saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuli wminda mefe daviT
aRmaSeneblis saxelobis ganaTlebis centri
saxelmZRvanelo daibeWda saqrTvelos sapatriarqos ganaTlebis centris
Tavmjdomaris,
gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidentis,
rusTavisa da marneulis mTavarepiskoposis ioanes (gamrekeli)
locva-kurTxeviT
eklesiis istoria
saskolo saxelmZRvanelo
saRvTo sjulSi
I nawili
Tbilisi
2010w.
winaTqma
winamdebare saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenisas ZiriTadad
vixelmZRvaneleT Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesoris da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemlobis Tavmjdomaris
gvanca koplataZis wigniT `qristianuli eklesiis istoria~ (sapatriarqos
gamomcemloba, 2007w.), risTvisac madlobas vuxdiT avtors. aRniSnuli
naSromi aris sakmaod moculobiTi, romelic srulad akmayofilebs farTo
mkiTxvelis interess qristianuli eklesiis cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
imisTvis, rom sapatriarqosTan arsebuli skolebis moswavleebisaTvis eklesiis
istoria sakiTxavad advilad misawvdomi gagvexada, miznad davisaxeT
xsenebuli naSromi, gamomcemlis TanxmobiT, Segvemoklebina da
moswavleTa interesis gaTvaliswinebiT dagveyo ufro mokle nawilebad,
Tavebad, aseve Segvevso wmida mamaTa da mowameTa Sesaxeb
sakiTxavebiT da xatebiT, suraTebiT, rukebiT da gadagvenawilebina
ramdenime saswavlo welze. Cven vixelmZRvaneleT aseve sxvadasxva
istoriuli wignebiTa da gamocemebiT, romlebic miTiTebulia wignis bolos
`gamoyenebul literaturaSi.~
saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuli wmida mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis
saxelobis ganaTlebis centri
saxelmZRvanelos Semdgeneli noe guguciZe
redaqtori nana bokuCava
mxatvari maka CxaiZe
programuli uzrunvelyofa giorgi xaratiSvilisa
gakveTili I
samyaro qristeSobis win.
pirveli eklesiis dafuZneba
qristes mosvlamde msoflios yvela xalxi, garda iudevelebisa, kerpebs
scemda Tayvans, maT Soris kulturulad yvelaze dawinaurebuli saberZneTic.
swored aq warmoiSva sxvadasxva filosofiur skola- moZRvrebaTa sistema.
zogierTi moZRvreba RmerTsa da sulis ukvdavebaze Tumca bundovan,
magram mcire warmodgenas mainc iZleoda. miuxedavad amisa, antikuri
xanis yvelaze didi moazrovnenic ki amaod daSvrnen, rac imaze metyvelebs,
rom adamians umaRlesi WeSmaritebis _ RvTis Secnoba, gamocxadebis
gareSe, mxolod sakuTari ZaliT ar SeuZlia.
moZRvrebaTa Soris iyo iudevelTa swavleba erT RmerTze, rogorc
samyaros Semoqmedze, rac maT swored gamocxadebiT miecaT. ufalma
sjulTan erTad ebraelebs aRTqma anu dapireba misca. adamianebi, romelTac
RvTis dapireba irwmunes da misi sjuli daicves, Zveli aRTqmis eklesias
Seadgenen. eseni iyvnen mamamTavrebi, winaswarmetyvelebi da marTalni,
romelnic macxovris mosvlamde cxovrobdnen da mxsnelis mosvlas
moelodnen.
rogorc Zveli aRTqmidan viciT, israeli xSirad ixreboda RvTis sjulisagan
da im kerpTayvanismcemelTa msgavsad iqceoda, romelTa garemocvaSic
cxovrobda. qristes Sobis wina saukuneSi iudevelebi mudmivad sxvisi
batonobis qveS imyofebodnen. isini jer berZnebma, mere egviptelebma da
sirielebma, xolo bolos romaelebma daipyres. iudevelebi mixvdnen, rom amis
mizezi RvTis daviwyeba iyo da moses sjulis samsaxuri daiwyes. marTalia,
isini sjulis zustad aRsrulebas cdilobdnen, magram siyvarulis gareSe, mxolod
garegnuli wesebis dacviT aRasrulebdnen, ris gamoc maTTvis sjulis azri da
suli dafaruli darCa. isini fiqrobdnen, rom mesia iqneboda didi mefe, romelic
romaelebis batonobisagan gaaTavisuflebda da msoflio batonobas
moupovebda. maT ar esmodaT, rom winaswarmetyvelebaSi mesiaze ara
politikur Tavisuflebasa da miwier samefozea laparaki, aramed sulier
Tavisuflebasa da zeciur sasufevelze. ra Tqma unda arsebobdnen
adamianebi, romelTa sulebic mzad iyo qristes madliT gabrwyinebuliyo,
magram aseTni metad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, TviTon iudevelebi,
mravalricxovan seqtad dayofilni, wminda werilis Sinaarss sxvadasxvagvarad
xsnidnen da erTmaneTs emterebodnen.
da ai dadga Jami, roca qveynad macxovari, ieso qriste movida, visac
sasoebiT elodebodnen Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelni. ufalma
dedamiwaze Tavisi eklesia moawyo da ganamtkica. igi mowafeebs Sehpirda,
rom madlsa da Semweobas ar moaklebda; Semdeg ufalma akurTxa isini da
zecad amaRlda.
eklesiis dafuZnebis, gavrcelebis da ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb pirvel
cnobebs wmida werili _ saqme mociqulTa da mociqulTa epistoleni
gvawvdian. eklesiis pirveli wlebis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba agreTve
wminda gadmocemac, romelic utyuar cnobebs gvawvdis eklesiis mowyobis,
RvTismsaxurebis wesebis, swavlebisa da marTvis Sesaxeb. es gadmocemani
wmindanTa cxovrebebma da Txzulebebma Semogvinaxes.
ieso qristes amaRlebis Semdeg mociqulebi xSirad ikribebodnen sionis
mTaze. aq iyvnen petre da iakobi, ioane da andria, filipe da Toma, barTlome
da maTe, iakob alfesi, simon moSurne (ziloti) da iakobis Zma, iuda. aq iyo
yovladwmida RvTismSobeli da is dedebi, romelnic ufals emsaxurebodnen, sul
120 adamiani.
uwinaresad mociqulebma iuda iskariotelis nacvlad axali mociqulis
arCeva gadawyvites. petrem ori mowafe, iosebi, iostosad anu marTlad
wodebuli da mataTa SuaSi daayena. mociqulis pativi, RvTis gangebiT,
mataTas ergo.
dadga aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe dRe. paseqidan ormocdameaTe
dRes Zveli aRTqmis eklesia sinas mTaze sjulis miRebas dResaswaulobda.
madlierebis niSnad morwmuneebi ufals pirvel Znas swiravdnen da
sinagogebsa da saxlebs mwvane rtoebiT rTavdnen.
moses sjulis mimdevarni, romeli qveynis mcxovrebnic an erovnebis ar
unda yofiliyvnen, cdilobdnen am dResaswauls ierusalimSi Sexvedrodnen.
swored es sazeimo dRe amoirCia ufalma, raTa mowafeebze suliwmida
gadmosuliyo da maT axali sjulis gavrcelebisaTvis Zala miscemodaT.
roca dRis sam saaTze (iudevelebi saaTebs mzis amosvlidan iTvlidnen),
mowafeebi erTad loculobdnen, ucbad Zlieri qaris amovardnis xma gaisma da
mociqulebs suliwmida cecxlis enebis saxiT zed daadga. misi madliT aRvsili
mowafeni sxvadasxva enaze alaparakdnen da ierusalimSi Camosul
sxvadasxva eris Svilebs TavTavianT enaze mimarTes. zogierTebs, romelTac
ucxo enebze warmoTqmuli sityvebis mniSvneloba ar esmodaT, egonaT, rom
mociqulebi mTvralebi iyvnen da dascinodnen. sulTmofenobis xati
maSin wamodga petre da saxalxod pirvelad daamowma, rom ieso
nazareveli, romelic maT jvarze gaakres da mokles, aRdga, amaRlda da
marjveniT mamisa dajda. mociqulis sityvebma iseTi Zlieri STabeWdileba
moaxdina, rom msmenelebma Seicnes TavianTi Secodeba da ikiTxes, rogor
gamoesyidaT igi. petrem maT sinanulisa da ieso qristes saxeliT
naTlisRebisaken mouwoda. im dRes samiaTasma kacma irwmuna qriste da
moinaTla.
ase daiwyes mociqulebma uflis sityvis qadageba ierusalimSi.
qristes pirveli mimdevarni locvisTvis taZarSi ikribebodnen, xolo puris
gantexvis wess (ase ewodeboda evqaristias anu ziarebis saidumlos), romelic
saidumlo serobis dros Tavad ufalma daadgina, saxlebSi asrulebdnen.
morwmuneTa ricxvis gazrdas didad Seuwyo xeli saswaulebma,
romelTac RvTis saxeliT mowafeebi aRasrulebdnen. erTxel, locvaze mimaval
petres da ioanes, taZris karTan Sobidan davrdomili daxvdaT, romelmac maT
mowyaleba sTxova. petrem, darwmunebulma imaSi, rom ufali mousmenda,
uTxra: oqro-vercxli me ara maqvs, xolo raca maqvs, mogcem: ieso
nazarevelis saxeliT aRdeg da gaiare (saqm. 3,6). is wamodga da mociqulebs
taZarSi Sehyva. gaocebul xalxs petrem sityviT mimarTa da ganumarta, rom
es saswauli ara Tavisi ZaliT, aramed ieso qristes saxeliT aResrula, romelic
maT mokles da romlis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis momswrec Tavad iyo. misma
qadagebam ise Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdina, rom im dRes xuTi aTasi kaci
moinaTla. am dros mwignobarni*, farisevelni** da sadukevelni*** movidnen
da moismines ra, rom mociquli xalxs mkvdreTiT aRmdgar qristeze
uqadagebda, misi daWera da sapyrobileSi Cagdeba brZanes.
aqamde iudevelTa mTavarni mociqulebs ar sdevnidnen, magram ara
imitom, rom gulgrilni iyvnen iesos moZRvrebisadmi, romelic ase sastikad
sZuldaT, aramed imitom, rom darwmunebulni iyvnen mas xalxi ar
gahyveboda, radgan qristes pirveli mimdevrebi ubralo da uswavleli
adamianebi iyvnen.
am droisaTvis iudeaSi ramdenime seqta arsebobda, romelTa Soris
gansakuTrebiT farisevelni da sadukevelni gamoirCeodnen. orive seqtas
saerTo erTi hqonda _ iesos siZulvili.
diliT mociqulebi mTavrebsa da mRvdelmTavrebs warudgines, romelTac
maT hkiTxes, visi saxeliT Caidines saswauli. petrem suliwmidis STagonebiT
upasuxa: saxeliTa iesu qriste nazarevelisaiTa, romeli Tquen juars-acuT,
romeli igi RmerTman aRadgina mkudreTiT... (saqm. 4,10).
mRvdelmTavarni pasuxma aRaSfoTa, magram maT saswaulis arc
dafarva SeeZloT da arc uaryofa. radgan igi mTeli xalxis winaSe moxda,
amitom isRa darCenodaT, rom mociqulebisaTvis iesoze saubari muqariT
aekrZalaT. Tumca iZulebulni gaxdnen isini gaeSvaT, radgan SeeSindaT xalxis
mRelvarebisa, romelic davrdomilis saswaulebrivi gankurnebis gamo RmerTs
adidebda.
pirveli eklesiis wevrebi erTsulovnebiTa da siyvaruliT cxovrobdnen.
SedarebiT SeZlebulni TavianT qonebas yiddnen da mociqulebTan
mohqondaT, romelnic fuls gaWirvebulebs unawilebdnen, magram moqceulTa
Soris TvalTmaqcnic iyvnen. magaliTad, vinme ananiam da misma colma
safiram sxvebis mibaZviT qoneba gayides da fuli mociqulebs moutanes,
magram nawili TavisTvis Cumad gadades. petrem ananias usayvedura da
ganumarta, rom man ara adamianebis, aramed RvTis winaSe icrua. anania
mkvdari daeca. igive daemarTa mis colsac, romelmac momxdaris Sesaxeb
araferi icoda da qmris darigebis mixedviT petres aRebuli fulis nawili
daumala. amgvari magaliTebi xalxs afxizlebda.
sadukevelebma mociqulebi isev daiWires da sapyrobileSi Casves. diliT
sinedrioni (mTavari samsjavro) Seikriba, romelSic mRvdlebidan da
ierusalimis saxelovani adamianebidan amorCeuli samocdaaTi piri Sedioda.
maT tyveebis moyvana brZanes, magram gagzavnilebi ukan xelcarielni
dabrundnen da sinedrions moaxsenes, rom Tumca cixis karebs Cveulebriv
boqlomi edo da mcvelebic iqve idgnen, sapyrobile carieli daxvdaT, tyveebi ki
taZarSi iyvnen da xalxs aswavlidnen.
mRvdelmTavrebma mociqulebi taZridan moayvanines da Seaxsenes, rom
iesos Sesaxeb qadageba akrZaluli hqondaT, razec maT uSiSrad upasuxes,
rom RvTis morCileba ufro hmarTebdaT, vidre kacTa. ganrisxebulma
mRvdelmTavrebma mociqulTa mokvla brZanes, magram maT moulodnelad
gamouCnda damcveli, rjulis mcodne da ganswavluli maswavleblis, gamalielis
saxiT, romelic farisevelTa seqtis warmomadgeneli iyo. man jer mociqulebi
gaayvanina, xolo Semdeg sinedrionis wevrebs mimarTa da Seaxsena, rom
iudeaSi dro da dro Cndebodnen adamianebi, romelnic TavianT Tavs
ganadidebdnen da xalxis mizidvas cdilobdnen, magram TviTmarqviebi
yovelTvis mxilebulni rCebodnen da maTi saqmec warumateblad
mTavrdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, arc mociqulTa winaaRmdeg iyo
zomebis miReba saWiro, radgan Tu maTi saqme adamianebisagan iyo,
daemxoboda, xolo Tu RvTisagan, maSin RmerTs xels veravin SeuSlida da
saSiSi xdeboda RvTis mowinaaRmdegeebad ar qceuliyvnen. sinedrionis
wevrebma gamaliels daujeres, Tumca mociqulebi sastikad scemes, qristeze
saubari kidev erTxel aukrZales da gauSves.
-----------------------------------------------
*mwignobrebad iudevelebSi iwodebodnen, yvelaze wignieri da ganaTlebuli
adamianebi, romelnic ganumartavdnen xalxs sjuls da sajarod aswavlidnen da
moZRvravdnen maT, anu eseni iyvnen e.w. rabinebi (moZRvrebi) da sjulis
maswavlebelni; mwignobrebadve iwodebodnen sjulis mecnieri adamianebic,
romelTa daniSnulebasac Seadgenda sadavo sakiTxebis, saeWvo
SemTxvevebisa da saqmeebis gadawyveta, rac moiTxovda sjulis codnasac
da praqtikul gamocdilebasac; mwignobarTa udidesi nawili mxolod
gadmocemiT xelmZRvanelobda da maT ar esmodaT saRmrTo sjulis suli;
amitom isini damaxinjebulad ganmartavdnen sjuls da pirmoTned
asrulebdnen saRmrTo mcnebebs, sxvaTa mosaCveneblad da kacobrivi
didebis misaRebad.
** farisevlebi Seadgendnen erT-erT iudaur seqtas, romelic aRmocenda III-II
saukuneebSi qristes Sobamde. TviT sityva niSnavs „gansakuTrebuls“,
„gamoyofils“, „gamorCeuls“, da es saxelwodeba maT miiRes imis gamo, rom
cdilobdnen sxvebze metad gamorCeuliyvnen sjulis gulmodgine aRsrulebiT.
droTa ganmavlobaSi sjulis damatebebisa da axsna-ganmartebebis saxiT
farisevelebma Seadgines mravali gadmocema, umTavresad sjulis garegani,
sawesCveulebo mxaris Sesaxeb; am gadmocemebs saRmrTo mniSvneloba
mianiWes da moses sjuls gauTanabres isini. TandaTanobiT farisevlebma
gansakuTrebuli Temi Seadgines, anu gancalkevebul seqtad Camoyalibdnen
da TiTqos, rogorc aRmatebulni sxvebze, gaurbodnen ebraeli xalxis danarCen
nawilTan urTierTobas. xalxic maT miiCnevda rogorc gansakuTrebul, saRvTo
sjulis mkacrad aRmasrulebel adamianebs, romlebic, TiTqos, xalxSi rwmenisa
da keTilmsaxurebis SesanarCuneblad iRvwodnen, da amitom didad pativs
scemdnen maT. axal droSi farisevelTa seqtam, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT,
miiRo xasidebis saxelwodeba.
*** sadukevlebi ganekuTvnebodnen ebraelTa religiur seqtas, romelic
Camoyalibda makabelTa xanaSi (daaxl. 150w. qristeSobamde) da arsebobda
70 wlamde. mecnierTa varaudiT seqtis dasaxeleba warmodgeba solomon
mefis droindeli bibliuri sadokisgan (3mf. II, 35). sadukevlebs miaCndaT, rom
adamians gardacvalebis Semdgom araviTari jildo aRar elodeba (sulis
ukvdaveba, mkvdreTiT aRdgoma), amitomac man mxolod aqaur yofaze unda
ifiqros. aqedan gamomdinare isini sakmarisze metad zrunavdnen miwier
keTildReobaze, sxvebisgan gamoirCeodnen simdidriT da fufunebaSi
cxovrobdnen.
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. ras moelodnen iudevelni mesiisagan?
2. sad vpoulobT pirvel cnobebs eklesiis Sesaxeb?
3. ratom ar xedavdnen iudevelTa mTavarni saSiSroebas mociqulebSi
qristes moZRvrebis gavrcelebis gamo?
4. ra daamowma wminda petre mociqulma?
5. ra iyo mociqulTa pirveli saswauli da rogori iyo mRvdelmTavarTa
reaqcia amis gamo?
6. ratom daisajnen anania da misi coli da ra mohyva amas?
7. isaubreT mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Sesaxeb.
8. gadmoeciT gamalielis sityva.
