN2,MXDalbergiagodefroyiPrain KH,LA,THDalbergiagossweileriBakerf. AODalbergiagracilisBenth. BO,BRDalbergiagranadilloPittier SV1,MXDalbergiagrandibracteataDeWild. CD,GNDalbergiagrandistipulaA.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiagreveanaBaill. MG2DalbergiaguttembergiiA.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiahainanensisMerr.&Chun CNDalbergiahanceiBenth. CN,TH,VNDalbergiahavilandiiPrain BN,MYDalbergiahenryanaPrain CNDalbergiaheudelotiiStapf CD,GA,GH,GN,CI,LR,NG,SN,SLDalbergiahiemalisMalme BRDalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke MGDalbergiahirticalyxBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb. IN,LA,TH,VNDalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair DalbergiahortensisHeringer&al. BRDalbergiahoseanaPrain MYDalbergiahostilisBenth. AO,BJ,CM,CF,CD,GQ,GA,GH,GN,GW,CI,LR,NG,SL,TGDalbergiahullettiiPrain ID,MY,SGDalbergiahumbertiiR.Vig. MGDalbergiahupeanaHance CN,LA,VNDalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne BR,CO4,PE,VE
DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho BR,GY1,VE1DalbergiaintibucanaStandl.&L.O.Williams HNDalbergiainundataBenth. BR,CO,GY,PE,VEDalbergiaiquitosensisHarms BR,PEDalbergiajaheriiBurck IDDalbergiajingxiensisS.Y.Liu CN1DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth. ID,MY,SGDalbergiakerriiCraib LA,THDalbergiakingianaPrain CN,MMDalbergiakisantuensisDeWild.&T.Durand AO,CD,GADalbergiakostermansiiSunarno&Ohashi ID,MYDalbergiakunstleriPrain MYDalbergiakurziiPrain THDalbergialaceiThoth. MM,THDalbergialacteaVatke BI,CM,CD,ET,GA,KE,MW,MZ,NG,RW,SD,TZ,UG,ZM,ZWDalbergialakhonensisGagnep. LA,THDalbergialanceolariaL.f. BD,KH,HN1,IN,PK,MM,LK,TH,VNDalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth. KH,IN,LA,NP,MM,TH,VNDalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)Thoth. DalbergialastoursvillensisPellegr. GADalbergialaterifloraBenth. BR
1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010
DalbergialatifoliaRoxb. BD3,FR,IN,ID,KE,MY,MU,NP,NG,PK,SG,LK,TZ,UGDalbergialaxifloraMicheli CDDalbergialemuricaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergialibrevillensisPellegr. GADalbergialongepedunculataJ.Linares&M.Sousa HN1,MX1DalbergialouisiiCronquist BJ2,CM2,CG2,CD,GA2,NGDalbergialouveliiR.Vig. MGDalbergialuteolaJ.Linares&M.Sousa GT1,MX1DalbergiamacrospermaBaker AODalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamadagascariensisVatke MGDalbergiamalabaricaPrain INDalbergiamalangensisSousa AO,TZ,ZMDalbergiamammosaPierre VNDalbergiamarcanianaCraib THDalbergiamaritimaR.Vig. MGDalbergiamartiniiF.White NA,ZM,ZWDalbergiamayumbensisBakerf. AODalbergiamelanocardiumPittier BZ1,CR,SV,GT,HN1,MX,NI1DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr. AO,BW,BF,BI3,CF,TD,CD,ET,IN,CI,KE,MW,ML,MZ,NA2,
NG,SN,ZA,SS2,LK,SD,TZ,UG,ZM,ZWDalbergiamenoeidesPrain ID,MYDalbergiamexicanaPittier MX1DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov. ET,KE,SO,TZDalbergiamillettiiBenth. BT,CN,IN,MMDalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth. BT,IN,MMDalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain ID,MY,PHDalbergiamimosoidesFranch. CN,IN1DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth. BRDalbergiamodestaJ.Linares&M.Sousa MX1DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamonetariaL.f. BZ,BO1,BR,CO,CR,CU,DO,EC1,FR,GT,GY,HT,HN,JM,MX,
NI,PA,PE,LC2,VC,SR,TT,US1,VEDalbergiamonophyllaG.A.Black BRDalbergiamonticolaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiamultijugaE.Mey. ZADalbergianegrensis(Radlk.)Ducke BRDalbergianeoperrieriBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiangounyensisPellegr. CD,GA,SLDalbergianigra(Vell.)Benth. BRDalbergianitida(Benth.)Hoehne BO,TZDalbergianitidulaBaker AO,BI,CD,MW,MZ,RW,ZA,UG,ZM,ZWDalbergianoldeaeHarms AO,GWDalbergianormandiiBosser&R.Rabev. MG2DalbergiaoblongifoliaG.Don GH,GW,CI,LR,SN,SLDalbergiaobovataE.Mey. MZ,ZA,TZDalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain CN,MM,THDalbergiaodoriferaT.C.Chen CNDalbergiaoligophyllaHutch.&Dalziel CM,NG,SLDalbergiaoliveriPrain IN,MY,MM,TH,VNDalbergiaorientalisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaovataBenth. BD,LA2,MM,TH,VNDalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth. MM,THDalbergiapachycarpa(DeWild.&T.Durand)DeWild. AO,CM,CDDalbergiapalo-escritoRzed. MXDalbergiaparvifloraRoxb. BN,ID,LA,MY,MM,SG,THDalbergiapaucifoliolataLundell MX1DalbergiapeguensisThoth. MM
