Digital Philology, World Literature and Sustainable Global Culture
Gregory Crane
Alexander von Humboldt Professor of Digital HumanitiesUniversität Leipzig
Professor of Classics Winnick Family Chair of Technology and
EntrepreneurshipTufts University
Von [AvH Professuren] erwartet wird, dass ihre mit Hilfe des Preises ermöglichten
wissenschaftlichen Leistungen zur internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des
Forschungsstandortes Deutschland nachhaltig beitragen
https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/alexander-von-humboldt-professorship.html
Alexander von Humboldt Professors “are expected to contribute to
enhancing Germany's sustained international competitiveness as a
research location in consequence of the award”
https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/alexander-von-humboldt-professorship.html
The 21st century
Only considering citations from works 30 years old or less (i.e., current scholars and their immediate teachers)
US Postsecondary Greek + Latin
Germany sits squarely in the central European Latin belt, but it has also seen substntial drops in absolute numbers of Latin students from 807,839 in 2010, to 740,302 students in 2011, to 705,407 students in 2012 -- a decline of 12% over two years.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HfAQZUyRfDV0BPS39wx9kwPEqqTOwUtlC23GfCfvF1Y/edit#
German Sec. School Latin enrollments
Germany sits squarely in the central European Latin belt, but it has also seen substantial drops in absolute numbers of Latin students from 807,839 in 2010, to 740,302 students in 2011, to 705,407 students in 2012 -- a decline of 12% over two years.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HfAQZUyRfDV0BPS39wx9kwPEqqTOwUtlC23GfCfvF1Y/edit#
US Classics since 1975 …
• Number of faculty (at least at the PhD programs) seem roughly stable
• Absolute numbers of Greek and Latin students roughly stable (at least till 2008)
US Classics since 1975 …
• Number of faculty (at least at the PhD programs) seem roughly stable
• Absolute numbers of Greek and Latin students roughly stable (at least till 2008)
• But the number of language based majors … Yale has the last undergraduate Greek and Latin reading list
A direct response to abandoning the name American Philological
Society in favor of the Society for Classical Studies
A direct response to abandoning the name American Philological
Society in favor of the Society for Classical Studies
Part also of a wave of anglophone scholarship reasserting philology
What is philology?
Itaque ubi, quae et qualis philologia meo iudicio sit, quaeritis, simplicissima ratione respondeo, si non latiore, quae in ipso vocabulo inest, potestate accipitur, sed ut solet ad antiquas litteras refertur, universae antiquitatis cognitionem historicam et philosophicam.
Augustus Boeck, “Oratio nataliciis Friderici Guilelmi III.” (1822)
Digital Technology and Theory
• Too much emphasis on the “how” and not enough on the “why” of technology
Digital Technology and Theory
• Too much emphasis on the “how” and not enough on the “why” of technology
• BUT the big question is NOT rethinking the theoretical foundation of how scholars conduct their research.
Digital Technology and Theory
• Too much emphasis on the “how” and not enough on the “why” of technology
• BUT the big question is NOT rethinking the theoretical foundation of how scholars conduct their research.– That is a secondary question, a “how” question
assuming the answer to another “why” question.
What opportunities and challenges does a digital age pose to the social
contract that justifies the professional position of every
speaker in this conference?
What opportunities and challenges does a digital age pose to the social
contract that justifies the professional position of every
speaker in this conference?
Why do our fields exist and why might they exist in this new space?
What opportunities and challenges does a digital age pose to the social
contract that justifies the professional position of every
speaker in this conference?
The foundational theory must build, but may NOT depend, upon an understanding of academic literary, linguistic, cultural, hermeneutical etc. theory.
Two Interlinked Questions
• Each is necessary but not by itself sufficient1. How does digital philology change what we
can contribute to society?
Two Interlinked Questions
• Each is necessary but not by itself sufficient1. How does digital philology change what we
can contribute to society?2. How does the nature of our research change?
Lettre ouverte à Madame le Ministre de l’Éducation nationale, de l’Énseignement et de la Recherche, Mme. N. Vallaud-Belkacem, May 19, 2015,
by Franco Montanari, président de la Fédération internationale des associations d’études classiques
The 2012-13 Survey of Humanities Departments at Four-Year Institutions (American Academy of
Sciences)
Where does Big Data start?
• ~ 150,000 words -- Yale UG Reading List (Greek, Latin, or a 75K of each)
• ~ 1,000,000 words -- typical US PhD Greek and Latin Reading list
• ~ 20,000,000 words – aggregate Greek and Latin in the Loeb Classical Library
• ~ 100,000,000 words – Greek and Latin thru c. 600 CE
• > 1,000,000,000 words – postclassical Greek and Latin
Treaty of Tilsit, July 2007
Prussia barely survives as a political entity – loses half its territory
Präsident der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , 1927 – 1930
1928 – supporter for Alfred Rosenberg’s Kampfverbund für deutsche Kultur
Eduard Schwartz, 1858-1940
The Big Humanities focus on articulating national identity – and they have strong inward focusing
tendencies.