9. isaubreT mwignobarTa, farisevelTa da sadukevelTa Sesaxeb.
warmoaCineT maT Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
gakveTili II
eklesiis devnis dasawyisi
mociqulebi cdilobdnen Semowiruli fuli xelmokleTa Soris samarTlianad
da Tanabrad gaenawilebinaT. miuxedavad amisa, aRmoCnda, rom elini
ebraelebis qvrivebi (elin ebraelebs maT uwodebdnen, romelnic warmoSobiTa
da rwmeniT iudevelebi iyvnen, magram iudeis gareT cxovrobdnen da
berZnul enaze laparakobdnen.) SedarebiT naklebs iRebdnen.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mociqulebma mowafeTa kreba moiwvies da
gadawyvites, rom SemowirulobaTa darigeba specialurad am saqmisaTvis
arCeuli adamianebisaTvis miendoT, raTa TviTon mxolod saxarebis qadagebiT
yofiliyvnen dakavebulni. krebam Svidi morwmune SearCia: stefane, filipe,
proxore, nikanori, timoni, parmeni, nikolaosi da mociqulebs warudgina.
mociqulebma maT, locvis Semdeg, xeli daasxes. maT diakonebi ewodaT.
pirvel diakonebs, garda Semosavlis darigebisa da RvTis sityvis qadagebisa,
axladmoqceulTa monaTvlis uflebac miecaT. maTgan gansakuTrebiT stefane
gamoirCeoda, romlis mier Cadenilma saswaulebma TviT iudevel mRvdlebsac
ki wminda naTloba miaRebina. axali swavlebis Taobaze kamaTma
sinagogebSic SeaRwia. sinagogebi saswavleblebsac warmoadgenda da
yvelgan iyo, sadac ki ebraelebi cxovrobdnen, xolo ierusalimSi maTi ricxvi
xuTass aRwevda.
erT-erT sinagogaSi, suliwmidis madliT, stefanem iseTi ZaliT daicva
qristes moZRvreba, rom mokamaTeebma seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva
ver SeZles da misi daRupva ciliswamebiT gadawyvites. mtrebma ipoves
crumowmeebi, romlebic adasturebdnen, rom TiTqos igi RmerTsa da moseze
mkrexelurad laparakobda. stefane Seipyres da sinedrions warudgines.
diakonma daiwyo saubari, kerZod, gaixsena: aRTqma, romelic RmerTma
abraams misca, ebraelTa egviptidan gamosvla, mosesTvis sinas mTaze
micemuli sjuli da israelianTa daumorCilebloba, rom ebraelni xSirad
iviwyebdnen ufals da mis winaswarmetyvelebs xocavdnen. sityvis dasasruls
sinedrionis wevrebs man ase mimarTa: ... romel winaswarmetyvelTagans ar
devnidnen Tqveni mamebi? maT daxoces winaswarmauwyebelni marTlis
mosvlisa, visi gamcemni da mkvlelebi axla Tqven gaxdiT (saqm. 7,51-52).
am sityvebze ebraelebi micvivdnen stefanes, romelic suliwmidiT
ganmtkicebuli mSvidad idga da zecas Sehyurebda: aha, vxedav gaxsnil cas
da kacis Zes, RvTis marjvniv mdgoms (saqm. 7,56) _ Tqva man.
msmenelebma, romelTac risxvisagan goneba daubneldaT, stefanes samoseli
gaxades da qvebi dauSines. wminda pirvelmowamem muxli moidrika da
ufals Tavisi mkvlelebi Seavedra. misi ukanaskneli sityvebi iyo: ufalo, iesu
qriste, nu Seuracx amaT codvasa amas (saqm. 7,60).
pirvelma mkvlelobam RvTismoZuleebis siZulvils gasaqani misca, ris
Sedegadac eklesiis devna gaZlierda. qristes mimdevrebma, garda
mociqulebisa, ierusalimi datoves da sxvadasxva mxareSi RvTis moZRvrebis
qadageba daiwyes. diakonTagan erT-erTi, filipe, samariaSi Cavida. aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom samarielebsa da iudevelebs Soris didi xnis mtroba iyo
Camovardnili. roca asureTis mefem israelis samefo daamarcxa, samariaSi
babilonidan da sxva adgilebidan mravali warmarTi Camoasaxla, romelnic
adgilobriv ebraelebs Seerivnen da maT rjulSi mravali warmarTuli wesi da
adaTi Seitanes. aRrevis Sedegad samarielebi wmindad mxolod moses
xuTwigneuls Tvlidnen, xolo wminda werilis danarCen wignebs saerTod ar
cnobdnen. roca babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebulma ebraelebma ierusalimSi
dangreuli taZris aRdgena daiwyes, samarielebma maT winaaRmdegoba
gauwies, xolo Semdeg TavisTvis calke taZari aiSenes garizinis mTaze.
SemdegSi es taZari iudeas mmarTvelma da mRvdelmTavarma ioane
girkanma daangria. sarwmunoebrivma mizezebma mtroba Seurigebeli
gaxades. iudeveli samariels warmarTze uaresad Tvlida, samarielTan erTad
sufrasTan jdoma da puris Wamac ki akrZaluli iyo. filipes qadagebiTa da
Cadenili saswaulebiT mravali samarieli moinaTla. maT Soris iyo simon
mogvic, romelic magiis ZaliT samarielebs aocebda. filipes Cadenilma
saswaulebma mas naTloba miaRebina, magram rogorc SemdegSi
aRmoCnda, mxolod garegnulad. roca ierusalimSi gaiges, rom samarielebma
qriste irwmunes, iq wminda mociqulebi petre da ioane gaagzavnes.
mociqulebma iloces, rom axladmoqceulebze suliwmida gadmosuliyo da maT
xeli daasxes. roca simon mogvma ixila, rogor gadmovida suliwmida
mociqulTa locvis Sedegad, maTgan suliwmidis madlis yidva moindoma, razec
petrem da ioanem upasuxes: eg Seni vercxli SenTanve iyos warsawymedad,
vinaidan ganizraxe fuliT geyida RvTis niWi (saqm. 8,20). simonma Tavisi
ganzraxva TiTqos moinania da mociqulebs sTxova elocaT misTvis, magram
gulwrfeli arc es monanieba iyo, rac misma Semdgomma cxovrebam
gviCvena. radgan man suliwmidis madlis yidva fuliT moindoma, mRvdlis
xarisxis fulze yidva-gayidvas eklesiis istoriaSi, misi saxelis mixedviT, simonia
ewoda.
amasobaSi ierusalimSi qristes morwmuneTa devna ufro da ufro
Zlierdeboda. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda savle, romelmac stefanes CaqolvaSi
miiRo monawileoba. is saxlebSi uvardeboda adamianebs da sapyrobileSi
yrida. man, devnis JiniT Sepyrobilma, mRvdelmTavars sTxova, werilebi
miewera damaskos sinagogebisaTvis, raTa iqac hqonoda iesos mimdevarTa
Sepyrobis ufleba. savle marTlac daadga damaskosaken mimaval gzas,
magram masSi saswaulebrivi gardatexa moxda. man zecidan
gardamomavali naTeli ixila, romlis brwyinvalebas ver gauZlo da miwaze
daeca. am dros uflis xmac moesma: saul, saul, rad mdevni me (saqm. 9,4).
RvTaebrivi naTlisagan dabrmavebuli savle mxleblebma xeliT Seiyvanes
taZarSi, sadac igi mTeli sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv
loculobda. uflis brZanebiT masTan iqauri morwmune anania mivida, Tvalebze
xeli Seaxo da qristes saxeliT mxedveloba daubruna. savle moinaTla. amis
Semdeg igi sinagogebSi Sedioda da gabedulad qadagebda, rom ieso qriste
Ze RvTisa iyo. gacofebulma ebraelebma misi mokvla gadawyvites, magram
mowafeebma savle RamiT fanjridan CamouSves da qalaqidan gaapares.
ramdenime xani man arabeTSi dahyo, xolo sami wlis Semdeg ierusalimSi
dabrunda da qristes mowafeebTan SeerTeba moindoma, magram maT
axsovdaT, rogor devnida igi morwmuneebs. bolos mowafeTagan erT-erTma,
barnabam, romelic didi xania icnobda savles, _ fiqroben, rom isini gamalielis
mowafeni erTdroulad iyvnen, _ yvelas uambo misi saswaulebrivi moqcevis
Sesaxeb. ierusalimeli iudevelebi ver urigdebodnen imas, rom is, vinc qristes
morwmuneTa siZulviliT lamis yvelas aRemateboda, dRes TviTon iyo
jvarcmulis mimdevari da amitomac gansakuTrebiT SeiZules. maSin savles,
romelsac pavle ewoda, TviT ufalma ubrZana ierusalims gaSoreboda da RvTis
sityva warmarTTa Soris eqadaga.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. ra ewodeba im Svid sasuliero pirs, romelic mociqulTa pirvelma
krebam airCia da ra iyo maTi movaleoba?
2. ratom Seipyres wminda stefane da `saqme mociqulTa-~Si (T.VII)
moZebneT misi sityva sinedrionze?
3. vin iyvnen samarielebi da ra iyo maTi da iudevelTa mtrobis mizezi?
4. ris safuZvelze ewoda mRvdlis xarisxis fulze yidva-gayidvas eklesiis
istoriaSi simonia?
5. vin iyo savle da ra SeemTxva mas?
gakveTili III
wminda petre mociqulis moRvaweobis dasawyisi
pavles moqcevis Semdeg eklesiis devna ramdenime xniT Sewyda da
simSvidem daisadgura, rasac romis imperiaSi, kerZod, palestinaSi atexilma
mRelvarebamac Seuwyo xeli. pilatem ierusalimSi keisris gamosaxulebiani
droSebi Seitana, rac ebraelebma wminda qalaqisa da saerTod maTi erovnuli
grZnobebis Seuracxyofad miiCnies. amas isic daemata, rom romaelma
mmarTvelma gabeda da solomonis taZris ganZs Seexo, iqedan aRebuli fuliT
man qalaqSi wyalgayvanilobis sistema Seqmna. aRSfoTebulma iudevelebma
amboxeba moawyves da pilate imperatorTan daasmines, ris Sedegadac igi
galiaSi gadaasaxles, sadac sicocxle siRatakeSi daasrula. zogierTi mkvlevaris
varaudiT man Tavi moikla.
simSvide didxans ar gagrZelebula, male ebraelebs aRSfoTebis axali
mizezi miecaT. romis imperatorma kaligulam, rogorc es warmarTul taZrebSi
iyo miRebuli, ierusalimis taZarSi misi qandakebis dadgma moiTxova.
ebraelebma imperatorTan cnobili swavluli filoni gaagzavnes TxovniT, rom nu
Seuracxyofda maT sarwmunoebas da umTavres siwmindes _ solomonis
taZars. filonis mWevrmetyvelebam da guluxvad gaRebulma ZRvenmac,
kaligulas (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebina.
am xnis manZilze qristes eklesia ricxobrivad gaizarda da ganmtkicda.
marTalia, mociqulebma iesos moZRvreba galileasa da samariaSi iqadages,
magram qristes aRdgomidan 12 wlis manZilze isini ZiriTadad mainc
ierusalimSi imyofebodnen. maT ierusalimis eklesiis mwyemsad da
episkoposad uflis Zma, iosebis Svili iakobi airCies. macxovris Tormet
mowafeTagan erT-erTma, maTem, qristes amaRlebidan rva wlis Semdeg,
iesos miwier cxovrebaze pirveli saxareba dawera ebraulad. male maTes
saxareba berZnulad iTargmna da im elin-ebraelTa Soris gavrcelda, romelnic
mcire aziaSi cxovrobdnen.
aqamde mociqulebi mkacrad inaxavdnen moses sjulis dadgenilebas,
romliTac iudevelebs ucxo xalxebTan axlo urTierTobis damyareba akrZaluli
hqondaT. am akrZalvis mizani iyo daecva ebraelebi warmarTebis
zegavlenisagan, romelsac isini advilad emorCilebodnen da sjuls iviwyebdnen.
TviTon mociqulebic jer kidev im Sexedulebisani iyvnen, rom qristes eklesiaSi
mxolod isini unda Sesuliyvnen, romelnic jer moses sjuls miiRebdnen.
magram ufalma saswaulebrivi CvenebiT Seagona petres, rom RvTisgan
micemuli aRTqma yvelaze vrceldeboda, vinc ki rwmeniT abraamis Svilad
wodebis Rirsi Seiqneboda.
petrem iesos moZRvrebis qadagebiT mravali qalaqi moiara da
macxovris saxeliT saswaulebic moaxdina. qalaq lidiaSi man gankurna kaci,
romelic rva weli iyo sarecelze mijaWvuli, xolo ioniis zRvispira qalaqSi
mkvdreTiT aRadgina qali, saxelad tabiTa. roca igi ioniaSi simonTan
cxovrobda xangrZlivi locvis Semdeg Zlieri SimSili igrZno da dainaxa, rom
zecidan CamoeSva WurWeli kuTxeebSi gakvanZuli sufris saxiT, romelic
uwmindurad miCneuli sxvadasxva cxoveliT, qvewarmavliTa da frinveliT iyo
savse. amave dros mas moesma sityvebi: `adeqi, petre, dakali da Wame!~
petrem uariT upasuxa, radgan mas uwminduri ram arasodes eWama.
pasuxad miiRo: `rac ufalma wmindad aRiara, imas uwmindurad nu CaTvli~.
es movlena samgzis ganmeorda. amasobaSi petre ikiTxa kesariaSi mcxovreb
romael asisTavis korniliosis warmogzavnilebma. es korniliosi
warmarTebisagan imiT gamoirCeoda, rom erT RmerTs scemda Tayvans da
gulmowyalebiTa da qvelmoqmedebiT iyo cnobili. mas angelozma amcno,
rom sulis macxovnebel gzas petre aswavlida. rodesac misulebma mociquls
misi Cvenebis Sesaxeb uambes, igi mixvda, rasac niSnavda mis mier nanaxi
saswauli, ieso qristes moZRvreba warmarTebisTvisac unda eqadaga, radgan
isinic iseTive Svilebi iyvnen uflisa, rogorc iudevelebi. korniliosis saxlSi misi
naTesavebi da megobrebi Sekrebiliyvnen, romelTac mociqulma ase
mimarTa: `Tqven iciT, rom iudevelebs ucxo tomis SvilebTan urTierToba
ekrZalebaT, magram RmerTma ganmicxada, rom uwmindurad aRaravin
CavTvalo...~
Semdeg man daiwyo qadageba ieso qristeze, romelmac sikvdili igema,
raTa adamis modgma tyveobisagan exsna. am dros msmenelebze suliwmida
gadmovida, maT myisve enebis codna SeiZines da sixaruliT aRvsilni RmerTs
adidebdnen. iq myofi ebraelebi, romelTac es suraTi ixiles, gaocebulni
darCnen imiT, rom suliwmida warmarTebzec gadmovida. petrem yvelani
monaTla da axladmoqceulTa dasamoZRvrad ramdenime dRe kesariaSi
darCa.
barnaba da pavle mociqulebma iesos moZRvrebis saqadageblad
antioqiaSi mTeli weli dayves. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelad qristianebi
antioqielebs ewodaT da am saxelisaTvis Sesaferisi RirsebiT cxovrobdnen.
rodesac iudeaSi SimSiloba Camovarda, antioqielma qristianebma iudeaSi
mcxovrebi morwmuneebis dasaxmareblad Tanxa Seagroves da pavlesa da
barnabas xeliT ierusalimel xucesebs gaugzavnes. sayuradReboa, rom
qristiani xucesebi anu mRvdlebi pirvelad am SemTxvevisas ixseniebian.
iudevelebi risxvas ver faravdnen, roca xedavdnen, ra swrafad vrceldeboda
iesos moZRvreba. amitom iudeas mefem, herode agripam, im herodes
SviliSvilma, romelmac beTlemeli Cvilebi amowyvita, xalxis gulis mosagebad
erT-erTi mociqulTaganis, ioane RvTismetyvelis Zmis, iakob zebedes Zis
Sepyroba brZana; cru mowmec male moiZebna da iakobs sikvdiliT dasja
miusajes. mociqulma ganaCeni auRelveblad moismina da kvlav mSvidad
daamowma, rom jvarcmuli RmerTis mimdevari iyo. misma simSvidem da
simamacem TviT crumowmec ki ise aRafrTovana, rom qristes sjulze moiqca.
rodesac iakobi dasasjelad waiyvanes, igi mas muxlebSi Cauvarda da patieba
sTxova, wmida mociqulmac Seundo. maSin crumowmem sajarod aRiara ieso
qriste da iakobTan erTad sikvdiliT daisaja, ise rom wmida naTlobis miReba
ver moaswro. magram eklesiam qristes saxelisaTvis wameba naTlisRebis
tolfasad CaTvala da wamebas sisxliT naTloba uwoda.
herodem iudevelTa saameblad petrec daiWira, magram paseqis
moaxlovebis gamo dasja gadado. dasjis wina Rames petres borkilebgayrils
eZina or mcvels Soris, oric karTan darajobda. SuaRamisas sapyrobile uecrad
ucxo naTelma gaanaTa, uflis angelozma petre gaaRviZa da gayola ubrZana.
mociquls xelebidan da fexebidan borkilebi dacvivda, rkinis karic TavisiT
gaiRo da petre sapyrobiledan ise gavida, rom mcvelebs araferi gaugiaT.
mociqulma ierusalimi datova da sxva adgilebSi daiwyo qadageba.
sapyrobilidan saswaulebrivi ganTavisuflebisa da ierusalimidan wasvlis
Semdeg petres Rvawlze ukve ara `saqme mociqulTa~, aramed saeklesio da
istoriuli gadmocemani mogviTxroben.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. gadmoeciT pilates cxovrebis dasasruli.
2. ra moindoma imperatorma kaligulam?
3. vin gaxda ierusalimis pirveli episkoposi da rodis da vis mier daiwera
pirveli saxareba da romel enaze?
4. ratom ekrZalebodaT iudevelebs warmarTebTan erToba?
5. vis ewodaT pirveli qristianebi?
6. isaubreT asisTav korneliusis Sesaxeb. ipoveT ambavi saxarebaSi mis
Sesaxeb.