1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010
DalbergiapeishaensisChun&T.Chen CNDalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiapervilleiVatke MGDalbergiapierreanaPrain KHDalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain BD,BT,CN,IN,ID,LA,MY,NP,PG,PH,MM,TH,VNDalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth. INDalbergiaplurifloraBakerf. AODalbergiapolyadelphaPrain CNDalbergiapolyphyllaBenth. PHDalbergiaprainiiThoth. MMDalbergiapseudo-ovataThoth. MMDalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq. IN,MY,LK,THDalbergiapseudobaroniiR.Vig. MGDalbergiapurpurascensBaill. DalbergiareniformisRoxb. BD,IN,MMDalbergiareticulataMerr. PHDalbergiaretusaHemsl. BZ2,CO1,CR,SV,GT1,HN1,MX,NI,PADalbergiarevolutaDucke BR,VEDalbergiarhachiflexaJ.Linares&M.Sousa MX1DalbergiarichardsiiSunarno&Ohashi MYDalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith BO1,BR,CO,EC1,FR1,GY,PE,SR,VEDalbergiarimosaRoxb. BD,BT,KH1,CN,IN,ID1,LA,MY5,MM,TH,VNDalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth. MM,THDalbergiariparia(Mart.)Benth. BO1,BR,EC1,GY,PEDalbergiarostrataHassk. BN,IN,ID,MY,PH,SG,LKDalbergiarubiginosaRoxb. CN3,INDalbergiaruddiaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa CR1,MX1DalbergiarufaG.Don CM,CD,GN,GW,NG,SN,SLDalbergiarugosaHepper GR,LR,SLDalbergiasacerdotumPrain CNDalbergiasalvanaturaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa SV1DalbergiasambesiacaSchinz MZDalbergiasampaioanaKuhlm.&Hoehne BRDalbergiasandakanensisSunarno&Ohashi MYDalbergiasaxatilisHook.f. AO,CM,CD,GA,GH,GW,CI,LR,NG,SN,SL,TGDalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist Dalbergiascortechinii(Prain)Prain ID,MYDalbergiasericeaG.Don BT,CN,KE3,NP,MM5,VN1DalbergiasetiferaHutch.&Dalziel GH,CIDalbergiasimpsoniiRudd PEDalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn. IN,IDDalbergiasissooDC. AF,AU,BD,BT,TD,CN,DO,GH,GW,HN1,IN,ID,IR,IQ,KE,MY,
MZ,NP,NE,NG,OM,PK,MM,SN,SL,SD,TZ,UG,US,ZM,ZWDalbergiaspinosaRoxb. BD,IN,KY,MMDalbergiaspruceana(Benth.)Benth. BO,BR,VEDalbergiastenophyllaPrain CN,TH5,VN1DalbergiastercoraceaPrain ID,MY,SGDalbergiastevensoniiStandl. BZ,GT,HN1,MXDalbergiastipulaceaRoxb. BD,BT,KH1,CN,IN,ID,LA,MY,NP,PG,PH,MM,SB,TH,VNDalbergiasuaresensisBaill. MGDalbergiasubcymosaDucke BO1,BR,FR,GY,PE,SR,VEDalbergiasuccirubraGagnep.&Craib THDalbergiateijsmanniiSunarno&Ohashi IDDalbergiateixeiraeSousa AODalbergiathomsoniiBenth. INDalbergiathoreliiGagnep. KH,LA,THDalbergiatilaranaN.Zamora CR,MX1,NI,PADalbergiatinnevelliensisThoth. INDalbergiatonkinensisPrain CN,VN
1www.tropicos.org2www.iucnredlist.org3Sahaetal.,20134Grandter&Chevrette,20135Shu,T.H.,2010
DalbergiatravancoricaThoth. INDalbergiatrichocarpaBaker MGDalbergiatricolorDrake MGDalbergiatsaratananensisBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiatsiandalanaR.Vig. MGDalbergiatsoiMerr.&Chun CNDalbergiatucurensisDonn.Sm. BZ,CR,SV1,GT,HN,MX,NI1Dalbergiauarandensis(Chiov.)Thulin SODalbergiaurschiiBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiavacciniifoliaVatke KE,TZDalbergiavelutinaBenth. BD,IN,ID,LA,MY,MM,SG,THDalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham DalbergiaverrucosaCraib THDalbergiaviguieriBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth. BO1,BRDalbergiavillosavar.barretoana(Hoehne)A.M.Carvalho BRDalbergiavolubilisRoxb. BD,CN1,IN,LA,NP,LK,TH,VN3DalbergiawattiiC.B.Clarke INDalbergiaxerophilaBosser&R.Rabev. MGDalbergiaximengensisY.Y.Qian CN1DalbergiayunnanensisFranch. CN,IN1Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth. MM