Domestication of the Domestication of the dog and . . . dog and . . .
From: The Ultimate Dog From: The Ultimate Dog BookBook
. . . cat . . . cat
ObjectiveObjectives s
Discuss the origin and development Discuss the origin and development of domestic dogs and catsof domestic dogs and cats
Taxonomy of the dog and catTaxonomy of the dog and cat
Archeological evidenceArcheological evidence
Recent DNA based evidenceRecent DNA based evidence
Origin of Origin of Carnivores Carnivores Miacids (Miacidae family)Miacids (Miacidae family)
62 million years ago62 million years ago Small, tree-dwellingSmall, tree-dwelling PlantigradePlantigrade Carnassial teethCarnassial teeth
Miacids viverines Miacids viverines (cats)(cats)
miacines miacines (dogs)(dogs)
Traditional Taxonomy of Traditional Taxonomy of the Dog and Cat the Dog and Cat
Phylum – AnimaliaPhylum – Animalia Class – MammaliaClass – Mammalia Order – CarnivoraOrder – Carnivora Suborder – FissipediaSuborder – Fissipedia Families –Families – Canidae Canidae
Genus –Genus – Canis Canis Species – Canis familiaris Species – Canis familiaris
Families – FelidaeFamilies – Felidae Genus –Genus – Felis Felis
Species – Felis catusSpecies – Felis catus
TaxonomyTaxonomy
Systematized 0rganization of Systematized 0rganization of LifeLife
In a state of fluxIn a state of flux
Criteria used to determine Criteria used to determine groupings:groupings:
physical/skeletal similaritiesphysical/skeletal similarities ability to intermate - ability to intermate -
produce fertile offspringproduce fertile offspring similarity of chromosomessimilarity of chromosomes gene homologygene homology
TerminologyTerminology
WildWild
TameTame
OpportunistOpportunist
DomesticDomesticFeralFeral
Major Questions on the Origin of Domestic Species
• Where were they domesticated• When, i.e. how long ago• What species were they domesticated from• Did it happen separately in multiple places
and at different times?• Multiple species?• One species, with multiple admixtures of
the founding species?
Origin of the Cat Origin of the Cat
Are first to be coveredAre first to be covered But were they the first animal But were they the first animal
to be domesticated?to be domesticated? miacidsmiacids viverines & miacines – 30 viverines & miacines – 30
myamya large prehistoric cats large prehistoric cats
(Smilodon)(Smilodon) dinictis – a small catdinictis – a small cat
modern catmodern cat
Taxonomy of the Taxonomy of the Cat Cat Phylum – AnimaliaPhylum – Animalia Class – MammaliaClass – Mammalia Order – CarnivoraOrder – Carnivora Family – FelidaeFamily – Felidae Genus –Genus – Felis Felis Species –Species – catus catus
Origin of the Cat Origin of the Cat
Big versus Small Cats – 36 speciesBig versus Small Cats – 36 species
Felis – small cats; 13 generaFelis – small cats; 13 genera
Lynx – (obsolete?)Lynx – (obsolete?)
Pantera – large cats; 4 generaPantera – large cats; 4 genera
Acinonyx – cheetah; 1 genusAcinonyx – cheetah; 1 genus
Origin of the CatOrigin of the Cat
Domestic cat and some relatives:Domestic cat and some relatives:
Common name Chromosome number
Domestic cat
Tiger
Cheetah
Ocelot & Geoffrey’s Cat
38
38
38
36
Origin of the Cat Origin of the Cat
Fewer physical changes than Fewer physical changes than many domesticated animalsmany domesticated animals
High homologyHigh homology
Most cats - 19 pairs of chromosomesMost cats - 19 pairs of chromosomes
StripedStriped
Greater variety in eye color than Greater variety in eye color than dogsdogs
yellow, green, gold, & blueyellow, green, gold, & blue
CITESCITES
CConvention on onvention on IInternational nternational TTrade rade in in EEndangered ndangered SSpecies pecies
http://www.cites.orghttp://www.cites.org regulates international trade of regulates international trade of
selected speciesselected species ~5000 animal species~5000 animal species ~25000 plant species~25000 plant species
Origin of the Domestic Origin of the Domestic CatCat 9500 ya – Cyprus9500 ya – Cyprus 4500 BC – Egypt4500 BC – Egypt
utilitarian utilitarian – mouser– mouser spiritual spiritual – diety– diety
http://news
Origin of the Domestic Origin of the Domestic Cat Cat African Wildcat – African Wildcat – Felis silvestris Felis silvestris
lybicalybica Africa, slight build and stripesAfrica, slight build and stripes
European Wildcat – European Wildcat – Felis Felis silvestris silvestrissilvestris silvestris Scotland to SE Russia, stocky, Scotland to SE Russia, stocky,
distinct stripesdistinct stripes Were cats domesticated in Were cats domesticated in
Egypt or also possibly in the Egypt or also possibly in the Orient as well?Orient as well?