7. isaubreT petre mociqulis gamocxadebis, aseve misi sapyrobiledan
ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
gakveTili IV
wminda pavles mociqulebrivi Rvawli da devna
mociqul pavles, lustraSi qadagebisas, erTi axalgazrda kaci, saxelad
timoTe daemowafa, romelic SemdegSi misi erTguli Tanamgzavri da megobari
gaxda. pavles, Silasa da timoTes garda, makedoniaSi luka maxarebelic Tan
gahyva, avtori erT-erTi saxarebisa da mociqulTa saqmisa, romelic
warmoSobiT antioqieli berZeni iyo.
mociquli da misi mowafeni saxarebis saqadageblad uwinaresad
ebraelTa sinagogebSi Sediodnen, romelic saberZneTis yvela qalaqSi idga,
radgan berZnebi sakuTari sjulis dacvasa da swavlebis gadmocemas aravis
uSlidnen.
makedoniis qalaq filipiaSi pavlem da misma Tanamgzavrebma
ZoweuliT movaWre qali ludia moaqcies, romelic male mTeli Tavisi ojaxiT
moinaTla. filipiaSi mociqulebi mis saxlSi cxovrobdnen. miuxedavad
berZnebis religiuri Semwynareblobisa, WeSmariti RmerTis mqadageblebma
devna am qalaqSi mainc ganicades, romlis mizezic erTi msaxuri qali gaxda.
boroti suliT Sepyrobili msaxuri mkiTxaobda da am gziT Tavis batons didZal
Semosavals aZlevda, roca qalma mociqulebi dainaxa, ukan daedevna
yviriliT: es adamianebi uzenaesi RmerTis monebi arian da Cven xsnis gzas
gvauwyebeno. uflis saxeliT pavlem misgan gandevna boroti suli da qalma
mkiTxaobac Sewyvita. aman didad gaanawyena misi batoni, romelsac
Semosavlis wyaro moaklda da gansakuTrebiT SeiZula mociqulebi, romelTac
romis qveSevrdomebisaTvis Seuferebeli moZRvrebis gavrcelebaSi dasdo
brali. qalaqis xelisufalTa brZanebiT, pavle da Sila daundoblad scemes da
sapyrobileSi Seagdes, magram SuaRamisas iseTi Zlieri miwisZvra moxda,
rom tyveebs borkilebi dascvivdaT, xolo cixis karebi TavisiT gaiRo. mZinare
mcvels gamoeRviZa, gaRebuli karebis danaxvaze Tavzari daeca, ifiqra,
tyveebi gaiqcneno da SeSinebulma Tavis mokvla moindoma, magram isev
pavlem daamSvida da auxsna, rac moxda. am saswaulis mxilvelma mcvelma
qriste irwmuna da mTeli ojaxiT moinaTla.
radgan pavle mociquli dabadebidanve romis moqalaqe iyo da icoda,
rom romis moqalaqeTa sapyrobileSi gausamarTleblad Casma kanoniT
ikrZaleboda, amitom pavlem ufrosebis misvla moiTxova, ufrosebi marTlac
mividnen, mociqulebs bodiSi mouxades da gauSves.
pavle aTenSi Cavida, sadac am droisaTvis yvelaze didi pativiT zenonis,
epikuresa da platonis filosofiuri sistemebi sargeblobda. marTalia, zenonis
mimdevrebi, romelTac stoikosebi ewodebodaT, aswavlidnen, rom umaRlesi
sibrZnea _ sulis simtkice da sjerodaT, rom adamians amis miRweva zeciuri
Semweobis gareSe SeuZlia. RmerTs, sulis ukvdavebasa da momaval
cxovrebas stoikosebis msgavsad, epikurec uaryofda da aswavlida, rom
cxovrebis mizani miwieri bednierebaa, romelsac saTnoebiT unda mivaRwioT.
platoni, romlis filosofiuri sistemac zenonisa da epikures moZRvrebebze
Seudareblad maRla dgas, uzenaes Semoqmed Zalasac aRiarebda, sulis
ukvdavebasac da mis swrafvasac srulyofisaken, rac zogierT mkvlevars
avaraudebinebs, rom igi egvipteSi cxovrebis dros Zveli aRTqmis wignebsac
gaecno.
filipiidan pavle aTenSi Cavida, raTa eqadaga, rom WeSmariteba,
sicocxle da naTeli qristea. igi SeaSfoTa kerpebis simravlem, romelic
warmarTuli kulturis centrSi lamis yovel fexis nabijze xvdeboda.
man erT moedanze samsxverplo naxa, romelzec ewera: `ucnob
RmerTs~. mociquli xan sinagogaSi qadagebda, xanac moedanze. aTenelebi
siamovnebiT usmendnen, radgan filosofiur azrovnebaSi gawvrTnilebs axali
moZRvrebis mosmena did siamovnebas aniWebdaT. ramdenjerme masTan
kamaTSi filosofosebi Caebnen, romlebmac igi areopagSi waiyvanes, raTa
Tavisi swavleba aTenis yvelaze pativsacemi moqalaqeebis winaSe
gadmoeca. areopags, romelic umaRles samsjavros warmoadgenda, sxva
funqciebTan erTad, RmerTTa pativsacemi ritualebis SesrulebisaTvis Tval-
yuris devnebac evaleboda. amgvari ritualebisa da adaTebis darRvevis yoveli
konkretuli SemTxveva areopags gadaecemoda da iq ganisjeboda. aqedan
gamomdinare, cxadia, rom pavles, romelic axal religias qadagebda, areopagi
aucileblad mousmenda.
mociqulma Tavisi sityva im samsxverplos gaxsenebiT daiwyo, romelsac
amSvenebda warwera: `ucnob RmerTs~; man areopagSi Sekrebilebs
ganucxada, rom im RmerTis saqadageblad movida, romelsac, marTalia,
aTenelebi ar icnobdnen, magram Tayvans mainc scemdnen. ZiriTadad man
macxovris meored mosvlaze, saSinel samsjavrosa da mkvdarTa aRdgomaze
iqadaga. swavlebam mkvdarTa aRdgomaze zogierTebs Rimili mohgvara,
magram iseTebic aRmoCndnen, romelTac mociqulis sityvebis WeSmariteba
irwmunes. eseni iyvnen areopagis erT-erTi wevri dionise, SemdegSi aTenis
pirveli episkoposi da qali, romelsac damari erqva.
pavle mociqulis qadageba aTenSi warmatebuli ar yofila, radgan am
filosofiuri tradiciebis mqone qalaqis mcxovrebni TavianTi adamianuri sibrZniT
metismetad amayobdnen, rac maT RvTaebrivi moZRvrebis miRebaSi xels
uSlida.
aTenidan pavle korinToSi gadavida, sadac RvTismosav ebrael col-
qmarTan, akvilasa da priskilasTan cxovrobda. mociquli maspinZlebTan erTad
fizikurad muSaobda da karvebs akeTebda, SabaTobiT ki sinagogaSi
qadagebda, sadac gansakuTrebiT bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda.
pavlem korinToSi weliwadnaxevari gaatara. aqac ebraelebma pavle
mociquli imave braldebiT, rom igi maTi sjulis sawinaaRmdegos qadagebda,
iqaur prokonsul galionTanac daabezRes.
korinTodan mociquli maspinZlebTan _ akvilasa da priskilasTan erTad
efesoSi wavida.
efesodan mociquli pavle ierusalimSi gaemgzavra da im qristianebs,
romelTac materialurad gansakuTrebiT uWirdaT, morwmuneTa Soris Segrovili
daxmareba Cautana.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. ra moxda mkiTxav qalTan dakavSirebiT?
2. ras qadagebdnen stoikosebi da epikures mimdevrebi?
3. ra iyo platonis moZRvrebis arsi?
4. ras niSnavs areopagi da raze iqadaga iq wmindapavle
mociqulma?
5. rogor cxovrobda wmindapavle mociquli korinToSi?
gakveTili V
pavle mociquli efesoSi
54 Tu 55 wels, mociqulebrivi mizniT, pavlem mesamed imogzaura da
Tan mowafeni _ luka, tite da timoTe waiyvana. am droisaTvis qristianul
moZRvrebas, romelic uswrafesad vrceldeboda, mravali mqadagebeli
gamouCnda. erTi maTgani aleqsandrieli swavluli apolo iyo, romelic efesosa
da korinToSic qadagebda da mxolod ioane naTlismcemlis naTloba icoda da
xalxs iseve naTlavda. efesoSi igi akvilasa da priskilas dauaxlovda, romelTa
SemweobiTac qristianul moZRvrebas safuZvlianad gaecno. roca
saqadageblad saberZneTSi gadavida, col-qmarma iqaur qristianebTan werili
gaatana, raTa maT apolo ndobiT mieRoT.
efesoSi pavle mociquls apolosagan monaTluli mravali adamiani
Sexvda, romelTac suliwmidis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen. pavlem maT
yovladwmida samebis saxeliT naTeli sca da xelni daasxa, romlis drosac
suliwmida maTzec gadmovida da bevrma maTganma ukve TviTon daiwyo
qadageba sxvadasxva enaze.
Cveulebisamebr mociqulma efesoSic uwinaresad sinagogaSi iqadaga,
magram iudevelebi, iseve rogorc sxva qalaqebSi, mis mimarT aqac mtrulad
ganewyvnen. amitom pavle saqadageblad tviranis saswavlebelSi gadavida,
sadac mis mosasmenad upiratesad warmarTi elinebi modiodnen. ase
grZeldeboda ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, romlis drosac mociqulma mravali
saswauli aRasrula.
amasobaSi mociqulma Seityo, rom galatelebi cru moZRvrebma
Seacdines da WeSmaritebad miiRes swavleba, romlis mixedviTac sulis
cxovnebisaTvis moses sjulis dacva iyo aucilebeli. pavlem galatelebs werili
miswera, romelSic ganmarta, rom gadarCena rjulis garegnuli dacviT
SeuZlebelia da rom adamianis sulis xsna mxolod imgvar rwmenas SeuZlia,
romelic siyvaruliT moqmedebs. magram qristem Tavisi sikvdiliTa da
mkvdreTiT aRdgomiT kacobrioba codvis tyveobisagan gamoixsna. mociquli
galatelebs arwmunebs, rom upirvelesad qristes moZRvrebis sulis dacvaa
saWiro, ris Sedegadac miiReba mSvenieri nayofni sulisa: siyvaruli, sixaruli,
mSvidoba, sulgrZeleba, sitkboeba, saxiereba, sarwmunoeba, marxva,
moTminebaA(gal. 6,22-23).
mociquls korinTos eklesiis mdgomareobac awuxebda, radgan iq
morwmuneTa erTobas bzari gauCnda da qristianebi moZRvarTa mixedviT
daiyvnen. erTni ambobdnen, rom pavlesi iyvnen, meoreni _ apolosi, sxvani
kidev _ kefasi an qristesi.
mociqulma efesodan werili korinTelebsac miswera, romelSic maT
auxsna, rom rogorc qristes dayofa ar SeiZleba, aseve ar SeiZleba misi
morwmuneebis dayofac. gana TqvenTvis jvars pavle ecva, an gana naTeli
pavles saxeliT miiReTo, _ ekiTxeba igi korinTelebs da aqve ganmartavs, rom
arc suliwmidisagan boZebuli niWiTa da codniT siamaye SeiZleba, radgan
RvTis wyalobam ara Tavmomwoneoba, aramed RvTis samsaxuris survili
unda gaaRviZos da gaaZlieros. sainteresoa, rom cru moZRvrebaTagan,
romelnic am droisaTvis ukve arsebobdnen, erT-erTi korinToSic gavrcelebula,
kerZod uaryofa mkvdarTa aRdgomisa. amitomac mociquli am epistoleSi
mkvdarTa aRdgomaze swavlebasac gadmogvcems. aqvea ganmartebuli
ziarebisa da qorwinebis saidumlonic.
pavle mociquli efesos datovebas ukve apirebda, rom qalaqi mRelvarebam
moicva. rogorc cnobilia, msoflios erT-erT RirSesaniSnaobad iTvleboda dianas
(artemidas) taZari, romelsac am qalaqis mcxovrebni gansakuTrebiT
scemdnen Tayvans. bevri efeseli xelovani swored imiT cxovrobda, rom
vercxlisagan taZris maketebs amzadebda, romelTac artemidas
saxelganTqmuli taZris sanaxavad mosuli ucxoelebi xalisiT yidulobdnen.
mas Semdeg, rac pavle mociquli efesoSi damkvidrda da misi qadagebis
wyalobiT mravali warmarTi qristianobaze moiqca, taZarma Tavisi
mniSvneloba dakarga, ris gamoc Zveleburi gasavali aRarc mis maketebs
hqonda. esec gaxda erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom wminda mociquli
gansakuTrebiT xelosnebma SeiZules. erTma maTganma dimitriosma,
Tanamosaqmeni Sekriba da ganumarta, rom pavles qadagebani ara mxolod
maT xelobas uqmnida safrTxes, aramed TviT kultis Tayvaniscemasac,
radganac maT Sedegad rogorc efesoSi, ise saerTod aziaSi, mamapapur rjuls
bevri tovebda da qristiani xdeboda, rac warmarTuli RmerTebis
TayvanismcemelTa ricxvis TandaTanobiT Semcirebasa da maTi taZrebis
dacarielebas moaswavebda.
xalxi rom axali religiis mqadagebelTa winaaRmdeg aemxedrebinaT,
dimitriosis megobrebi quCebs moedvnen SeZaxilebiT: `didia artemida
efeseli~. maT marTlac moaxerxes efeselTa aRelveba, romelTac pavle
mociqulis Tanamoazreni, gaiosi da aristarqosi, Seipyres, magram
sabednierod qalaqis mmarTvelobam mRelvarebis Cawynareba SeZlo da
Sepyrobili qristianebic gaaTavisufla. pavle mociqulma iqauri eklesiis
mmarTveloba timoTes Caabara, romelsac xucesTa xeldasxmis uflebac misca
da TviTon efeso datova. timoTesadmi miweril epistoleebSi mociquli
dawvrilebiT gadmoscems moZRvris movaleobas.
romaelebisadmi miwerili epistole mociqulma Tebel qals gaatana,
romelic romSi midioda. aq pirvelad ixsenieba eklesiis msaxuri qalebi, ro-
melTac diakonisebi ewodebodaT. Tavdapirvelad maTi movaleobani pirvel di-
akonTa ZiriTadi movaleobebisagan didad ar gansxvavdeboda. diakonisebs
upiratesad patiosnebiT cnobili qvrivebis wridan irCevdnen. glaxakTa da
avadmyofTa movla-patronobis garda, isini qalebs mosanaTlad amzadebdnen.
timoTesa da titesadmi mimarTul epistoleebSi wminda mociquli dawvrilebiT
CamoTvlis da ganmartavs diakonisebis ufleba-movaleobebs.
pavle mociquli saberZneTidan ierusalimisken gaemarTa. jer mcire
aziaSi gadavida. troadaSi mociqulma saswauli moaxdina, ufalma misi locviT
sicocxle daubruna Wabuks, romelic im saxlis zemo sarTulidan gadavarda da
mokvda, sadac morwmuneni mociqulis mosasmenad iyvnen Sekrebilni.
troadidan pavle qalaq miletSi mivida. aq man ukanaskneli darigebebis
misacemad xucesebi ixmo, radgan icoda, rom amqveyniur cxovrebaSi maT
veRar ixilavda da daariga isini.
gzad pavle mociquli da misi mowafeni sxvadasxva kunZulsa da qalaqSi
qristes moZRvrebas qadagebdnen. kesariaSi igi diakon filipesTan gaCerda.
aq masTan erTi winaswarmetyveli mivida, misi sartyeli aiRo, xelebi da fexebi
Seikra da uTxra, rom, rogorc suliwmida ambobda, ierusalimSi iudevelebi am
sartylis patrons ase Sekravdnen da warmarTebs gadascemdnen.
morwmuneni cremlebiT Seevedrnen pavles, ierusalimSi wasvla
gadaefiqrebina, magram man ganacxada: aramcTu Sesakvrelad, saimisodac
mzada var, rom ierusalimSi Tavi Sevwiro ufal iesos saxels (saqm. 21,13).
ierusalimSi mociquli moxuci mnasonis saxlSi gaCerda da episkopos
iakobs ewvia, sadac xucesebsac Sexvda, romelTac ar daumales, rom
ierusalimSi igi gansakuTrebiT sZuldaT. am siZulvilis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo,
rom ierusalimeli qristiani iudevelebi ver urigdebodnen imas, rom warmarTebi
maTi Tanasworni xdebodnen da iudevelTa sjulis miRebis gareSe, mxolod
qristianuli sjulis dacviT cxondebodnen. pavlesadmi siZulvili ise didi iyo, rom
mociquls xalxi aumxedres, romelsac eubnebodnen: ai, kaci, romelic Cvens
taZrebs bilwavs, radgan masSi elinebi Sehyavs. mociquls Tavis gamarTlebis
saSualeba ar misces, igi taZarSi Seipyres da mokvla daupires, magram
xmaurze aTasisTavi movida, romelmac msxverpli SeSlil brbos gamostaca.
man xmaursa da RriancelSi veraferi gaarkvia, amitom pavles Sekvra da
cixeSi wayvana brZana. brbo mas ukan daedevna yviriliT: dasaje igi.
cixis SesasvlelTan mociqulma ramdenime sityvis Tqmis nebarTva
iTxova. man gaixsena, rom axalgazrdobaSi moses sjuls TviTonac
gulmodgined aRasrulebda da qristianebs, vidre uflisagan warmogzavnili
saswauli WeSmaritebis Sesacnobad sulier Tvals auxelda, daundoblad
sdevnida. gaixsena, rogor gamoecxada ierusalimis taZarSi locvisas ufali da
ubrZana, rom, radgan iudevelebi mis damowmebas ar miiRebdnen,
warmarTebisaTvis eqadaga. warmarTebis xsenebam droebiT damSvidebuli
brbo xelaxla aaRelva. aTasisTavma, radgan iudeveli ar iyo, sityvis arsi ver
gaigo. man brZana, pavle cixeSi SeeyvanaT da daekiTxaT, riT gamoiwvia
xalxis aseTi siZulvili. maSin mociqulma TviTon ikiTxa, hqondaT Tu ara ufleba
romaeli moqalaqis cemisa da isic sasamarTlos gareSe. aTasisTavi SeSinda da
gamosavali imaSi naxa, rom meore dRisaTvis iudevel mRvdelmTavarTa
Sekreba brZana, raTa pavle sinedrions ganesaja.
rogorc ki mociqulma sinedrionze ramdenime sityva warmoTqva,
mRvdelmTavarma ananiam brZana misTvis saxeSi ertyaT. pavlem, dainaxa
ra, rom sinedrionSi farisevlebic iyvnen, ganacxada, rom TviTonac fariseveli
iyo, Svili farisevelisa da mkvdarTa aRdgomis qadagebisaTvis
asamarTlebdnen. am gancxadebam kreba aaRelva, radgan sinedrionis
wevrebi sadukevelebic iyvnen, romelTac arc mkvdarTa aRdgomisa sjerodaT
da arc momavali cxovrebisa. krebis monawileTa Soris iseTi Cxubi atyda, rom
aTasisTavs SeeSinda pavle cocxlad ar daeglijaT da misi cixeSi gadayvana
brZana. cixeSi mociquls ufali gamoecxada, romelmac uTxra: mxned iyav,
vinaidan rogorc mimowme ierusalimSi, romSic aseve unda mimowmo (saqm.
23,11).
amasobaSi ormocze metma iudevelma daifica, rom arc Wamdnen da arc
svamdnen, vidre pavles ar moklavdnen da am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb
sadukevel mRvdelmTavrebsac acnobes. maT Caifiqres, rom, viTomdac misi
saqmis gansasjelad, mociquli kvlav sinedrionze gamoeZaxaT da gzaSi
moeklaT, magram am gegmis Sesaxeb pavles erT-erTma naTesavma Seityo
da aTasisTavs acnoba. aTasisTavma mociquli imave Rames, mravalricxovani
mcvelis TanxlebiT, kesariaSi, olqis romael mmarTvelTan, feliqsTan
wargzavna da weriliT Seatyobina, rom radgan am adamians, romelsac
iudevelebi raRac sakamaTo SexedulebebSi sdebdnen brals, TviTon arc
sikvdilisa da arc datusaRebis Rirsad ar Tvlida, amitom ganaCeni misTvis mas
gamoetana.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. sul ramdenjer imogzaura wminda pavlem mociqulma?