The Big Humanities focus on articulating national identity – and they have strong inward focusing
tendencies.
What happens when the Big Humanities become too powerful?
To study Greek and Latin was to assert membership in a Republic of Letters bigger than any Dukedom,
Electorate, or Kingdom
To study Greek and Latin was to assert membership in a Republic of Letters bigger than any Dukedom,
Electorate, or Kingdom
The Republic of Letters laid the foundations for the best elements of the European idea today, fragile
as it may be.
Gottfried Hermann
If one were to go into the lecture-room of the professor of Poetry and Eloquence at Leipsic, a few moments before the hour, he would see a crowd of the maturest scholars of the university, and of philologists who had been educated elsewhere, finding their seats, and preparing their papers, for taking notes. The hum of numerous whispering voices fills the room. An aged, but spirited man, of moderate stature, with fire in his eyes, and fury in every movements, darts in at the door. The well-known signal, given by those nearest him, instantly silences a hundred tongues. By the time you hear his clinking spurs, and, as he mounts the stairs to the desk, your eye falls upon his blue coat, with metal buttons and badge of knighthood, his deer-skin breeches, and long riding boots. His whip and gloves, and hat and chair are all flying to their places, and a stream of extemporaneous Latin is already pouring forth. Before you are even aware of it, the ship is under full sail. the whole energy of the lecturer is directed to his object; the point of difficulty in the Greek text … is placed directly before you….
Leipzig in 1835, described by Barnas Sears, Classical Studies (Boston1843) pp. 28-29.
“Wahre Freude hatte er an dem Ritterkreuz des sächsischen Civilverdienstordens (1816)”
Otto Jahn, Gedächtnissrede (1849) p. 26
“Wahre Freude hatte er an dem Ritterkreuz des sächsischen Civilverdienstordens (1816)”
Otto Jahn, Gedächtnissrede (1849) p. 26
But …. He lectured in Latin …
August BoeckhModern Philology German Nationalism
Gottfried HermannLinguistic Philology Latin Cosmopolitanism
My fundamental question: How can we help Greco-Roman culture contribute to the intellectual life of humanity?
My fundamental question: How can we help Greco-Roman culture contribute to the intellectual life of humanity?
This question, rigorously applied, challenges us to look beyond our
own language and culture to humanity as a whole.
Edward Everett (1852)
In the comparatively brief period of about two hundred years, substantially the same transformation has been brought about in a considerable part of our Western continent, which has been the work of fifteen or twenty centuries in Europe. Within two hundred years the barbarous native races have disappeared, and the children of civilized Europe and their descendants have succeeded to them ; and have introduced, as far as circumstances admitted, the culture of the old world, with all the improvements which have sprung from the novel and peculiar state of things here existing. This, indeed, has been accomplished in much less than two centuries
Greek and Latin may not be sufficient but they are necessary –
intellectually, practically, and politically
Big Language (English, French, German, Italian) Domination
What happened to speakers of Croatian, Dutch, Lithuanian and other smaller European languages when the big Nationalist Dialects displaced Latin and asserted cultural-political hegemony?
We caved into nationalist thinking in the 19th and 20th centuries
In the 21st century we still, in practice, serve and reinforce national
thinking for the vast majority of those who study Greek and Latin
Scholars of Greco-Roman culture are a trans-national community in
Europe (also Egyptology, Assyriology). We are never the Big Humanities (these are now always national) but we have a strategic
role that we CAN play.
But if Greek and Latin are not sufficient, they are essential
1. The potential of reclaiming and transforming the cosmopolitan Respublica Litterarum
But if Greek and Latin are not sufficient, they are essential
1. The potential of reclaiming and transforming the cosmopolitan Respublica Litterarum
2. Numbers of students (and therefore of faculty) in the first world
But if Greek and Latin are not sufficient, they are essential
1. The potential of reclaiming and transforming the cosmopolitan Respublica Litterarum
2. Numbers of students (and therefore of faculty) in the first world
3. Development of resources – esp. open resources
99.3% of Latin students in Germany are in primary and secondary school
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/AllgemeinbildendeSchulen2110100117004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile and https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/Tabellen/AllgemeinBildendeBeruflicheSchulenFremdsprachUnterricht.html.
Latin schüler in Germany
2010 807,8392011 740,3022012 705,407
Greek and Latin Studierenden (2013)
Greek 592Latin 4,268Greek and Latin (combined) 4,860
99.3% of Latin students in Germany are in primary and secondary school
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/AllgemeinbildendeSchulen2110100117004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile and https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/Tabellen/AllgemeinBildendeBeruflicheSchulenFremdsprachUnterricht.html.
