DP&NM LabPOSTECH, KoreaLocation Based Services, 2006
“Location Based Services - Survey”
Assignment #5
CS 600, Distributed Systems
“Location Based Services - Survey”
Assignment #5
CS 600, Distributed Systems
Young J. Won
Nov. 22, 2006
DPNM, POSTECH
Email : [email protected]
DP&NM LabPOSTECH, Korea
(2)Location Based Services, 2006
Outline Location Based Service
- Definition- Extending Today’s Web?- Mobile Communication Outlook
Technologies in 3G, WLAN, and beyond- Location Data Types- Location Acquisition- Architecture- Accuracy
Conclusion- Research Issues- Standard Activities- Reference
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Quote
“The Internet will not be successfully translated to the mobile world without location awareness which is a significant enabler in order to translate the Internet into a viable mobile economy”…
Bob Egan, Vice President
Mobile & Wireless, Gartner Group
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Definition: Location Based Services (1/2)
Positioning
Internet
GIS
MobileServices
InternetLocationServices
MobileGIS
MobileInternet
LBS
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Definition: Location Based Services (2/2) Definition:
A Location Based Service is any product, service, or application that uses knowledge of a mobile subscriber’s location to offer value to the mobile subscriber or to a third party
Mobile LBSs- Resource and information services based on the location
- Allow customers or applications to request and receive information based on their geographic location while on the move
maps, activities, emergency response, law enforcement, inventory control, geo-fencing, demographic data collection, and so on
Growing field:
LBSs revenues will be exceeding $10 billion in the U.S. and $50 billion worldwide in 2008. [Reference: Keyira Inc.]
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Extending the Today’s Web? Event Web (Active Web) applications are
- They may be location- and time- dependent- Many may not be about surfing the web, but about
searching for location- and time-dependent information
Web 3.0???
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It’s Here Already! – KTiDS & SKT
[Reference: http://www.u-lo.co.kr]
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Mobile Communication: An OutlookThe type of services the end users have paid and would like to pay in the future
Monthly income per user in Euro [Reference: Nokia]
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Location based services
Commercials
Entertainment
Information servicesPayment transactions
Music and video
Internet surfingDownload from internetChat on internetMultimedia messages
Text messages
Vide conferencing
Normal speech
Fixed subscription fees
Div. telecomm.
Photo messages
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Consumer Mobile Services - Hype Cycle, 2006.
Visibility
Technology
Trigger
Technology
TriggerSlope of EnlightenmentSlope of Enlightenment
Maturity
OperationalValue
OperationalValue
StrategicValue
StrategicValue
Plateau will be reached in:
less than 2 years 2 to 5 years 5 to 10 years more than 10 yearsobsoletebefore plateau
Peak of Inflated
Expectation
Peak of Inflated
ExpectationTrough of
DisillusionmentTrough of
Disillusionment
Plateau of
Productivity
Plateau of
Productivity
•Location based services
•Ringtone mobile
downloads
•Multi media messaging service
•Mobile video on demand•Mobile gaming
•Chat
•Mobile email
•Mobile TV streaming
•Mobile gambling
•VOIP over WLAN
•VOIP WWAN
•Mobile banking
•Mobile blogging
•Mobile payment
•Presence on mobile
•Mobile TV broadcasting
•Mobile search
•Wireless Instant
Messaging
[Reference: Hype Cycle, Gartner Group]
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Location Data Types Absolute location
- Source: GPS receivers, mobile phone networks, geocoding- Geometric location of user
Latitude, longitude, elevation, error margin
- Directional indicator (speed and heading)
Symbolic location (address, semantic related)- Source: reverse geocoding, fixed beacon, manual entry- e.g., company/building/floor/office, airline/airplane/seat,
road networks
Network location- Source: any computer or mobile device- Host name, domain name, IP address of a computer
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Location Acquisition Self-positioning devices
- Require processing power at device- Provide privacy and parallelism- e.g., Car navigation system, GPS-enabled cell phone
Infrastructure-based solution- Requires transmission power at device- Provides broader device compatibility- Centralized vs. distributed location acquisition
Devices continuously report their positions to a centralized location server
Detection of (or by) nearby objects
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LBS Architectures Key functionality
- Location data management
- Location query processing
Centralized client-server architecture- Mobile client report their positions periodically
- Servers handle the location query and location data management
Distributed client-server architecture- Partition the location query task into server site processing and
mobile object side processing
- Using server mediation to establish the communication between mobile objects
Decentralized peer to peer computing architecture- Mobile clients serve as server, client, and router for each location
query and location data management task
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Positioning Techniques in 3G Networks Practical techniques in locating handsets for GSM networks:
- Cell-ID (Cell Identity) and Cell-ID with TA (Timing Advanced)
- TOA (Time-of-arrival) and TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival)
- E-OTD (Enhanced-Observed Time Difference)
- A-GPS (Assisted-Global Positioning System)
Possible techniques for 3G networks- Cell-ID (or Cell Global ID)
- Cell-ID with RTT (Round Trip Time)
- OTDOA (Observed Time Difference of Arrival, standards in UMTS)
- A-GPS (Assisted-GPS)
Proposed architecture by the 3GPP for 3G networks- GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Centre)
- SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Centre)
- LMU (Location Measurement Units)
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Illustrations
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AccuracyTechnology Rural Suburban Urban Indoor
Cell ID 1 – 35 km
Typically 15 km
1 – 10 km
Typically 5 km
0.5 – 5 km
Typically 2 km
If Pico cells are deployed typically 10 – 50 m
Cell ID + TA TA gives no major improvements in accuracy. However, it is a good parameter to check whether a handset has connected to the nearest cell.