2. ras niSnavda rjuliT da rwmeniT cxovreba?
3. ra saswauli moaxdina mociqulma troadaSi?
4. vis ewodebodaT diakonisebi?
5. isaubreT `artemida efeselis~ Sesaxeb.
6. pavle mociquli sinedrionze.
gakveTili VI
pavle mociquli romSi
imis SiSiT, rom SeiZleboda provinciis mmarTvel feliqss pavles
udanaSauloba erwmuna da misTvis msubuqi sasjeli gamoetana, kesariaSi
bralmdeblebic Cavidnen, romelTa Soris mRvdelmTavari ananiac iyo.
bralmdebelTa sabuTebma feliqsi mociqulis danaSaulSi marTlac ver
daarwmunes. feliqsma, romelmac ver gaarkvia, raSi sdebdnen ebraelebi
brals pavles, TviTon moindoma misi mosmena da swavlebaSi garkveva.
mociquli iseTi damarwmunebeli ZaliT alaparakda samarTlianobasa da
momaval samsjavroze, rom feliqsi, romelic biwier cxovrebas eweoda,
SeSfoTda, pavle gauSva da uTxra, rom danarCenis Sesaxeb sxva dros
mousmenda. magram radganac angarebismoyvare iyo, misi guli
WeSmaritebis gagebisaTvis daxuruli gamodga. mTeli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi
feliqsi pavlesagan gamosasyid fuls elodeboda, magram amaod. bolos igi
festosma Secvala, romelmac imisTvis, rom iudevelebis guli moego, pavles
datusaReba brZana.
mtrebma festoss mociqulis ierusalimSi dabruneba mosTxoves, sadac
TiTqosda unda ganesajaT, sinamdvileSi ki gzaSi misi mokvla surdaT. TviTon
pavle mociqulma romaeli moqalaqis uflebebi gamoiyena da moiTxova, rom
igi keisars gaesamarTlebina. festoss uaris Tqmis ufleba ar hqonda, magram
verc is moifiqra, ra braldebiT gaegzavna pavle keisrisaTvis. amasobaSi
kesariaSi mefe agripa, herode agripas Svili Camovida. festosma mas pavles
Sesaxeb uambo, romelsac RvTis Tayvaniscemis sakiTxebSi edavebodnen,
radganac viRac mokluli iesos Sesaxeb amtkicebda, rom igi cocxali iyo.
agripam festoss ganucxada, rom mociquli arc sikvdils da arc Sepyrobas
ar imsaxurebda da misi gaTavisuflebac ki SeiZleboda, keisrisgan gamarTleba
TviTonve rom ar moeTxova. romisken mgzavroba xangrZlivi da momqancveli
aRmoCnda, magram sabednierod, asisTavma, romelsac mociquli Caabares,
dainaxa, rom rCeul adamianTan hqonda saqme, amitom mas gulTbilad
eqceoda. roca xomaldi romelime qalaqis an kunZulis navsadgurSi
Cerdeboda, igi mociquls uflebas aZlevda napirze gadmosuliyo da
morwmuneebs Sexvedroda. xomaldze sul 276 adamiani iyo, maT Soris
pavles mowafenic: makedonieli aristarqe da wminda mociquli luka,
romelmac es mogzauroba aRgviwera. kunZul melitonis (axlandeli maltis)
mcxovreblebma qariSxals gadarCenili mogzaurebi gulTbilad miiRes da
sanapiroze cecxli daanTes. roca pavle koconze fiCxs debda, fiCxidan iqedne
gamoZvra da xelze daekida. es suraTi rom dainaxes, kunZulelebma Tqves:
rogorc Cans, es adamiani didi borotmoqmedia, radgan miuxedavad imisa,
rom xomaldis daRupvas gadaurCa, mainc kvdebao, magram mociqulma
iqedne mSvidad moisrola cecxlSi, TviTon ki uvnebeli darCa. am saswauliT
gaocebulma adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma igi romeliRac RmerTad miiRes,
xolo roca mociqulma kunZulis mmarTvelis mama gankurna da sxva sas-
waulebic moaxdina, mis mimarT Rrma pativiscemiT ganimsWvalnen. sami
Tvis Semdeg mogzaurebi gemze avidnen da gza romisken gaagrZeles. romis
qristianebi mociqulis Sesaxvedrad gamovidnen. asisTavma pavle
mxedarTmTavars gadasca, romelmac mas erT meomarTan erTad misTvis
gankuTvnil saxlSi miuCina bina. es moxda 61 wels. q.romis xedi
sami dRis Semdeg pavlem imperiis dedaqalaqSi mcxovrebi ebraelebi
moixmo; maT TviTonac hqondaT survili gaegoT qristes swavleba, romlis
Sesaxebac yvelgan kamaTobdnen. mociquli mouTxrobda Tanamemamuleebs
sulis macxovnebeli moZRvrebis arsze, magram Zalian cotam Tu irwmuna
macxovris. ebraelebs uZneldebodaT dajereba imis, rom ieso, romelic maT
jvarze gaakres, WeSmaritad is mesia iyo, visac amdeni xnis manZilze
elodnen da viszec ase did imeds amyarebdnen. iudevelebis sijiute rom
dainaxa, mociqulma warmarTebs mimarTa. ori weli icxovra pavlem am
qalaqSi da yvelas, vinc ki amis survils gamoxatavda, RvTis sasufevels
uqadagebda. ase mTavrdeba maxarebeli lukas mier gadmocemuli ambavi
`mociqulTa saqmeSi~.
sakuTari religiisadmi gulgrilad ganwyobili romaelebi dapyrobili xalxebis
religiebis mimarTac gulgril damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen. romSi
berZnuli da romauli miTologiis personaJ RmerTTa gverdiT mTeli rigi egvipturi
da siriuli warmoSobis RmerTTa qandakebebic idgnen. es iyo gamoxatuleba
romaelTa politikisa, romlis mixedviTac isini dapyrobili qveynebis RmerTebis
TavianTi RmerTebis ricxvSi CaricxviT maTi gulis mogebas da maTze sakuTari
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas cdilobdnen. mxolod iudevelebi iyvnen
gancalkevebiT; daufaravad gamoxatavdnen zizRs warmarTebisadmi, Tavis
sarwmunoebas fxizlad darajobdnen, raTa sxvebisagan gadmoRebuli wesebiT
ar Seryvniliyo. isini moses sjuls mkacrad icavdnen, oRond ara Sinagani
moTxovnilebis gamo, ramdenadac politikuri mosazrebiT; dampyrobeli
romaelebis siZulvils iudevelebi sjulis kanonebiT amarTlebdnen, romelic maT
warmarTebTan urTierTobas ukrZalavda. elodebodnen ra mesias _
macxovars, romelic RvTis rCeul xalxs ara mxolod romis imperiis samarcxvino
tyveobidan daixsnida, aramed mTel msofliozec gaabatonebda, isini
ganuwyvetliv Relvasa da SfoTSi iyvnen, ris gamoc romidanac gandevnes,
magram imperator klavdiusis gardacvalebis Semdeg imperiis dedaqalaqSi
cxovrebis ufleba isev moipoves. marTalia, romaelebi maT, rogorc mSfoTvare
moqalaqeebs, eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen, magram sjulis gamo sruliadac ar
sdevnidnen.
mociqulma efeselebs, kolaselebsa da filipelebs romidan epistoleebi
gaugzavna, romlebSic evedreboda ise ecxovraT, rogorc es eklesiis wevrebs
Seefereboda, im eklesiisa, romelic qristes sxeuls warmoadgens. pavlem
romidan epistole ebraelebsac miswera, romelSic maT Zveli aRTqmis sjulis
Sinaarsi qristesTan mimarTebaSic ganumarta. amave periodSi Seiqmna
aseve epistole filimonisadmi, rasac Tavisi mizezi hqonda: filimons,
RvTismosav kacs, romelic kolaseSi cxovrobda, gaeqca mona onisime,
romelsac raRac danaSaulSi edeboda brali. romSi Cavida da aq mociqulis
qadagebebis mosmenam sinanuli gauRviZa. onisime moinaTla da pavles
emsaxureboda. mociqulsac Seuyvarda igi da gadawyvita TavisTan
daetovebina, oRond ara batonis nebarTvis gareSe. amitom onisime kolaseSi
gauSva da Tan werilic gaatana, romelSic filimons evedreboda, Seendo
monisaTvis da rogorc qristesmieri Zma ise mieRo. filimonic ase moiqca. man
gaaTavisufla onisime, romelic SemdegSi episkoposi gaxda da qristes
saxelisaTvis mravali tanjvac daiTmina.
imis Taobaze, Tu rogor gaimarTla pavlem Tavi imperator neronis
winaSe, araviTari cnoba ar mogvepoveba. ganTavisuflebis Semdeg
mociqulma romi datova da kvlav saxarebis saqadageblad gaemarTa; igi
mivida kunZul kretaze, sadac episkoposad Tavis mowafes, tites, daasxa xeli.
fiqroben, agreTve, rom man moiara britaneTi, espaneTi da dunais
sanapiroebi, sadac slavuri tomebi cxovrobdnen. am xanebSi daiwera misi
werili titesadmi da pirveli epistole timoTes mimarT.
amasobaSi iudevelebma ierusalimSi qristes morwmuneTa devna
gaaZlieres, gansakuTrebiT mociqulebi sZuldaT, magram isini ierusalimSi
mxolod mcire xniT Cadiodnen, isic dResaswaulebze, an kidev erTmaneTis
sanaxavad da morwmuneTa mosanaxuleblad. wminda qalaqSi mudmivad
mxolod uflis Zma, iakobi, cxovrobda, romelmac Tavisi patiosnebiT, mkacri,
TavSekavebuli cxovrebiTa da sjulis kanonebis mtkice dacviT mTeli xalxis
siyvaruli da pativiscema daimsaxura, miT umetes, rom xSirad xedavdnen,
rogor avedrebda muxlmoyrili taZarSi RmerTs Tavis xalxs. iakobs marTalsa da
xalxis mfarvels uwodebdnen. iakobs ekuTvnis epistole iudeadan wasuli
qristianebisadmi, romelic 59 wels daiwera da romelSic wminda mociquli
morwmuneebs sTxovs qristes rwmena saqmiT daadasturon, radgan rwmena
cocxali saqmis gareSe mkvdaria. amasTan, zeSTagonebiT man pirvelma
Seqmna RvTismsaxurebis wesi anu liturgia, romelic mis mosaxsenebel dRes
ierusalimSi axlac sruldeba.
imisaTvis, rom qristianobis gavrceleba aRekveTaT, mRvdelmTavrebma,
farisevlebma da mwignobrebma iakob mociqulis gadabireba, xolo Tu ar
daTanxmdeboda, mokvla gadawyvites.
roca paseqis dResaswauli dadga, mwignobrebi da farisevlebi
mociqulTan mividnen da sTxoves, saxuravze asuliyo, raTa misi danaxva da
mosmena yvelas SeZleboda da iqidan daemoZRvra xalxi imis Sesaxeb, iyo
Tu ara ieso WeSmariti mesia. iakobi saxuravze marTlac aiyvanes, magram
roca hkiTxes, ras ityoda iesoze, yvelas gasagonad ganacxada, rom jvarcmuli
ufali, romelic mesame dRes aRdga, axla caTa Sina, marjveniT RvTisa ijda da
kvalad movidoda cocxalTa da mkvdarTa gansasjelad. maSin
morwmuneebma, romlebic Sekrebil xalxSi iyvnen gafantulni, TavianTi
sixaruli xmamaRali SeZaxilebiT gamoxates: `dideba RmerTs~, `osana
daviTis Zes~. amiT gaRizianebulma farisevlebma da mwignobrebma, rom
mociquls TviTon Seuwyves xeli erTxel kidev daemowmebina sajarod
jvarcmuli RmerTis Sesaxeb, yviriliT maRla airbines, iakobs xeli kres da taZris
saxuravidan gadmoagdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom iakobi sasikvdilod
daimtvra, man ukanaskneli Zala moikriba, muxlebze wamodga, xelebi
aRapyro da ufals sTxova, Seendo maTTvis, radgan ar icodnen, ras
sCadiodnen. am dros farisevelTagan waqezebulma xalxma mas qvebi
dauSina. es moxda 63 Tu 64 wels.
ierusalimis qristianebma iakobis nacvlad episkoposad simeoni, kleopas
Svili, uflis naTesavi airCies.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. daarwmunes Tu ara kesarieli mmarTveli feliqsi pavle mociqulis
danaSaulSi?
2. ris safuZvelze moiTxova pavle mociqulma romSi gasamarTleba?
3. vin icavda romSi moses rjuls?
4. ratom gaugzavna mociqulma filimons epistole?
5. vin iyo ierusalimis episkoposi da rogor aResrula igi?
gakveTili VII
qristianTa pirveli devna da TavTa
mociqulTa aRsasruli
petre da pavle romis imperiis arsebobis pirvel xanebSi romaeli xalxi,
romelmac es imperia Seqmna, simamaciT, znis ubraloebiTa da samSoblos
mxurvale siyvaruliT gamoirCeoda. Zveli romaelisaTvis, romelic piradze
maRla saerTo saqmes ayenebda, mamuli, misi dideba da pativi, sakuTar
sicocxleze ufro Zvirad fasobda; magram qristianobis warmoSobis wlebSi
sazogadoebrivi yofis ukve sxva, sruliad sapirispiro suraTs vxedavT.
gauTavebel dapyrobiT omebSi mopovebulma gamarjvebebma erSi
ampartavnoba aRazeva, xolo damarcxebuli qveynebis gaZarcvis gziT
motanilma simdidrem, romaelTa zneobrivi idealebi gaaqro. uazro fufunebaSi
nebivrobam winaprebis simamace da amtanoba warsulis kuTvnilebad aqcia.
zrunavdnen ra ara saxelmwifos, aramed sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebaze,
romis xelisufalni xalxis keTilganwyobilebis mopovebas uzneo sanaxaobebisa
da ufasod darigebuli puriT cdilobdnen, raTa zneobrivad dacemulsa da
garyvnil qveSevrdomebze SeuzRudavi mmarTveloba hqonodaT.
berZenTa msgavsad, romaelebic saSineli crumorwmuneobiT iyvnen
Sepyrobilni. tradiciad iqca imperatorisaTvis RmerTebis Sesaferisi pativis
migeba da Tayvaniscema. imperatorebi _ tiberiusi (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus
Germanicus) da kaligula RmerTebis ricxvSi Caricxes, maT pativsacemad
sakurTxevlebi aages, da rogorc kerpebs, msxverpls swiravdnen. mdidari
romaelebis cxovreba srul uqnarobaSi, gauTavebel nadimebsa da
garyvnilebaSi gadioda. xelovnebis didebuli qmnilebani ukve aRar xiblavdaT,
mxolod adamianTa tanjvis gamomxatveli, sastiki da daundobeli sanaxaobebi
izidavdaT. Tavdapirvelad amgvar `gasarTob TamaSobebs~ samxedro
tyveebi da sikvdilmisjilebi, xolo Semdeg mravali qristianis sicocxle Seewira.
da ai, warmarTobis Rrma wyvdiadsa da garyvnil sazogadoebaSi ucbad
gaisma sityvebi moyvasis siyvarulze, Seuracxyofis mitevebaze,
gulmowyalebaze, Tavmdablobasa da morCilebaze, maxloblisaTvis
Tavganwirvasa da mtrebisaTvis locvaze. rogori sixaruli unda gamoewvia
daCagrulTa da ganwirulTa gulebSi imis Setyobas, rom isini sruliadac ar
iyvnen daviwyebulni da migdebulni, radgan maTze TviT yovlisSemZle da
yovladsaxieri zecieri mama zrunavda.
sanam romis imperia qristianobas, rogorc iudaizmis erT patara seqtas
ise uyurebda, igi amasobaSi swrafad vrceldeboda da mis mimdevarTa ricxvic
matulobda. im dros, roca mdidruli da garegnulad brwyinvale warmarTuli romi
daRupvis piras idga, miwisqveSa katakombebSi, pirveli qristianebi ucxo
Tvalisagan mofarebulad loculobdnen da axali cxovreba ibadeboda.
magram ratom gamodga aseTi sastiki devna, romelic romma
qristianebs gaumarTa, maSin, roca romaelebi sxva xalxTa religiebs gulgrilad
da erTgvari SemwynareblobiTac ki uyurebdnen? _ amis mizezi ramdenimea.
erT-erTi maTgania is, rom qristianTa saTnoebani warmarTuli
sazogadoebisaTvis mudmiv, usityvo, mdumare sayvedurs warmoadgenda.
arc sakuTari da arc sxvisi religiebi, romelTac ki isini icnobdnen, maTi
cxovrebis wess ar arRvevda, maSin, roca qristianoba, zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT,
cxovrebis wesis Zirfesvian gardaqmnas moiTxovda. mxolod imitom, rom
zneoba cxoveluri instiqtebisa da miswrafebebis alagmvas moiTxovs, mis
mqadageblebs romaelebi kacobriobis siZulvils abralebdnen. Semdeg: is, rom
axali religiis mimdevrebi TavianT RmerTs msxverpls ar swiravdnen,
warmarTebs urwmunoebad miaCndaT da amdenad maT uRmerToebs
uwodebdnen. amasTan, radgan qristianebi cocxali adamianebis _
imperatorebis gakerpebasa da maT pativsacemad dadgenili wesebis
Sesrulebaze uars ambobdnen, xelisufleba maT daumorCilebel moqalaqeebad
Tvlida; da bolos, yovelive amas emateboda specialurad SeTxzuli da
ostaturad gavrcelebuli ciliswamebani imis Taobaze, rom TiTqos qristianebi
TavianT Sekrebebze sazarel danaSauls sCadiodnen _ Cvilebs klavdnen da
maT xorcs Wamdnen. warmarTi swavlulebi dascinodnen qristianebs,
romelnic jvarcmuls scemdnen Tayvans da mkvdarTa aRdgomas
elodebodnen. amgvar ciliswamebebs, dacinvasa da devnas qristianebi
momavali cxovrebis rwmeniT mSvidad iTmendnen da mtrebisaTvis
loculobdnen.