Latin schüler in Germany
2010 807,8392011 740,3022012 705,407
Greek and Latin Studierenden (2013)
Greek 592Latin 4,268Greek and Latin (combined) 4,860
99.97% are NOT the c. 200 Lehrstuhlinhaber of Greco-Roman Philology, History, and Archaeology
How big is the market? In terms of actual expenditures, the Fantasy Sports Trade Association – yes, there is a trade association – estimates that 32 million Americans spend $467 per person or about $15 billion in total playing. Roughly, 11 billion flows toward football. These figures don’t count ad revenue for fantasy hosting sites. The NFL’s annual revenue falls just under $10 billion currently. So the “derivative” market has grown larger than the foundational market.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/briangoff/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/
How big is the market? In terms of actual expenditures, the Fantasy Sports Trade Association – yes, there is a trade association – estimates that 32 million Americans spend $467 per person or about $15 billion in total playing. Roughly, 11 billion flows toward football. These figures don’t count ad revenue for fantasy hosting sites. The NFL’s annual revenue falls just under $10 billion currently. So the “derivative” market has grown larger than the foundational market.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/briangoff/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/
How big is the market? In terms of actual expenditures, the Fantasy Sports Trade Association – yes, there is a trade association – estimates that 32 million Americans spend $467 per person or about $15 billion in total playing. Roughly, 11 billion flows toward football. These figures don’t count ad revenue for fantasy hosting sites. The NFL’s annual revenue falls just under $10 billion currently. So the “derivative” market has grown larger than the foundational market.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/briangoff/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/
The FSTA [Fantasy Sports Trade Association] estimates that the average fantasy gamer spends 3 hours per week managing a team(s), translating to 1.2 billion hours for 23 million players over a 17 week season.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/briangoff/2013/08/20/the-70-billion-fantasy-football-market/
Topics of Research
• Personalized Hermeneutics – who knows what? (Cognitive Sciences)
• Theorizing the social contract for the study of the past
Topics of Research
• Personalized Hermeneutics – who knows what? (Cognitive Sciences)
• Theorizing the social contract for the study of the past
• Citizen Science and Global Citizens
Topics of Research
• Personalized Hermeneutics – who knows what? (Cognitive Sciences)
• Theorizing the social contract for the study of the past
• Citizen Science and Global Citizens• Reception of Greco-Roman studies of every
kind
Topics of Research
• Personalized Hermeneutics – who knows what? (Cognitive Sciences)
• Theorizing the social contract for the study of the past
• Citizen Science and Global Citizens• Reception of Greco-Roman studies of every
kind• New technologies (e.g., Greek OCR, textreuse
detection etc.)
To study Greek and/or Latin should immediately and pervasively
connect each student to a larger transnational and even trans-
European culture
Language-independent tasks: e.g. morpho-syntactic analysis
Greco-Roman World c. 200 CE
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg
Greco-Roman World c. 200 CE
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg
What is the most important contemporary language in this Greco-Roman world?
Greco-Roman World c. 200 CE
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg
Are English, French, German, Italian enough? What about Arabic? Turkish?
July 2015 letter form an Egyptian colleague asking to add Arabic
“I wouldn't exaggerate If I told you that I would feel myself guilty If some day one of these students grow up and imitate what ISIS had done to the archaeological sites in Iraq, because he didn't appreciate it. Why he doesn't appreciate it? Simply because he doesn't understand what was there. And why again? because most of the sources are not accessible; either they are in reality (there in Egypt) secured in magazines that in the near future, due to many reasons that beyond this email, won't open even to scholars like you and me !, or it is presented online ( virtually ) with languages that he doesn't understand. This was the past and to somewhat the present, but do you want that this would be our shared future ?”
What is the role for Greco-Roman Studies in Europe?
Is it a self-standing field or closely integrated with a true Classical
Studies?
Remember Goethe and Weltliteratur
The Political World c. 200 CE
https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/files/2013/08/n3LCXYT.jpg
Open Data
• Open Philology• Open Greek and Latin• Open Persian• …• Open data as a precondition for scalable
research• Your library system shifts from importing to
curating
• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975– English, French, German, Italian
• What should a US/European student starting in 2015 imagine?
• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975– English, French, German, Italian
• What should a US/European student starting in 2015 imagine?– What about Mandarin? Arabic? Hindi? Persian?
What is the world that you wish to build?
• Languages of Classical Scholarship in 1975– English, French, German, Italian
• What should a US/European student starting in 2015 imagine?– What about Mandarin? Arabic? Hindi? Persian?