Very recent molecular genetic Very recent molecular genetic datadata
Domestic cat –Domestic cat – Felis catus Felis catus - - worldwideworldwide
African African WildcatWildcat
Ancestors of Ancestors of Domestic Domestic
CatsCatsEuropean European WildcatWildcat
African African WildcatWildcat
Ancestors of Ancestors of Domestic Domestic
CatsCats
European European WildcatWildcat
Domestic Domestic CatCat
History of Domestic History of Domestic Cats Cats Cat goddess worshipped in ancient Egypt - Bastet - approx. 4,500 yr. ago
Cat mummies found - especially in area of Bubastis in Nile Delta
Domestic cats likely moved to Italy and other parts of Europe as a result of trade
History of Domestic History of Domestic Cats Cats
French astronomer
Lalende put a cat
constellation
in the sky.
(It looks like a nutria to me.)
Nutrias
Origin of the Dog Origin of the Dog
Origin of domestic dogs - fox, Origin of domestic dogs - fox, wolf, coyote?wolf, coyote?
Criteria used to determine Criteria used to determine origin:origin:
physical/skeletal similaritiesphysical/skeletal similarities ability to intermate - ability to intermate -
produce fertile offspringproduce fertile offspring similarity of chromosomessimilarity of chromosomes gene homologygene homology
Origin of the DogOrigin of the Dog
Members of the Canidae Members of the Canidae family:family:
CCoommmmoonn nnaammee CChhrroommoossoommee
nnoo.. AArrccttiicc ffooxx 4488 CCooyyoottee 7788 DDiinnggoo 7788 DDoommeessttiicc ddoogg 7788 GGrreeyy ffooxx 6666 RReedd wwoollff 7788 WWoollff 7788
Origin of the Domestic Origin of the Domestic Dog Dog Recent thinking was - dog, Recent thinking was - dog,
jackel, dingo all developed from jackel, dingo all developed from the wolf :the wolf :
structurally similarstructurally similar all of these will intermate - all of these will intermate -
producing fertile offspringproducing fertile offspring same chromosome numbersame chromosome number karyotyping shows complete karyotyping shows complete
similarity of chromosomessimilarity of chromosomes
Origin of the Domestic Origin of the Domestic Dog Dog Wolf => DogWolf => Dog
natural genetic variabilitynatural genetic variability natural selection - natural selection - dispositiondisposition artificial selection and breedingartificial selection and breeding
dispositiondisposition appearanceappearance functionfunction
Origin of the Domestic Origin of the Domestic Dog Dog Wolf – Wolf – Canis lupusCanis lupus
European wolf – European wolf – Canis lupus Canis lupus lupuslupus
Alaskan timber wolf – Alaskan timber wolf – Canis Canis lupus pambasileuslupus pambasileus
Red wolf – Red wolf – Canis (lupus?) Canis (lupus?) rufusrufus
Domestic dog –Domestic dog – Canis lupus Canis lupus familiarisfamiliaris
Conclusions
• Canis familiaris was domesticated from the wolf ~ 15,000 ya
• Domestication occurred in east Asia
Conclusions
• Dingos derived from domestic dogs
• Came to Australia 5000 ya
• Possibly a one time occurrence
• Have been a distinct population since
• Are dingos domestic or feral?
What breed of dog is seen in this picture?
Answer•Large Munsterlander
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