64 wels romSi xanZari gaCnda, romelmac qalaqis didi nawili
gaanadgura. arsebobs varaudi, TiTqos dedaqalaqs cecxli TviTon
imperatorma neronma (Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus, 37-68) waukida,
raTa SemdegSi gadamwvaris nacvlad axali, ufro didebuli qalaqi aeSenebina
da amboben, rom neroni xanZars maRali koSkidan uyurebda, am sanaxaobiT
tkbeboda da Tan leqsebs mReroda. arsebobs meore Sexedulebac, rom
xanZari specialurad qristianebis mtrebma gaaCines, raTa igi maTTvis
daebralebinaT da am gziT xelisuflebisaTvis qristes mimdevarTa daundobeli
devnis mizezi miecaT.
neronma xanZris gaCenaSi marTlac qristianebi daadanaSaula, ris
gamoc imperiis yvela olqSi maTi sastiki devna daiwyo, romelic imperatoris
sikvdilamde, mTeli oTxi wlis manZilze, gagrZelda. es devna qristianuli
eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli devnis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. wamebis xerxebi TviT
warmarTuli romisTvisac ki uCveulo iyo. istorikosi tacitusi wers, rom
qristianebi `daisajnen ara imdenad xanZrisaTvis, ramdenadac kacobriobis
siZulvilisaTvis. isini saSineli wamebiT mokvdnen, wamebas lanZRva da
dacinvac emateboda. zogierTi jvarze gaakres, sxvebi mxecebis tyavebSi
amokeres da dasaglejad ZaRlebs miugdes; nawilsac sxeuli gaufises da
lamparTa nacvlad anaTebdnen Ramis sibneles. am saSineli sanaxaobis adgili
neronis baRebi iyo...~
qristianTa am sastiki da daundobeli devnis dros mociqulebi petre da
pavle romSi Cavidnen da saxarebas uSiSrad qadagebdnen. WeSmariti sityvis
Zalam TviT imperatoris sasaxleSic SeaRwia, _ pavle mociqulma neronis erT-
erTi sayvareli coli qristianobaze moaqcia. rogorc gadmogvcemen, am dros
romSi cnobili TvalTmaqci simon mogvic imyofeboda, romelic petre
mociqulma jer kidev samariaSi qadagebisas amxila. mas qristianebi,
ramdenadac maTSi sakuTari Tvisebebis sapirispiros xedavda, Wiris dResaviT
sZulda. satanuri ampartavnebiT Sepyrobili simoni Tavs samyaros Semqmnel
RvTaebriv Zalad acxadebda; cru saswaulebiT man mravali romaeli acduna
da, rac mTavaria, imperator neronzec didi zegavlena moipova. cxadia, am
zegavlenam garkveuli roli iTamaSa imaSi, rom imperatori qristianebis
mimarT gaafTrebuli siZulviliT ganimsWvala. Zveli mwerlebi bevrs
mogviTxroben petre mociqulTan mis paeqrobaze. simoni amtkicebda, rom
RmerTi, romelic samyaros sibnelidan dasaxsnelad zecidan Camovida, Tavad
iyo. Tavis yovlisSemZleobaSi romaelebis dasarwmuneblad man ganacxada,
rom yvelas Tvalwin zecaSi amaRldeboda. daniSnul dRes am `saswaulis~
sanaxavad uamravi xalxi Seikriba _ mociqulebic iq iyvnen. isini mxurvaled
loculobdnen da ufals warmarTebis cdomilebisagan daxsnasa da mtruli da
uwminduri Zalis damxobas evedrebodnen, romelic simons exmareboda.
mogvi raRac donemde marTlac amaRlda, magram Semdeg Camovarda da
fexi moitexa. qedmaRalma simonma sajarod Sercxvena iukadrisa da Tavi
moikla. simon mogvis sikvdiliT gaRizianebulma neronma mociqulebis
Sepyroba brZana, raTa isini sikvdiliT daesaja. mogviTxroben, rom, roca
qristianebis TxovniTa da SegonebiT petre mociquli qalaqidan gadioda, man
romisken momavali ufali dainaxa da gaocebulma hkiTxa: `ufalo, saiT
midixar?~ macxovarma upasuxa, rom romSi midioda, raTa jvarze xelmeored
gakruliyo. am gamocxadebam petre miaxvedra, rom igi qalaqSi unda
dabrunebuliyo, raTa mowameobrivi sikvdiliT qriste ganedidebina. marTlac
ukan dabrunebuli mociquli Seipyres da pavle mociqulTan erTad sapyrobileSi
Casves, sadac maT aTi Tve dahyves. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mociqulebma
sapyrobilis mcvelebi moaqcies da mravali saswauli aRasrules. petre mociquls
jer coli dausajes; man meuRles, romelic dasasjelad mihyavdaT, gza Semdegi
sityvebiT dauloca: `gaxsovdes ufali, colo!~ TviTon mociquli jvarze gaakres,
oRond misive TxovniT _ Tavdayira, radgan, rogorc TviTonve ganmarta, Tavs
jvarze imgvarad gakvris Rirsad, rogorc ufali gaekra, ar Tvlida; pavle mociquls
ki Tavi mohkveTes, radgan misi, rogorc romaeli moqalaqis jvarze gakvra ar
SeiZleboda. eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarTagan nawils miaCnia, rom isini erT
dRes aResrulnen, xolo nawili Tvlis, rom pavle mociquli petres dasjidan zustad
erTi wlis Semdeg aResrula. maTi wmida nawilebi romSi ganisveneben.
marTalia, ierusalimis krebis Semdeg, petre mociqulis Sesaxeb `saqme
mociqulTaSi~ araferia moTxrobili, magram wminda gadmocemebidan viciT,
rom igi aziaSi gafantul ebraelTa Soris qadagebda da ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi antioqiis eklesias ganagebda. petre mociqulma ori epistole
dagvitova, romelTagan erTi mis mowameobriv aRsasrulamde cota xniT adre
daiwera.
petresa da pavles eklesiam Tavni mociqulTa uwoda, radgan isini
qristes eklesiisaTvis yvelaze metad daSvrnen. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,
rom petre romis episkoposic iyo, magram sarwmuno cnobebi amis Taobaze
ar mogvepoveba. petre mociquli ufro iudevelebTan qadagebda, pavle
mociquli ki warmarTebTan, ris gamoc mas warmarTebis mociqulsac
uwodeben.
wmida eklesia TavTa mociqulTa _ petresa da pavles 29(12.07.) ivniss
ixseniebs.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. rogor `pativs~ miagebdnen romaelebi imperatorebs?
2. ris gamo sZulda imperator nerons petre mociquli?
3. ratom tovebda petre roms da ratom dabrunda is ukan?
4. rogor dasajes mociqulTa Tavni?
5. aRwereT romis moqalaqeTa maSindeli socialuri da zneobrivi yofa.
6. CamoTvaleT is sami mizezi, ramac qristianTa devna gamoiwvia.
gakveTili VIII
danarCen mociqulTa Rvawli
Tavi I
suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdgom, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi,
mociqulebi ierusalimSi cxovrobdnen da saqadageblad mxolod axlo-maxlo
adgilebSi gadiodnen; sxva qveynebSi wasvlis win mowafeni erTad
Seikribnen, jer iloces da Semdeg wili yares, vis sad eqadaga. zogierTi Zveli
avtoris cnobiT maT mrwamsis mokle simbolo Seadgines, romelic
saqadagebeli moZRvrebis ZiriTad arss ramdenime sityviT gadmoscemda. es
simbolo, romelic eklesiis istoriaSi mociqulTa simbolos saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili, 12 wevrisagan Sedgeba: 1. mrwams mama RmerTi yovladZlieri, 2.
Semoqmedi cisa da qveyanisa; 3. mrwams ieso qriste, mxolodSobili Ze misi,
ufali Cveni; 4. romelic suli wmidisagan Caisaxa da qalwuli mariamisagan
iSva; 5. pilate pontoelis dros evno da jvars ecva, mokvda da daifla; 6.
jojoxeTSi Cavida da mesame dRes mkvdreTiT aRdga; 7. amaRlda zecad da
dajda marjveniT yovlisSemZle mama RmerTisa; 8. mrwams suli wmida; 9.
sayovelTao wmida eklesia; 10. kavSiri wmindanTa; 11. aRdgoma xorcisa; 12.
maradiuli cxovreba.
miuxedavad mravali damcirebisa, Seuracxyofisa da devnisa, mociqulebma
saxarebis sityva mTel qveyanas mohfines. ierusalimSi isini mxolod drodadro
brundebodnen, raTa erTmaneTi enaxaT da erTmaneTisTvis sakuTar
moRvaweobaTa Sedegebi ecnobebinaT, ris Semdegac kvlav saqadageblad
brundebodnen.
xati wminda mociquli andria pirvelwodebuli, 29 (12.05) aprili, 30
(13.12) noemberi. wminda andrias, petre mociqulis Zmas, ufalma ieso
qristem pirvels mouwoda, amitom mas ewoda pirvelwodebuli. wminda andria
Tavidan wminda ioane naTlismcemels daemowafa. Semdeg ki andria
ZmasTan, petresTan mivida, mesiis povna axara. qristes damowafebuli
Zmebi ganuyrelad Tan axldnen Ze RvTisas da misi saswaulebis, sikvdilisa da
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis mowmeebic gaxdnen.
macxovris amaRlebis Semdeg saqadageblad RvTismSobels iveriis
moqceva xvda wilad, magram, radgan misi micvalebis Jami moaxloebuli iyo,
Ze RvTisam ubrZana, ierusalimSi darCeniliyo, saqarTveloSi ki andria
pirvelwodebuli gaegzavna Tavisi xelTuqmneli xatiT. yovladwmida qalwulma
mouwoda wmindans da RvTis neba auwya, Semdeg ficari moiTxova,
„daibana piri da daidva pirsa zeda Tvissa“. ficarze RvTismSobeli gamoisaxa
yrma iesoTi. es siwmide zeciurma dedofalma wminda andrias gadasca da
akurTxa. mociqulma gaiara saberZneTi, mcire azia, Semdeg ki
SavizRvispireTs miaSura, „Sevida queyanasa qarTlisasa, romelsa didaWara
ewodebis“.
sofel didaWaraSi dRemdea Semonaxuli taZris nangrevebi, romelic,
gadmocemiT, Tavad wmida andria pirvelwodebuls auSenebia.
netars mravali gansacdeli daatyda Tavs urwmunoTagan, magram
RvTisa da patiosani xatis meoxebiT yvelaferi madlobiT daiTmina. im adgilas,
sadac mociqulma RvTismSoblis xati daasvena, wyaro aRmocenda. am
saswaulma mraval warmarTs gaunaTa goneba da qristes Seudgnen.
mociqulma axalmoqceulT daudgina mRvdlebi da diakvnebi, augo
yovladwmida RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari, sadac ficarze zeciuri dedoflis
naboZebi xatidan saswaulebriv gadasuli asli daabrZana. amis Semdeg uflis
rCeulma gadaiara fersaTis mTa da aq jvari aRmarTa. mociquli Semdeg sofel
awyurSi mivida. am mxaris gamgebeli iyo qvrivi samZivari, romelsac
erTaderTi vaJi mohkvdomoda. qvrivs Seatyobines, rom iq iyo ucxo adamiani,
romelic ucnob RmerTze loculobda. am cnobam mas gulSi imedi Causaxa da
mociquli TavisTan ixmo. wmida andriam qvrivi dedakacis erTaderTi Ze
mkvdreTiT aRadgina. gaxarebulma qalma madlobiT irwmuna ufali ieso qriste,
Tavis SvilTan erTad moinaTla da samcxis mTavrebs werili miswera, es
ambavi Seatyobina da yvela TavisTan moixmo. movidnen sakerpos
msaxurnic. xalxi orad gaiyo; nawili iZaxda, „jer ars Tayuanis-cemad,
romelma ese viTari saswauli aRasrula“, sxvebi ki kvlav cru RmerTebis
erTgulni rCebodnen. ciloba rom CaecxroT, gadawyvites, sakerpoSi
RvTismSoblis xati SeebrZanebinaT, Semdeg ki kari daexSoT. macxovris
msasoeblebs - qristes mimarT, kerpTmsaxurebs ki - TavianTi RvTaebisadmi
unda elocaT. daxSul taZarTan mcvelebi daayenes. diliT, roca kari gaaRes,
yvelam ixila „kerpebi queyanad daTxeulni da saxed mtuerisa Semusrvilni,
xolo xati yovladwmidisa RvTismSobelisa brwyinvida, viTarca mze, didebiTa
da pativiTa“. wmida andriam awyurSi moawyo eklesia da iq RvTismSoblis
xelTuqmneli xati daasvena, Semdeg ki gza ganagrZo: iyo klarjeTSi,
artaankolaSi, parTeTSi, somxeTSi, Semdeg ki ierusalimSi wavida.
ierusalimidan wminda andria wminda svimon kananelTan da wminda
mataTasTan erTad isev saqarTveloSi dabrunda. isini qarTlSi Sevidnen,
ganamtkices qristianoba da „dahyvnen dasavleTiT, ganvles taos kerZo
qveyana vidre Woroxamde“, iyvnen samegrelosa da svaneTSi. svimoni da
andria afxazeTSi wavidnen „... da uqadages sityua igi RuTis-mecnierebisa da
mravalTa sixaruliT Seiwynares qadageba igi da mun dauteva netarman
andrea svimon kananeli sxvaTa Tana mowafeTa da Tavad jiqeTisa queyanad
avida“, romlis mosaxleobam wminda mociquli aramcTu miiRo, aramed misi
mokvlac ki moindomes. maSin mociqulma miatova isini da skviTTa
qveyanaSi, dRevandel ruseTSi wavida. wmida andria mdinare dneprs ahyolia
im adgilamde, sadac amJamad qalaqi kievi mdebareobs.
ukanaskneli qalaqi, sadac mociqulma iqadaga, patra (saberZneTi) iyo,
wmidanis locviT am qalaqSi uamravi adamiani moeqca qristes sjulze, qalaqis
Tavis egaetis garda, romelmac uflis rCeulis jvarcma brZana. tanjva rom
gaexangrZlivebina, egaetma brZana, Zelze ki ar mielursmnaT, aramed
daekidaT netari. wmida mociquli ori dRe qadagebda irgvliv SekrebilTa
winaSe. bolos, wmidanis madlmosili sityvebiT SeZrulma xalxma moiTxova
jvridan CamoexsnaT igi. uRvTo egaetma gankarguleba ki gasca,
gaeTavisuflebinaT wmidani, magram igi maleve aResrula jvarze. qalaqis
mmarTvelis colma mociqulis cxedari jvridan Camoxsna da pativiT miabara
miwas. mogvianebiT konstantine didis zeobisas wminda mociqulis uxrwneli
nawilebi pativiT gadaasvenes konstantinepolSi wminda mociqulTa saxelobis
taZarSi. mociqulis wminda neStis nawilebi aseve ganisveneben samxreT
italiis patara zRvispira qalaq amalTeaSi, edinburgSi, varSavasa da sant-
apolinariSi.
xati wmida mociquli barTlome, 11(24) ivnisi, aTormetTagani, kanas
galileidan iyo. uflis mowafeebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg mas da
filipe mociquls (xs. 14 noembers) wilad xvdaT saxarebis qadageba siriasa da
mcire aziaSi. wmida filipes Tan axlda da, mariamna.
wminda mociqulebis qadageba mravali niS-saswauliT mtkicdeboda.
ierapolSi (TurqeTi, dRes q.pamukale, antalia) cxovrobda kaci, saxelad
staqosi, romelsac ormoci wlis manZilze warTmeuli hqonda TvalisCini.
mociqulTa locvam mas mxedveloba daubruna. gaxarebulma staqosma
irwmuna qriste da naTeliRo. am saswaulis Sesaxeb xma mTel qalaqs moedo
da xorciel da sulier sneulebaTagan ganTavisuflebuli warmarTebi
inaTlebodnen. ganrisxebulma warmarTma qurumebma qalaqis Tavs
Seapyrobines mqadageblebi, staqosis saxli ki dawves. uflis rCeulebs jvarcma
miusajes. filipe mociquli TavdaRma miamsWvales Zels. uecrad saSinlad
Seirya qveyana, miwa daskda, mmarTveli da brbos nawili Tan Caitana.
SeSinebulma xalxma mociqulebi jvrebidan gardamoxsnes. barTlome cocxali
iyo, filipe ki wamebiT aResrula. ierapolis episkoposad staqosis dadginebis
Semdeg barTlome mociqulma da netarma mariamnam datoves qalaqi.
amis Semdeg mariamnam RvTis sityvis qadagebiT miaSura likaonias,
sadac mSvidobiT Sehvedra suli ufals (xs. 17 Tebervals). barTlome mociquli
indoeTSi gaemgzavra, ebraulidan adgilobriv enaze gadaTargmna maTes
saxareba da mravali warmarTi moaqcia qristianobaze; man somxeTSic
imogzaura, sadac mravali saswauli aRasrula da mefe polimiosis eSmakeuli
asulic gankurna. polimiosi dedofalTan, gankurnebul asulTan da mraval
didebulTan erTad moinaTla. maT magaliTs somxeTis bevrma mkvidrma
mihbaZa. amiT SeSfoTebuli qurumebis SegonebiT mefis Zmam, astiagma
Seipyro mociquli da qalaq albanSi (dRevandeli baqo) TavdaRma acva jvars.
aRsasruls miaxlebuli uflis rCeuli ar wyvetda saxarebis qadagebas. maSin
gamxecebulma astiagma brZana, jer tyavi gaeZroT netarisTvis, Semdeg ki
Tavi moekveTaT. morwmuneebma misi cxedari luskumaSi Caasvenes da
dakrZales. 508 wels wminda barTlomes uxrwneli neSti mesopotamiaSi, qalaq
darSi gadaasvenes. roca 574 wels qalaqi sparselebma aiRes, qristianebma
mociqulis nawilebi Savi zRvis sanapirosken waabrZanes, magram gzad
mtrebi wamoewivnen da amitom luskuma zRvaSi CauSves. RvTis nebiT,
siwmide kunZul liparasTan micurda. IX saukuneSi es kunZuli arabebma igdes
xelT da uxrwneli neSti neapolitaniis qalaq beneventSi gadaabrZanes. X
saukuneSi siwmindis nawili romSi gadaasvenes.
wmida mRvdelmTavrebi: ioane oqropiri, kirile aleqsandrieli, epifane
kvipreli da eklesiis zogierTi sxva mama barTlomes naTanaelTan (in. 1,45-51;
21,2) aigiveben.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. sad iqadaga TiToeulma mociqulma?
2. ra Seadgines mociqulebma sxva qveynebSi saqadageblad wasvlis
win da ra ewodeba mas? gadmoeciT igi.
gakveTili IX
Tavi II
xati wminda mociquli iakob alfesi, 9 (22) oqtomberi, kapernaumeli
mezveris, alfesis Ze da wmida mociqulisa da maxareblis, maTes (xs. 16
noembers) Zma iyo. iakobs, iseve, rogorc maTes, Tavad macxovarma
mouwoda aTormet mowafeTa Soris da saxarebis saqadageblad gagzavna
(mT. 10,3). suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg netari mociquli erTxans
ierusalimSi imyofeboda (saqme, 1,13; 6,2), Semdeg ki wmida andria
pirvelwodebulTan erTad qristes swavlebas avrcelebda edesaSi, RazaSi,
elefTeropolSi da mimdebare adgilebSi. aqedan igi egvipteSi gaemgzavra da
palestinis mosazRvre zRvispira qalaq ostarcinSi jvarcmiT daasrula
mociqulebrivi Rvawli (sxva cnobiT, uflis rCeuls mravalgvari wamebis Semdeg
kverTxebis cemiT amoxades suli).
xati wminda mociquli iakob zebedesi Zma iyo ioane
RvTismetyvelisa, 30 (13.05) aprili, qristem mas Tavis ZmasTan mociqul
ioane RvTismetyvelTan erTad mouwoda.
suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg wminda iakobi qadagebda espaneTSi
da sxva qveynebSi, Semdeg ierusalims daubrunda. mociquli qadagebda da
wmida werilis sityvebiT amxelda farisevlebisa da mwignobrebis gulgrilobasa
da urwmunoebas. iudevelebs Zala ar SeswevdaT win aRdgomodnen
mociqulis sityvebs, amitom fuliT moisyides filosofosi mogvi hermogeni, raTa
kamaTSi gamoewvia wminda iakobi da sajarod gaecamtverebina misi
Sexedulebebi qristeze, rogorc aRTqmul mesiaze. mogvma wminda
mociqulTan Tavisi mowafe filipe gagzavna, magram man irwmuna qriste.