E-CGI 250 m – 35 km 250 m – 2.5 km
50 – 550 m Highly variable
More accurate than Cell ID + TA
E-OTD 50 – 150 m 50 – 150 m 50 – 150 m Good
Severe multi-path and blocking may sharply degrade performance in difficult urban conditions. Poor performance in low BTS density areas such as rural environments. Will fall back to cell ID if method fails
A-GPS 10 m 10 – 20 m 10 – 100 m Variance
Still not proven in many indoor environments – will fall back to Cell ID if method fails
Level Method Handset dependence
Basic
Enhanced
Advanced
CI, CI+TA, CI+TA+RX
E-OTD, TOA
A-GPS
NO
Yes/NO
Yes
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Positioning Techniques in WLAN Practical techniques for LBSs in WLAN (IEEE 802.11)
- RSS-based approaches Received Signal Strengths: requires denser installation of APs
or minimum of 3 APs
- SNMP-based approaches IP-MAC address mapping, DHCP log search, SNMP trap
approach
- RADIUS-based approaches IP-MAC address mapping, Authentication step
- Device-driven approaches Active scan, Passive scan (both require to handle beacon
frames) – probe request & response
Extra: Internet-based location acquisition- IP-address as position and position based DNS
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Localization Alternatively called, ‘Localization’
- Determining geographical locations of persons or devices in wireless networks
- Ubiquitous office/home, visitor guidance, network management/resource planning, and wireless network attacker localizer
Techniques- Signal types: infrared (e.g., Active Badge), ultrasound (e.g., MIT
Cricket, UCLA Medusa), Ultra-wideband (e.g., Ubisense), RF- Many are indoor applicable methodologies
Existing methods- RSS pattern-matching approach
Time-varying signal strength: high fluctuation due to RF fading, mobility Configuration overhead: frequent full-scale survey and training
- Path loss model based approach- Dedicated hardware based approach- Signal-distance map from RSS [Lim ‘06, INFOCOM]
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LBS in Wibro & More … (1/2) GaeSoft’s LBS Platform Solution for Wibro
- LBS platform project in KT’s Wibro (2005.8 ~ 2006.3)- Implementing location gateway, LBS server, GIS server- http://www.gaeasoft.co.kr/lbs/glp.php
Pointi, LBS Frontier Corporation- LBS/GIS/Telematics/Alert platform for KT, KTF, and KTH- http://www.pointi.com/new/solution/LBSPlatform.htm
TSC Systems- Indoor location tracking using ZigBee
Device solution- Qualcomm’s BREW offers LBS related APIs- IBM’s LBS guide using XML to represent location information- Sprint, Nokia, DevX, Inventsure, Northstream, Openwave, Sun, and
so on
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LBS in Wibro & More … (2/2)
Infravalley- LBSP provides integrated mobile service environment inter-working with
various application solutions- http://www.infravalley.co.kr/ps/sub3_newfile02/e_sub2_2.php
Note- 7:3 = GPS enabled phone: Non-GPS phones- Currently, 50% of the current location responses are from Cell ID
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Research Issues Architectural issue
- Enables fast processing
Dynamic billing- Adding another dimension to billing
strategy
Real-time Tracking- Query: Position reporting - Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN)
Accuracy- What can we do to improve more?
Privacy & Security- Anonymity
Service discovery- Revenue generation
Time
Content
Location
LBS in next generation wireless mobile networks
- Issues, directions, consistency of the current systems
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Standard Activities, WGs & Conferences 3GPP TS22.071
OGC (Open GIS Consortium) OpenLS
Presence (pic.internet2.edu)- Harvard university
Where 2.0- http://conferences.oreillynet.com/where2007/- More GIS (Geographical Information System) oriented- O’reilly annual conference on location technology and future outlook
IEEE- Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies- Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems- Conference on e-Business Engineering- Many more…
Else- FCC (Federal communications Commission)
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Conclusions “Where 2.0 was the most interesting and provocative
conference I have ever attended.” – CTO, MetaCarta
Let’s face a whole new dimension- A new set of services and applications- Developing a killer app in next generations of wireless world
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References (1/2)1. Long Liu. “Mobile Web and Location Based Services,” presented at WAIM,
Hong Kong, June 17-20, 2006.
2. J. DeLoach and C. Verbil. “Location Based Services: Beyond a Simple Lat/Lon”, BREW Conference 2006.
3. P. Ibach and M. Horbank. “Highly Available Location-based Services in Mobile Environments,” http://www2.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~horbank/ISAS_Ibach_Horbank_revised.pdf/.
4. K. Rannenberg. “Location Based Services,” Mobile Commerce & Multilateral Security, 2005.
5. White Paper. “Location Based Services Summary,” http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=83161/.
6. White Paper. “Location Based Services Network Overview,” http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=85091/.
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References (2/2)7. SE.23 Permanent reference document on location based services,
http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/applications/location.shtml/.
8. Exodus Solutions, “M-Guide Cultural Location Based Information Services,” http://www.content-village.org/incacontent/upload/mguide_CalimeraWorkshopZadar_0604.pdf/.
9. John Kim. “Location-Based Services (LBS): An Emerging Innovative Transport Service Technology,” STELLA Thematic Network, 2002
10. M. Bradley, I. Wang, and M. Huang. “The Potential Use of Location Based Services in Mobile Commerce Applications,” http://www.massey.ac.nz/~dviehlan/LocationBasedServices.ppt/.
11. A. P. Silva. “Location Based Services,” http://cserg0.site.uottawa.ca/ftp/pub/Presentations/SITE_LBS.ppt/.