Semdeg TviT hermogenic darwmunda RvTis yovlisSemZleobaSi, dawva
jadoqruli wignebi, naTeliRo da qristes WeSmarit mimdevrad iqca.
urwmuno iudevelebma herode agripas (40-44ww.) urCies, Seepyro
iakob mociquli da sikvdiliT daesaja. wmida iakobma mSvidad moismina
sasikvdilo ganaCeni da qristes sjulis qadageba ganagrZo. erT-erTi damsmeni,
saxelad iosia, mociqulis vaJkacobam gaaoca da qriste-mesiis gankaceba
irwmuna. roca wminda iakobi sikvdiliT dasasjelad waiyvanes, iosia fexebSi
Cauvarda mociquls, moinania Tavisi codva da miteveba iTxova. wminda
iakobma gulSi Caixuta aRmsarebeli, akoca da uTxra: „mSvidoba Senda da
miteveba“. iosiam sajarod aRiara qriste da wminda iakobTan erTad
mowameobrivad aResrula ierusalimSi 44 wels.
xati wminda mociquli iuda, xorcielad Zma uflisa (+daaxl. 80w.,
19.0/ 2.07), marTali ioseb damwindvelis Ze iyo pirveli qorwinebidan.
saxarebaSi, imdroindeli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, iuda sxva saxelebiTac
ixsenieba: lebeosi (mT. 10,3); Tadeozi (mT. 10,3; mk. 3,18); barsaba (saqme,
15,22).
iudam irwmuna qriste aRTqmul mesiad, wrfeli guliT Seudga mas da
macxovris aTormet uaxloes mowafes Soris Seiracxa, magram Tavs uflis
Zmad wodebis Rirsad ar Tvlida - Tavissave kaTolike epistoleSi igi mxolod
iakobis Zmad ixseniebs Tavs.
ieso qristes amaRlebis Semdeg mociquli saxarebis saqadageblad
gaemgzavra. igi jer iudeaSi, galileaSi, samariasa da idumeaSi avrcelebda
WeSmarit sarwmunoebas, Semdeg arabeTis, siriisa da mesopotamiis
qveynebSi mogzaurobda, bolos ki qalaq efesoSi Cavida, sadac
samocdaTTagani mociqulis, Tadeozis mier dawyebuli saqme daasrula.
Semonaxulia cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom iudas sparseTSic uqadagia
qristianoba da iqve dauweria Tavisi kaTolike epistole berZnul enaze. wmida
mociquli mowameobrivad aResrula somxeTis qalaq araTSi. usjuloebma igi
jvarze gaakres da isrebiT gangmires.
xati wminda mociquli filipe, 14 (27) noemberi, q.beTsaidis mkvidri,
wminda werilSi Rrmad iyo ganswavluli. mas sworad esmoda Zveli aRTqmis
winaswarmetyvelebaTa arsi da mesiis molodiniT cxovrobda. filipe pirveli
mowodebisTanave Tan gahyva macxovars (in. 1,43); man miiyvana
qristesTan mociquli naTanaeli (in. 1,46); mas daekiTxa ufali, Tu ramdeni fuli
iyo saWiro xuTi aTasi kacis sakmari puris sayidlad (in. 6,5-7); igi miuZRva
elinebs, romelTac qristes naxva surdaT (in. 12,21-22) da man sTxova
macxovars: „ufalo, gviCvene Cven mama da sakmarisia CvenTvis“ (in. 14,8).
qristes amaRlebis Semdeg filipe mociquli galileaSi qadagebda RvTis
sityvas. galileidan filipe mociquli saberZneTSi gadavida da iq gadasaxlebul
iudevelebs Soris qadagebda. filipes gansasjelad wmida qalaqidan eladaSi
farisevlebi Cavidnen mRvdelmTavris winamZRolobiT. filipe mociqulma
sicrueSi amxila iudeveli mRvdelmTavari, romelic amtkicebda, macxovris
cxedari qristes mowafeebma moipares da gadamaleso: wmidanma
Semokrebilebs amcno, rom mcvelebi, romelTaganac gavrcelda es Wori,
farisevlebis mosyidulni iyvnen. iudevelma mRvdelmTavarma da misma
Tanamgzavrebma RvTis gmoba daiwyes da roca filipe mociquls Tavs
daesxnen, dabrmavdnen, magram mociqulis locviT yvelas daubrunda
TvalisCini. am saswaulis mxilvelTagan mravali moiqca qristianobaze.
eladidan filipe jer parTeTSi gaemgzavra, Semdeg ki - qalaq azotSi.
azotidan filipe mociquli siriis ierapolSi gadavida. aq iudevelebma iross,
romelmac wminda mociquli Seifara, saxli dauwves. Tavad filipes isini
mokvlas upirebdnen, magram roca uflis rCeulis mier aRsrulebuli saswaulebi
ixiles, sinanulSi Cavardnen da bevri maTgani moinaTla. wminda mociqulma
irosi ierapolis episkoposad daadgina, TviTon ki gza ganagrZo, moiara siria,
mcire azia, lidia, mizia. yvelgan RvTis sityvas qadagebda, risTvisac mravali
satanjvelis daTmena uwevda. wminda filipes ganuyrelad Tan dahyveboda
misi da, mariamna, romelic Zmis gaWirvebis Tanaziari iyo.
Semdeg mociquli frigiaSi, qalaq ierapolSi Cavida, sadac mravali
warmarTuli salocavi iyo, maT Soris gvelebis saxelze agebuli taZaric, sadac
uzarmazari iqedne budobda. filipe mociqulma locvis ZaliT mokla
qvewarmavali da gvelebisgan dakbenili mravali adamiani gankurna.
gankurnebulTa Soris iyo qalaqis Tavis meuRle, romelmac irwmuna qriste da
moinaTla. es rom qalaqis mmarTvelma Seityo, brZana, SeepyroT filipe, misi
da mariamna, da maTi Tanmxlebi barTlome mociquli. iqednes taZris
qurumTa SegonebiT warmarTma xelisufalma filipesa da barTlomes jvarcma
brZana. am dros saSinlad Seirya qveyana da samsjavroSi myofni miwam
STanTqa. iqednes taZarTan jvarze TavdaRma mimsWvaluli filipe loculobda,
rom ufals misi mtanjvelebi daexsna Tavs damtydari ubedurebisagan.
momxdaris mxilvelma xalxma irwmuna qriste da moiTxova, CamoexsnaT
mociqulebi. jvridan gardamoxsnili barTlome jer isev cocxali iyo. filipe
mociquli ki jvarze aResrula. misma dam, mariamnam ki mociqul
barTlomesTan erTad datova es qalaqi.
xati wmida mociquli mataTa (+63), 9 (22) agvisto, warmoSobiT
iudas tomidan iyo. daibada qalaq beTlemSi. adridanve daiwyo wminda
werilisa da saRvTo sjulis Seswavla ierusalimSi, wminda svimeon
RvTismimrqmelis xelmZRvanelobiT.
Tavdapirvelad wminda mataTa uflis 70 wminda mociqulis ricxvs
ganekuTvneboda, xolo uflis jvarze vnebis, mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da zecad
amaRlebis Semdgom wmida mataTa 12 mociqulTa Soris Seiracxa uflis
gamcemis iuda iskariotelis nacvlad. es arCevani male TviT ufalma daamtkica
saswaulebrivad suliwmidis movlinebiT mociqulebze, 50-e dRes aRdgomidan,
rameTu RmerTis suli cecxlovani enebis saxiT, sxva mociqulebTan erTad,
wmida mataTasac daadga.
suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg mataTas RvTis sityvis saqadageblad
wilad iudea hxvda. Tumca wmidani warmarTTa Sorisac qadagebda. mas
hgvemdnen kidec, miwazec daaTrevdnen da boZzec hkidebdnen da basri
rkinebiT ufleTdnen sxeuls, cecxliTac uwvavdnen xorcs. zogierTi gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, wmida mataTa makedoniaSic qadagebda saxarebas, warmarTma
berZnebma gamosacdelad TvalisCinis wamrTmevi sawamlavi daalevines, ra
Zala aqvs Sen moZRvrebasa da Sens mier qadagebul RmerTs, vnaxoT rogor
dagexmareba igio; sawamlavi Zalze Zliermoqmedi iyo, vinc ki mas dalevda,
yvela usaTuod brmavdeboda. magram wminda mataTa qristes saxeliT
sruliad uvnebeli darCa. metic, man uflis saxelis mowodebiT, saswaulebrivad
gankurna am sawamlaviT dabrmavebuli 250 adamiani. amis Semdeg eSmaki
yrmis saxiT gamoecxada warmarTebs da mataTas mokvla ubrZana. maT
sapyrobileSi Caagdes mociquli, sadac pirvel Rames ganuwyvetliv boroti
sulebi ecxadebodnen, meore Rames ki udides naTelSi TviT ufali
gamoecxada, gaamxneva, sakrvelTagan gaaTavisufla, sapyrobilis karic
gauRo da samSvidobos gamoiyvana. da roca gaTenda, wminda mociquli
kvlav xalxs warudga da kidev ufro meti simxneviT uqadagebda qristes
rwmenas.
SemdgomSi qristes mociquli kvlav iudeas daubrunda da israelis
ZeTagan mravali moaqcia. qristes saxelis mowodebiT ubrunebda usinaTloebs
- TvalisCins, yruT - smenas, momakvdavT - sicocxles; aRadgenda
davrdomilT, gankurnavda koWlebs, ganwmendda keTrovnebs da
ganasxamda borot sulebs.
roca wmida mataTa galileis sinagogebSi qadagebda qristes - RvTis Zes,
iudevelebma Seipyres igi da ierusalims Caiyvanes pirvelmRvdelmTavar
ananiasTan. man sinedrionis samsjavros warudgina wmida mociquli,
romelmac qviT gantvinva - Caqolva miusaja wmidans, romelic dauyovnebliv
waiyvanes sikvdiliT dasasjelad. roca belTlaskilad wodebul adgilas mividnen,
rac ebraulad „CaqolilTa saxls“ niSnavs, wmida mataTam ase uTxra iq myof
iudevelebs: - orgulno da pirmoTneno! samarTlianad uTqvams Tqveni
msgavsi adamianebis Sesaxeb wmida daviT winaswarmetyvels: moinadiron
suli marTlisai da sisxlsa ubralosa braleul-hyofdeno.
setyvasaviT wamosuli qvebis qveS wmida mociqulma xelni ze-aRapyro
da ase miabara ufals Tavisi netari suli. mowamis aRsrulebis Semdeg,
romaelTa Cveulebis Sesabamisad, maT maxviliT mohkveTes Tavi mataTas.
zogierTi berZnuli wyaros cnobiT, wmida mataTa jvarcmiT aResrula.
Tumca es ori cnoba SeiZleba arc ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs, radgan
iudevelebi boZebze mikrulT Caqolavdnen xolme, da mataTac, SesaZloa,
jvarze gaakres da ase Caqoles.
wmida epifane kviprelis (IV) cnobiT ki mataTa mociqulma saxareba
iqadaga meore eTiopiaSi (kolxeTSi), iqve gardaicvala da dRemde baTumis
maxloblad asaris (gonios) cixe-simagreSia dakrZaluli. amitom wminda
mociquli mataTa gamosaxulia saqarTvelos eklesiis didebis xatze wminda
andria pirvelwodebulTan erTad.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. sad iqadaga TiToeulma mociqulma?
gakveTili X
Tavi III
xati wminda mociquli svimeon moSurne-kananeli, 10 (23) maisi,
kanas galileaSi cxovrobda. is iyo wmida ioseb damwindvelis Svili, pirveli
qorwinebidan, da 12 mociqulTagani. macxovris pirveli saswauli - wylis Rvinod
gadaqceva - svimeonis saxlSi aResrula. misi qorwilis trapezze Rvino
SemoakldaT. yovladwminda RvTismSoblis TxovniT macxovarma wyali Rvinod
aqcia. am saswaulis xilviT aRfrTovanebulma svimeonma mTeli suliTa da guliT
irwmuna ieso qriste da Seudga mas. wminda mociquli qristes moZRvrebas
qadagebda iudeaSi, egvipteSi, kirineaSi, britaneTSi (zogierTi cnobis mixedviT
is iqve aResrula).
wminda svimeonma andria pirvelwodebulTan erTad iqadaga dasavleT
saqarTveloSi. wmida andria Semdgom skviTTa qveyanaSi gadavida, svimeoni
ki afxazeTSi darCa warmarTTa mosaqcevad, romlebmac wminda mociquli
qvebiT Caqoles. igi dakrZalulia anakofiaSi, soxumTan axlos. SemdgomSi
svimeon kananelis saflavze, axali aTonis mTaze, monasteri aRimarTa.
dRemde SemorCenilia mRvime, sadac wminda mociquli moRvaweobda.
xati wminda mociquli Toma, 6 (19) oqtomberi, marCbivad
(tyupiscali, berZnulad - didimi) wodebuli ieso qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgomas ar
ijerebda da ase eubneboda mociqulebs: `Tu ar vixilav mis xelebze
samsWvalis kvals da ar davadeb Cems TiTs samsWvalis adgilas da ar
davadeb Cems xels mis gverds, ar virwmuneb.~ imdenad didia ieso qristes
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saidumlo, rom Tomas es „urwmunoebac“ saRmrTo
gangebulebiT iyo daSvebuli, raTa Cven yvelas Rrmad da SeueWveblad
gverwmuna uflis adamianuri bunebis mkvdreTiT aRdgoma da zecad
amaRleba.
mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg, wmida Tomas wilad
indoeTi Sexvda (indoeTs uwodebdnen samxreT aziis yvela qveyanas,
sakuTriv dRevandeli indoeTis CaTvliT).
imave xanebSi Semdegi movlena moxda: indoeTis mefem gundaforma
didi, brwyinvale sasaxlis aSeneba isurva da erT-erTi vaWari, saxelad avani,
palestinaSi gagzavna: wadi iq da iseTi gamocdili xuroTmoZRvari mominaxe,
visac SeeZleba romis imperatorTa msgavsi sasaxle amigoso. roca avani
palestinaSi xelovan xuroTmoZRvars eZebda, mas Toma Sexvda da uTxra, me
samSeneblo xelovnebaSi didad gamocdili kaci varo. avanmac maSinve
daiqirava igi da indoeTisaken gaemgzavrnen.
indoeTs Casulni, isini mefes warudgnen, man ki is adgili uCvena
Tomas, sadac sasaxlis ageba surda, misca didZali oqro mSeneblobisTvis da
TviTon ki gaemgzavra. Tomam mTeli oqro glaxakebs dauriga, Tan saxarebas
qadagebda. rodesac mefem es ambavi Seityo, mociquli Seapyrobina.
- aaSene Cemi sasaxle? – hkiTxa gundaforma
- diax, avaSene, miugo wminda Tomam, Tanac yvelaze mSvenieri da
didebuli!
- aba, wavideT da vnaxoT Sen mier aSenebuli sasaxle! – uTxra mefem.
- amqveyniur cxovrebaSi Sen ver SesZleb im sasaxlis naxvas! - miugo
mociqulma. - mxolod maSin ixilav, roca ganeSorebi am qveyanas, sixaruliT
dasaxldebi masSi da samaradisod icxovreb iq!
mefem dacinvad da Seuracxyofad miiRo Tomas sityvebi. amitom
brZana isic da misi Camomyvani didvaWari avanic sapyrobileSi CaegdoT,
isini jer cocxlad unda gaetyavebinaT da Semdeg koconze daewvaT.
imave Rames mefis Zma mZimed daavadda da aResrula kidec. xolo
uflis angelozma, romelmac aitaca misi suli, zeciur samkvidrebelSi aiyvana
igi, moatara yovelive da mravali didebuli, saucxood nagebi da brwyinvale
sasaxle aCvena. maSin hkiTxa uflis angelozma suls:
- am sasaxleTagan romelSi irCevdi cxovrebas? mefis Zmis sulma erT
yvelaze mSvenier sasaxles Sexeda da miugo:
- me rom neba damrTon Tundac romelime kunWulSi vicxovro am
sasaxlisa, mets arafers visurvebdi!
maSin angelozma uTxra: - es sasaxle Sens Zmas ekuTvnis, romlis
oqroTic aago igi ucxotomelma Tomam!
- gevedrebi, batono! - mimarTa sulma uflis angelozs, - gamiSvi Cems
ZmasTan, me viyidi am sasaxles misgan, radgan man jer ar uwyis misi
didebuleba. da roca viyidi, mere kvlav damabrune aq!..
marTlac, angelozma daabruna suli sxeulSi. Zmis gacocxlebis ambavi
rom Seityo, mefe saswrafod masTan gaeSura. mkvdreTiT aRmdgarma ki ase
mimarTa Zmas:
- mefeo! darwmunebuli var, rom giyvarvar rogorc RviZli Zma da erTs
gTxov: - momeci me Seni sasaxle, romelic caTa Sina gaqvs, da mis
sanacvlod mTeli Cemi qoneba miiRe!
- am sityvebis gagonebaze mefe gaognda. bolos ki esRa Tqva: - saidan
unda mqondes me sasaxle caSi?!
- WeSmaritad, rom gaqvs! - wamoiZaxa Zmam, – misi msgavsi arc aris
am mzisqveSeTSi! es sasaxle SenTvis im Tomam aago, romelic sapyrobileSi
Cagigdia da sasikvdilod gagiwiravs! me vnaxe es sasaxle da gaocebuli
davrCi misi mSvenierebiT. Cemma winamZRvarma angelozma miTxra: -
sasaxle, romelic Tomam aago, Sens Zmas ekuTvniso. me vevedre angelozs,
gamoveSvi SenTan, raTa meyida Sengan sasaxle. da ai, axla Sens winaSe
var da gevedrebi: Tu giyvarvar, momyide Seni zeciuri sasaxle da mis
sanacvlod mTeli Cemi qoneba-samkvidrebeli miiRe!
mefem uTxra mkvdreTiT aRmdgar Zmas:
- sayvarelo Zmao! me arafrisTvis getyvi uars, magram ver mogcem im
zeciur sasaxles. da Tuki ase gsurs, SegiZlia miiRo is xuroTmoZRvari, romelic
Cven gvyavs da romelsac ZaluZs SenTvisac aagos aseTive sasaxle! - Tqva es
da umalve sapyrobileSi gagzavna msaxurni, raTa wmida Toma da misi
Camomyvani vaWari avani xelmwifisaTvis miegvaraT. da roca isini
moiyvanes, mefe saswrafod Seegeba mociquls da ferxT Seuvrda vedrebiT:
- Seminde Cemi codva Sens winaaRmdeg, radgan ar vuwyodi, ras
viqmodio.
am dros dadga Jami yovladwminda RvTismSoblis aRsrulebisa da uflis
yvela mociquli sxvadasxva qveynebidan suliwmidis mier zecad aRitacnen da
geTsimaniis baRSi yovladkurTxeuli mariamis sarecelTan (saeklesio
gadmocemiT, es moxda me-15 wels uflis zecad amaRlebidan) aRmoCndnen,
anu 48 wels qristes Sobidan, roca RvTismSobeli 64 wlisa iyo. Tumca Toma
mociqulma mainc ver mouswro RvTismSoblis wminda sxeulis dakrZalvas.
esec saRmrTo gangebulebiT aRsrulda. wmida Toma RvTismSoblis
dakrZalvidan mxolod mesame dRes Camovida da didad mwuxarebda amis
gamo. maSin mociqulebma saerTo SeTanxmebiT gadawyvites gaexsnaT
TomasTvis RvTismSoblis saflavi, raTa mas enaxa misi yovladpatiosani sxeuli,
Tayvani eca misTvis. magram, roca saflavi gaxsnes, veraferi naxes iq
RvTismSoblis mosasxamis garda. amiT yvelani mtkiced darwmundnen, rom
deda RvTisa, Tavisi RvTaebrivi Zis msgavsad, mkvdreTiT aRdga mesame
dRes da sxeuliT iqna aRiyvana zecad, sadac hgiebs aRmatebulad yovelTa
zeciur ZalTa zeda.
amis Semdeg wminda mociquli Toma kvlav indoeTis qveyanaSi
gaemarTa RvTis sityvis saqadageblad. qalamidis qveyanaSi man mefe
muzdis coli da axloblebi qristes rjulze moaqcia, ris gamoc mefem
moakvlevina wmida mociquli.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg mefe muzdis erT-erTi Ze borotma sulma
Seipyro da misi gankurneba veravin SeZlo. xelmwifes raki smenoda, wminda
Tomas, sicocxlis Jams, mravali boroti suli ganudevnia adamianTagano,
gadawyvita gaexsna misi saflavi, aeRo mociqulis erTi ZvalTagani da yelze
Seeba Tavisi vnebuli ZisaTvis da amgvarad gaeTavisuflebina eSmakis
tanjvisagan. roca ganzraxulis Sesruleba daapira, sizmriseul CvenebaSi
wminda Toma gamoecxada da uTxra:
- cocxali ar gwamdi, da axla mkvdrisgan ginda Sewevnis miReba? nu
darCebi urwmunoebaSi, da ufali Cemi ieso qriste mowyale iqneba Sendami.
am Cvenebam kidev ufro gaaZliera mefis survili gaexsna mociqulis
saflavi da ganzraxuli Seesrulebina. marTlac, gaemarTa mefe muzdi wminda
Tomas dakrZalvis adgilas, gaxsna saflavi, magram iq veraferi naxa,
mociqulis wminda nawilebi farulad gadaesvenebinaT mesopotamiaSi. maSin
xelmwifem erTi muWa miwa aiRo, naWerSi gaaxvia da Tavis Zes Camohkida
yelze. amasTan, locva-vedrebiT mimarTavda ufals: - ufalo, ieso qriste!
gevedrebi, gankurne Cemi Ze Seni wminda mociqulis, Tomas locviT! da
maSჲn mec girwmuneb WeSmarit RmerTad! rogorc ki daasrula am sityvebis
warmoTqma, eSmakma maSinve dastova mefiswuli da yrmac sruliad
ganikurna. mefe muzdim irwmuna qriste da Tavis yvela didebulTan da
msaxurTan erTad moinaTla.
saeklesio mwerlebis mowmobiT Toma mociqulis wminda sxeulis
zogierTi nawili indoeTSia. nawili konstantinepolSi gadaasvenes, sadac mis
saxelze taZaric aigo, nawili ki samxreT italiaSia, xolo marjvena xeli -
ungreTSi. zogi cnobiT, Toma mociqulis Tavis qala Tbilisis sionis sakaTedro
taZarSia dasvenebuli.
sidonias xati wminda mociquli da maxarebeli maTe (+60), 16
(29) noemberi, Ze alfesi, nazareTis mkvidri iyo. igi mezvered, anu
gadasaxadebis amkrefad muSaobda da sakmaod SeZlebuladac cxovrobda.
Tanamemamuleebs sZagdaT igi yvela sxva mezveris msgavsad da
eridebodnen kidec mas, rogorc dampyrob romaelTa samsaxurSi mdgom
kacs.
maTem miatova mTeli Tavisi qoneba-samkvidrebeli da qristes Seudga.
uflis wminda mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg wminda maTe,
sxva mociqulebTan erTad, Tavdapirvelad ierusalimsa da mis SemogarenSi
qadagebda saxarebas. ierusalimis datovebamde, man werilobiT gadmosca
ieso qristes saqmeebi da moZRvreba. man uflis zecad amaRlebidan 8 wlis
Semdgom saxareba dawera. es aris axali aRTqmis wignebidan yvelaze adre
dawerili saRvTo wigni da igi dawerilia ebraul enaze.
ierusalimidan wasuli wminda mociquli maTe bevr qveyanaSi
qadagebda RvTis sityvas. moiara makedonia (dRevandeli saberZneTis
CrdiloeTi provincia), siria, sparseTi, parTia (kaspiis zRvis samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT mdebare didi qveyana aziaSi), midia (sparseTis dasavleTiT) da
eTiopia.
eTiopiis mTavarma fulbianem ar miiRo mociqulis mier naqadagebi
RvTis sityva da wminda maTes sikvdiliT dasasjelad eklesiisaken gaemarTa,
raTa TviTonve Seepyro mociquli. magram rogorc ki mas miuaxlovda,
maSinve dabrmavda da mociquls TvalisCinis dabrunebas Seevedra. wminda
maTem jvris gadasaxviT Tvali auxila. miuxedavad amisa, fulbianem maTe
mociqulis cocxlad dawva ganizraxa. igi miwaze gulaRma daagdes da xel-
fexiT Zelze miamsWvales. Semdeg ki mTavris brZanebiT, didZali fiCxi da
totebi moagroves, moitanes fisi da gogirdi, mociquls daayares da cecxli
waukides. magram mociquli uvnebeli darCa. mere ubrZana msaxurT ufro
meti SeSa, totebi da fiCxi mohqondaT, maTes ayridnen da zed fiss
asxamdnen. irgvliv mdgari oqros kerpebi cviliviT dadnen, amasTan, cecxlma
bevri iq mdgomi warmarTic dawva; xolo damdnari kerpebisagan gvelis
saxemiRebuli ali gamoiWra da fulbianesaken gaqanda; mTavari uRonod
daemxo Zirs da wminda mociquls Seevedra mixseni daRupvisagano. maTe
maxarebelma gaaqro cecxli. maSin ki isurva fulbianem cecxlidan pativiT
gamoeyvana maTe, magram mociqulma iloca da ufals miabara Tavisi
wminda suli (es moxda daaxloebiT 60 wels qristes Sobidan).
mTavarma fulbianem irwmuna ufali ieso qriste, moinaTla da maTe
ewoda. xolo adgilobrivi mRvdelmTavris gardacvalebis Semdeg, yofil mTavars
episkoposad daasxes xeli. man xangrZlivi, RvTis saTnomyofeli cxovrebis
Semdeg Sehvedra ufals suli.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. sad iqadaga TiToeulma mociqulma?
saidumlo serobis xati
gakveTili XI
wminda mociquli da maxarebeli ioane RvTismetyveli
sidonias xati macxovris mociqulTagan yvelaze didxans ioane
RvTismetyvelma icxovra, romelic qristes moZRvrebas mcire aziaSi qadageb-
da. wminda mociquli da misi ganuyreli mowafe proxore ZiriTadad qalaq efe-
soSi mkvidrobdnen.
qristianebis devnis pirveli periodi neronis sikvdiliT damTavrda. neronis
uaxloesi memkvidreebi, tites CaTvliT, qristianebs ar devnidnen. magram 81
wels taxtze tites Zma, domiciane avida da devnac ganaxlda. imperatorma
saSinlad SeiZula qristianebi, romlebic mas uRmerToebad da meamboxeebad
warudgines, radgan isini kerpebs ar scemdnen Tayvans.
devnam gansakuTrebiT sastiki xasiaTi 94 wlis maxlobel xanebSi miiRo.
domicianem sikvdiliT dasaja biZaSvili flabios klimenti, xolo misi meuRle ukac-
riel kunZulze gadaasaxla. devnam imperiis yvela provincia moicva; ioane
RvTismetyveli efesodan romSi gaiwvies. Tavdapirvelad mociqulis qristes
moZRvrebidan da rwmenidan gadadrekas Seecadnen; xolo roca amas ver
miaRwies, wamebis mravalferovani xerxebi gamoiyenes: jer sastikad
scemes, Semdeg sawamlaviT Sezavebuli sasmeli daalevines, magram vera-
feri avnes, radgan aRsrulda macxovris sityvebi mowafeTa Sesaxeb Tqmuli:
`...da, Tu sasikvdilo rames daleven, ar avnebs maT; sneulebs xels daadeben
da kargad gaxdebian~ (mark. 16,18). bolos igi aduRebuli zeTiT savse qvabSi
Caagdes, magram amjeradac uvnebeli darCa. am saswaulTa mxilveli ada-
mianebi gaocebulni yvirodnen: didia RmerTi qristianeTa. domiciane mixvda,
rom wamebis axal-axali xerxebis gamoyenebiT mociquls mravalricxovan
mowmeTa winaSe jvarcmuli RmerTis rwmenis saqmiT qadagebis saSualebas
aZlevda; amitom misi kunZul patmosze gadasaxleba brZana.
swored patmosze, erT kvira dRes ufalma Tavisi sayvareli mowafe saswau-
liT daajildova. wminda ioanem uflisa da momavali eklesiis dideba ixila
CvenebiT, romelic `gamocxadebaSi~ aRwera. `gamocxadebaSi~ ufali
moZRvravs mcire aziis Svid mTavar eklesias: efesos, smirnis, pergamosis,
Tiatiris, sardiis, filadelfiisa da laodikiisas. ra Tqma unda darigebani, romelic
am eklesiebs eZleva, yoveli drois, mTeli qristianuli samyaros gasagonadaa
Tqmuli. amas mosdevs didebuli suraTebi uflis didebisa, eklesiaze misi mud-
mivi mzrunvelobisa, madlisa da siyvarulisa, sasjelisa da netarebisa.
winaswarmetyvelur xilvebSi miniSnebulia sxvadasxva gansacdeli, romelic
eklesias Tavs atydeba dedamiwaze, borotis brZola RvTis kravTan, zeimi kra-
visa, romelic morwmuneebs gamoixsnis, aRdgoma mkvdarTa da saSineli
samsjavro da bolos, silamaze axali ierusalimis, anu zeciuri sasufevelisa.
patmosze gadasaxleba didxans ar gagrZelebula. domiciane suraTi mokles
da misma memkvidrem gandevnili qristianebi ukan daabruna. 97 wels ioane
RvTismetyvelic dabrunda efesoSi. am dros efesos episkoposi pavle mociqulis
mowafe timoTe iyo, xolo ioane mcire aziis eklesiebs zedamxedvelobda da
patronobda. am droisaTvis qristes winaaRmdeg brZola eresebis SemotaniT
anu moZRvrebis damaxinjebiT daiwyo. WeSmaritebis cru ganmmarteblebs
gansakuTrebiT bevri mimdevari mcire aziaSi gamouCnda. tyuilad rodi afrTxi-
lebda pavle mociquli efesos eklesiis moZRvrebs _ Tavi daecvaT `mZvinvare
mglebisagan~ da winaswarmetyvelebda, rom TviT maT Sorisac aRmoCnde-
bodnen iseTebi, romlebic swavlebis siwmindes Segnebulad aamRvrevdnen
da mowafeebsac gaiCendnen. marTlac, amgvari cru maswavleblebic
gamoCndnen. eretikuli mimdinareobani pirvelive saukuneSi ZiriTadad ieso
qristes winaaRmdeg iyvnen mimarTulni: erTni mis RvTaebriv, xolo meoreni
kacobriv bunebas uaryofdnen. erT-erTi pirveli cru moZRvari swored efesoSi
gamoCnda, saxelad kerinTosi. igi amtkicebda, rom ieso Cveulebrivi adamiani
iyo, romelzec, misi wminda cxovrebis gamo, naTlisRebis Jams suliwmida gad-
movida, magram datova maSin, roca jvarze gaakres, ase rom, jvarze ubralo
adamiani ewama. es cru moZRvreba qristianuli moZRvrebis arss _ Ze
RmerTis jvarze sikvdiliT adamianis codvisa da sikvdilis tyveobisgan gamoxs-
nas uaryofda. sxvebi ieso qristes kacobriv bunebas uaryofdnen, mas sulad
Tvlidnen, TiTqos mas adamianuri saxe mxolod garegnulad hqonda da amde-
nad jvarze gakruls arc wameba ganucdia.
Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xucesebma da morwmu-
neebma sTxoves ioane RvTismetyvels, rom qristes moZRvreba Tavad gad-
moeca. suliwmidis STagonebiT man marTlac Seqmna saxareba. garda saxa-
rebisa, ioane maxarebelma sami epistole dawera.
Zveli avtorebi gadmogvcemen ambavs, roca ioane maxarebeli eklesiis
saqmeTa gamo mogzaurobda, erT qalaqSi mas gansakuTrebiT moewona erTi
axalgazrda da igi iqaur episkoposs Caabara. Tavidan episkoposi gulmodgined
moekida saqmes da axalgazrdas sarwmunoeba Seaswavla, ris Sedegadac igi
moinaTla. amis Semdeg episkoposma ioane RvTismetyvelis Txovna Sesrule-
bulad CaTvala da axlad monaTluli uyuradRebod datova. mzrunvelobis gareSe
darCenili Wabuki cud wreSi moxvda da bolos ise daeca, rom avazakTa brbos
sisastikiT ganTqmuli ufrosi gaxda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg maxarebels im
qalaqSi Casvla isev mouxda da axalgazrda moikiTxa. episkoposma cremlebiT
uambo yovelive. Wabukis xvedrma wminda mociquli didad daamwuxra. `ase
gmarTebda SenTvis mondobili Zmis sulze zrunva?~ _ hkiTxa man episkoposs
da iqiT gaemarTa, sadac avazakTa brbo TareSobda. yaCaRebma igi Seipyres
da winamZRols mihgvares. Wabukma moxuci icno da imdenad SeZrwunda,
rom mis siaxloves yofna ver aitana da gaiqca. ioane mas gaekida da Tan
vedrebiT misZaxoda: `Svilo Cemo, ratom gaurbixar mamas? Semibrale Svilo,
nu geSinia, me viqnebi pasuxismgebeli qristes winaSe. mzad var Cemi si-
cocxle Sensas Sevswiro. SeCerdi da momismine, merwmune, SenTan me
TviTon qristem gamomgzavna~. bolos, wminda mociqulis siyvaruliT damarc-
xebuli avazaki gaCerda, iaraRi gadaagdo, marjvena xels, romliTac amdeni
boroteba hqonda Cadenili, malavda, erTianad caxcaxebda da tiroda. ioanem
igi gulSi Caikra, gaamxneva da Tan waiyvana. masTan erTad loculobda da
marxulobda, masTan erTad kiTxulobda wminda werils da mxolod maSin da-
tova, roca Rrma sinanuliT codvebisgan ganwmendili axalgazrda qristianTa
sazogadoebaSi isev miiRes.
aRsasrulis win wminda mociquli morwmuneTa krebaze misma mowa-
feebma xelSi ayvanili Seiyvanes. grZeli Segonebis warmosaTqmelad mas uk-
ve Zala aRar yofnida da mxolod am sityvebs imeorebda: Svilno, giyvardeT
erTmaneTi. erTxel mowafeebma hkiTxes, ratom imeorebda ase xSirad erTsa
da imaves, man upasuxa: igi uflis mcnebaa, masSi mTeli misi moZRvrebis
arsia Cadebuli.
wminda ioane RvTismetyvelma wmindanTa Tana ganisvena II saukunis
pirvel wlebSi. misi yvelaze cnobili mowafeni iyvnen: wminda egnate
RmerTSemosili, papia ierapoleli da wminda polikarpe smirneli.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. rogor awames ioane RvTismetyveli?
2. ra dawera ioane RvTismetyvelma kunZul patmosze da ra aRwera
masSi?
3. ra Sinaarsis mwvaleblobebi gaCnda am periodSi?
4. romeli naSromebi dagvitova ioane RvTismetyvelma?
5. gadmoeciT ambavi moqceuli axalgazrdis Sesaxeb.
gakveTili XII
iudeas omi
RvTis rCeuli erisaTvis, romelic am rCeulobas msoflioze
gabatonebasTan aigivebda da yoveldRe eloda mesias, romelic amgvar
miwier didebas moutanda, romaelTa qveSevrdomoba sul ufro da ufro
autaneli xdeboda. mTeli qveyana Sinagan SfoTsa da Relvas moecva. romis
saxelmwifos mxridan simSvidis SesanarCuneblad miRebuli yvela zoma
mxolod siZulvils iwvevda. mesiis mosvlisa da miwieri aRzevebis amgvarma
daZabulma molodinma cru winaswarmetyvelTa gamravlebas Seuwyo xeli,
romelTac xalxze gavlena ara WeSmaritebis, aramed iudevelTa molodinisa da
imedebis Sesaferisi winaswarmetyvelebebiT moipoves. mogvebi da jadoqrebi
cruwinaswarmetyvelebebiT atyuebdnen xalxs.
am periodSi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda zilotebis (moSurneTa) seqta,
romelic daaxloebiT qristes Sobis periodSi warmoiSva. roca imperatori
avgustusis brZanebiT siriis gubernatori kviriniosi xarkis asakrefad
mosaxleobis aRweras Seudga, erTma galilevelma, saxelad iudam, qadageba
daiwyo, rom RvTis rCeuli xalxisagan warmarTi imperatorisaTvis xarkis
gadaxda codva iyo. iuda, romelmac mravali momxre SeiZina, amboxebisas
daiRupa, magram misi swavleba swrafad gavrcelda. meamboxeebs saTaveSi
misi vaJebi Caudgnen, romelTagan ori jvarze gaakres, xolo mesamem
SemdegSi iudeas omSi sabediswero roli Seasrula. zilotebi, romlebic TiTqos
rjulis mgznebare da moSurne damcvelebi iyvnen, sinamdvileSi daundobel
Zarcva-glejvas eweodnen da yvelgan SfoTs Tesdnen. ramdenime sazareli
danaSauli maT ierusalimSic Caidines. zilotebis TareSs sxvadasxva seqtas
Soris gamudmebuli SuRli da romaelebisa da sxva xalxebis mimarT
gaRizianebuli da mtruli ganwyobilebac emateboda, rac, erTad aRebuli,
iudeaSi mZime mdgomareobas qmnida.
iudeas omis win ierusalimSi gamoCnda viRac ieso, Ze ananiasi, romelic
qalaqis quCebsa da moednebze xmamaRla godebda: `vai, vai, vai, taZars,
vai, ierusalims! xma aRmosavleTidan, xma dasavleTidan, xma oTxive qarisa
ierusalimis samtrod~. igi Seipyres, magram dakiTxvebzec muqarasa da
daSinebas kvlav avismomaswavebeli sityvebiT pasuxobda. bolos
mmarTvelTan miiyvanes, romelmac misi cema brZana. Sewyaleba ar
uTxovia, mxolod yoveli dartymisas Sesabralisi xmiT ambobda: `vai,
ierusalim!~ radgan verafers gaxdnen, giJad miiCnies da gauSves. qalaqis
quCebSi mosiarule isev am sityvebs ambobda. ase gagrZelda Svidi wlis
manZilze. roca qalaqis alya daiwyo, igi kedlebTan dadioda da xmamaRla
godebda, `vai, ierusalim, vai, taZaro!~. bolos daamata: `vai, me~ da
viRacisagan nasroli qviT suli ganuteva.
zogierTi romaeli mmarTveli angariSs uwevda dapyrobili xalxis
ganwyobilebas, rjulsa da adaTebs, magram bolo orma mmarTvelma, albinma
da hesios floram, iudevelebi TavianTi angarebismoyvareobiTa da agdebuli
damokidebulebiT sasowarkveTilebamde miiyvanes. flora, nacvlad imisa, rom
yaCaRuri jgufebis TareSi aelagma, maT mfarvelobda, radgan nadavlSi wili
edo. igi arc amiT dakmayofilda, bolos ierusalimis taZris saganZuri gaZarcva
da meomrebs samiaTasamde ebraeli acemina, rasac Sedegad amboxeba
mohyva, romelic mTel qveyanas moedo da romelsac saTaveSi upiratesad
zilotebis seqtidan gamosuli beladebi Caudgnen. zomierTa partias, romelsac
romaelebTan saboloo ganxeTqilebis Tavidan acileba surda, ukve aRaravin
usmenda. zilotebma mRvdelmTavari anania, vinc xalxs simSvidis
SenarCunebisa da morCilebisaken mouwodebda, mokles, mefis sasaxle
gadawves da ierusalimSi romaelTa mTavari simagrec Caigdes xelSi.
amboxeba 66 wels daiwyo. amboxebulebs saTaveSi zilotebis seqtis
damaarseblis, galileveli iudas mesame vaJi, managimi Caudga, romelmac
rjulis garegnuli dacviT xalxSi iseTi didi gavlena moipova, rom qalaqs lamis
mefis uflebebiT marTavda. aman gaaRiziana mokluli mRvdelmTavris ananias
vaJi eliazari, romelsac xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba Tavad surda. igi
moulodnelad daesxa Tavs managims, Seipyro da sikvdiliT dasaja. amis
Semdeg eliazarma alya Semoartya simagres, romelSic romaelTa garnizonis
naSTebi jer kidev imyofebodnen da isini im pirobiT, rom yvelas sicocxlesa da
Tavisuflebas aCuqebda, danebebaze daiTanxma. romaelebma dapireba
irwmunes da danebdnen, magram eliazarma sityva gatexa da yvelani
amoxoca. aRsaniSnavia, rom iudevelebma es veraguli saqcieli SabaTs
Caidines, romelic rjulis mixedviT uflis dRed miaCndaT. amis gamo zogs
romaelebis mxridan samagieros gadaxda aSinebda, zogsac uflis risxva rjulis
darRvevis gamo.
RvTis risxvam marTlac ar daagviana. male ierusalimamde saSinelma
cnobam moaRwia imis Taobaze, rom swored im dRes, roca amboxebulebma
veragulad amoxoces romaelebi, kesariis mcxovreblebma, hesios floras
mfarvelobis imediT, ocdaaTiaTasamde ebraeli mokles. mmarTvelma marTlac
kesarielebs dauWira mxari, xolo gadarCenili ebraelebi Soreul qalaqebSi
mZime samuSaoebze gaagzavna.
samagierod, iudevelebma ucxo erTa Svilebis xocva-Jleta mTel
qveyanaSi gaaCaRes. male siria, palestina da mcire azia sisxliT SeiReba.
SurisZiebas SurisZieba mohyva: skviTopolisSi 13 000-mde ebraeli amoxoces,
damaskoSi _ 10 000, aleqsandriaSi - 50 000-mde kaci amowyvites.
amboxebisaTvis bolos mosaRebad iudeasken Zlieri jariT siriis romaeli
mmarTveli kestios galosi daiZra. galileas ramdenime qalaqi man advilad aiRo
da ierusalimis axlos dabanakda. ierusalimSi am dros dResaswaulis gamo
gansakuTrebuli xalxmravloba iyo. miuxedavad dResaswaulis wminda dRisa,
iudevelebi romaelebs gaSmagebiT daesxnen Tavs da ukan daxevac aiZules,
magram ramdenime dRis Semdeg, kestiosi kidev ufro miuaxlovda ierusalims,
misi gareubani gadawva da ierusalimis aRebac SeeZloT, magram cru
cnobebiT Semcdarma kestiosma alya moxsna da ukan gatrialda.
gaTamamebuli ebraelebi romaelebs ukan daedevnen da ise moulodnelad
daesxnen Tavs, rom sikvdils TviT sardalic ki Zlivs gadaurCa.
kestiosis damarcxebam neroni saSinlad aRaSfoTa da iudeaSi jariT
vespasiane gaagzavna. galileas damorCilebis Semdeg, vespasianem
kesariaSi gamoizamTra; gazafxulze saomari operaciebi ganaaxla, ramdenime
qalaqi zedized aiRo da ierusalims miuaxlovda, magram qalaqis aReba ar
iCqara. ierusalimSi ebraelobas erTmaneTTan SuRlisa da brZolis gamo Zala
gamoclili hqonda. zilotebi xalxs umowyalod Zarcvavdnen. yvelaze mdidarsa
da cnobil moqalaqeebs im sababiT, rom TiTqos maT qalaqis romaelebisaTvis
gadacema hqondaT ganzraxuli, cixeebSi svamdnen da am gziT fuls
sZalavdnen, saSinel danaSaulsac daufaravad Cadiodnen. bolos da bolos
xalxs moTminebis fiala aevso da mRvdelmTavari ananias xelmZRvanelobiT
maT winaaRmdeg aRdga. yoveli mxridan Seviwrovebuli zilotebi taZarSi
Caiketnen. taZari rom sisxliT ar wabilwuliyo, ananiam xalxi SeaCera. igi
imedovnebda, rom alyaSi moqceuli zilotebi bolos da bolos danebdebodnen;
asec moxdeboda, isev Ralats rom ar hqonoda adgili.
damarcxebisaTvis ganwirulma zilotebma daxmarebisaTvis idumielTa
mezobeli tomi moixmes, romlebic erT dros iudevelTa mtrebi iyvnen, magram
qristes Sobamde cota xniT adre moses sjuli miiRes da romis imperias daupi-
rispirdnen, radgan mis batonobas ver urigdebodnen. zilotebis veragulma
xerxma gaWra, ierusalimis kedlebTan ociaTasi SeiaraRebuli idumieli mivida.
mRvdelmTavarma ananiam, romelic am dros qalaqs ganagebda, axali
mRelvarebis warmoSobis SiSiT isini qalaqSi ar SeuSva. idumielebi xelsayreli
Jamis molodinSi qalaqis kedlebTan ganlagdnen. im Rames ierusalims saSineli
qariSxali daatyda Tavs, romelsac miwisZvrac daerTo. zilotebma SeSfoTebuli
mosaxleobis dabneulobiTa da bneli RamiT isargebles da idumielebs karebi
gauRes. isini qalaqs moedvnen da mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi daundobel
xocva-Jletas eweodnen. diliT marto taZris maxloblad rvaaTasxuTasi gvami
daTvales, mRvdelmTavari anania Ralatis braldebiT sikvdiliT dasajes, sapyro-
bileebi patimrebiT aavses. ase rom, ramdenime dRis manZilze moklulTa
ricxvma ocdaaTiaTass miaRwia. marTalia, bolos da bolos idumielebma Seity-
ves, rom isini moatyues, amitom mokavSireebs waeCxubnen da ierusalimi
datoves, magram amiT mdgomareoba ar Semsubuqebula. gaTavxedebuli zi-
lotebi, romelTac yvelaze Zlieri mowinaaRmdege moiSores, kidev ufro
daundoblad uswordebodnen xalxs.
bolos SuRli TviT zilotTa Sorisac Camovarda da isini or nawilad gayo. erT
nawils, romelic taZars icavda, saTaveSi eleazari Caudga, meores _ yaCaRi
ioane girkali. roca qalaqSi es ori partia mZvinvarebda, gareubnebs ki mesa-
me, vinme simoni arbevda. igi ormoci aTasi kaciT ierusalimis kedlebTan iyo
dabanakebuli. ai, ra viTareba iyo Seqmnili ierusalimSi maSin, roca mas ves-
pasiane miadga. zilotebis aulagmavi TareSisagan Sewuxebuli bevri moqala-
qe, romaelebs, rogorc mxsnelebs, ise uyurebda. ramdenime maTganma
qalaqidan gaRweva da vespasianesTan misvlac ki moaxerxa im TxovniT, rom
maTi ubedurebisaTvis zRvari daedo. roca vespasiane qalaqisaTvis alyis
Semortymas apirebda, uecrad man imperator neronis sikvdilis cnoba miiRo
da amitom saomari moqmedeba SeaCera. neronis sikvdilidan weliwadnaxev-
ris Semdeg ki jarma imperatorad vespasiane gamoacxada. man laSqris ufro-
soba Tavisi vaJs _ tites gadaabara, xolo TviTon romSi dabrunda.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. vin iyvnen zilotebi da ra amoZravebda maT?
2. vin godebda mosalodneli ubedurebis Sesaxeb?
3. aRwereT omis wina mdgomareoba.
4. rogor moiqca eliazari da ra mohyva mis veragobas?
5. aRwereT saomari mdgomareoba ierusalimSi. ra moimoqmedes
zilotebma idumielebTan erTad da riT dasrulda maTi kavSiri?
gakveTili XIII
ierusalimis dacema
ierusalimis xedi 70 wlis gazafxulze, paseqis dawyebamde cota xniT adre,
qalaqs uzarmazari laSqriT tite miadga da eleonis mTaze dabanakda. ierusa-
lims daudga dReebi, romelic macxovarma uwinaswarmetyvela, roca mas
eleonis mTaze mdgari dahyurebda: `.... netavi gcodnoda am dRes, raSia Seni
mSvidoba, xolo axla dafarulia Sens TvalTagan; radgan mova dReebi SenTvis
da Semogavleben Seni mtrebi sangrebs Sen da garSemogertymebian Sen da
Segaviwroveben Sen. da gaganadgureben Sen da Sens Svilebs SenSi da ar
datoveben qvas qvaze SenSi, imitom rom ar gulisxmayavi Jami Seni
moxedvisa.~ (luk. 19, 42-44).
ebraelTa Soris SuRlis mospoba verc kars momdgarma realurma
safrTxem SeZlo. paseqis dResaswaulze eleazarma, romlis xelSi taZari iyo, igi
mlocvelebisaTvis gaxsna, riTac ioanem isargebla, masSi SeiaraRebuli meom-
rebi Seiyvana, eleazaris momxreni amowyvita da taZars da mis Semogarens
daeufla. amasobaSi qalaqis zemo nawili simonma daiWira. dapirispirebul
mxareTa Soris sisxlismRvreli omi gaimarTa. anadgurebdnen puris marags,
romelic alyis SemTxvevisTvis iyo momzadebuli, amsxvrevdnen sabrZolo iara-
Rebs, wvavdnen saxlebs, qalaqis didi nawili nangrevebad aqcies. or borcvze
gaSenebul ierusalims sammagi qvis kedeli icavda, romelSic 90 mtkiced na-
gebi koSki iyo Catanebuli. TviTon taZari qalaqis SuagulSi, maRal borcvze id-
ga, yovelmxriv mtkice kedlebiT daculi is galereiT mZlavr cixes uerTdeboda;
ase rom, gamagrebuli qalaqi TviTonac simagres warmoadgenda. misi simdid-
re da didebuleba adamianis yovelgvar warmosaxvas aRemateboda. wminda
taZari axla moklulTa sisxliT, mkrexelobiTa da mravali mZime danaSaulebiT
yoveldRe ibilweboda. da yovelive amas sCadiodnen iudevelebi sjulis moSur-
ne. borotebisagan gonebadabnelebulni veRar xvdebodnen, rom codvis mo-
revSi Caflulebs RvTis risxva uaxlovdebodaT, piriqiT, zecidan isini saswauleb-
riv Semweobas elodebodnen da imeds ar kargavdnen, rom RmerTi maT ara
mxolod romaelTa monobisagan ixsnida, aramed msoflio batonobasac miani-
Webda. amitomac uaryofdnen tites mier mravalgzis SeTavazebul winadade-
bas imis Taobaze, rom damorCilebis SemTxvevaSi qalaqic da taZaric xelSeu-
xebeli darCeboda da Tavadac Sewyalebulni iqnebodnen.
amasobaSi saalyo manqanebis gamoyenebiT titem jer pirveli, xolo
Semdeg meore kedelic aiRo da qalaqis axal nawils daepatrona. ifiqra ra, rom
iudevelebi axla mainc Seignebdnen TavianTi mdgomareobis uimedobas,
danebebis fasad erTxel kidev SesTavaza Sewyaleba, magram amaod. ama-
sobaSi qalaqs axali mteri gauCnda SimSilis saxiT. radgan alya paseqis wina
dReebSi daiwyo, amitom ierusalimSi dResaswaulze mosuli mravali iudeveli
CarCa, ramac mosaxleobis ricxvi erTi-orad gazarda. amasTan, SimSilobis Ca-
movardnaSi udidesi wvlili Seitanes erTmaneTze gadamterebulma partiebma,
romelnic erTmaneTs sursaT-sanovagis marags gulmodgined unadgurebdnen.
qalaqSi ukve TviT gvamebsac ki Wamdnen, ramac saSineli senis gavrceleba
gamoiwvia. zogierTi romaelebs uvardeboda xelT da jvarze asrulebda sicocx-
les. bolos axda, ebraelTa ubedurebis, Sesaxeb yvelaze saSineli winaswar-
metyveleba mosesi _ erTma axalgazrda mdidarma qalma Tavisi axalSobili
Cvili SeWama. iudevelebi gons verc am faqtma moiyvana da ver miaxvedra,
rom ieso qristes jvarcmisaTvis RvTis SurisZieba atydebodaT Tavs.
amasobaSi romaelebma aiRes mTavari cixe, romelic taZars galereiT
ukavSirdeboda. tites, romelic ukve mTel qalaqs flobda, taZris dangreva ar
undoda, amitom ebraelebs erTxel kidev SesTavaza danebebuliyvnen,
magram ioanesgan pasuxad miiRo, rom RmerTi misi taZris mtrebis xelSi
Cagdebas ar dauSvebda. samwuxarod, arc ioanesa da arc sxvebs goneba ar
eyoT, rom udidesi siwminde _ taZari mZime codvebiTa da urjuloebiT
uwinaresad TviTonve Seuracxyves.
xelCarTuli brZolebis Semdeg erTma romaelma meomarma taZris sarkmel-
Si anTebuli muguzali Seagdo da xanZaric gaCnda. amao gamodga TviT tites
mcdeloba taZris gadarCenisa. iudevelebis xangrZlivi da jiuti winaaRmdego-
biT gaRizianebuli meomrebi mas ukve aRar usmendnen, miT umetes, rom di-
di iyo taZris zRapruli simdidris datacebis cduneba.
70 wlis 10 agvistos, zustad im ricxvSi, roca nabuqodonosorma pirveli
taZari gadawva, meorec cecxls emsxverpla. romaelebma mTeli qalaqi cecxl-
sa da maxvils misces, xolo taZari saZirkvlamde daangries imis imediT, rom
iq Camarxul ganZs ipovnidnen. aRsrulda macxovaris sityvebi: taZridan qva
qvaze aRar darCa.
gadarCa mxolod sami koSki, romlebic titem romaelTa simamacisa da
mZime brZolaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis mowmeebad datova. qalaqis si-
magreTa daTvalierebisas mas uTqvams: TviTon RmerTi, iudevelTa borotebiT
ganrisxebuli, damexmara, Torem aseTi simagris aReba adamianuri ZalisTvis
SeuZlebeliao.
varaudoben, rom mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi - milion oTxasi aTasi
ebraeli daiRupa. daaxloebiT asi aTasi tyved Cavarda, romelTa didi nawili
romSi gaagzavnes gasarTobi TamaSebisTvis kolizeumis asagebad, bevric
monebad gayides.
ierusalimis aRebidan erTi wlis manZilze romaelebi mTel qveyanas
daepatronen, iudevelTa miwebi gayides da am mravalricxovani xalxis gadar-
Cenili naSTebi sxvadasxva mxaresa da qalaqSi gafantes. iudevelebi iZulebul-
ni iyvnen gadasaxadi, romelsac TavianTi taZrisaTvis ixdidnen, axla iupiteris
taZris _ kapitoliumisTvis gaeRoT. warmarTuli taZrisTvis gadasaxadis gadax-
da maTTvis gansakuTrebiT Seuracxmyofeli iyo. samwuxarod, vercerTi saxis
ubedurebam ver SeZlo ampartavnebiTa da pativmoyvareobiT dabrmavebul-
TaTvis sulieri Tvalis axela da maTi gons moyvana.
ierusalimis dacema qristes jvarcmidan daaxloebiT ormoci wlis Semdeg
moxda, amitom jer kidev cocxlebi iqnebodnen imaTTaganni, romelnic
qristes jvarze gakvras moiTxovdnen da yvirodnen: misi sisxli Cvensa da
Cvens Svilebze iyoso.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. aRwereT viTareba ierusalimSi tites laSqrobis win.
2. isaubreT qalaqis TavdacviTi sistemis unarianobaze.
3. rodis daeca ierusalimi? isaubreT omis Sedegebze.
gakveTili XIV
mociqulTa mowafeni.
pirveli saxe qristianuli RvTismsaxurebisa
ioane RvTismetyvelis gardacvalebiT damTavrda qristianobis pirveli sau-
kune, saukune mociqulTa; yvelam, vinc ganxorcielebuli sityva RvTisa _ ieso
qriste ixila da mousmina, ufalsa Sina ganisvena, magram mociqulebma
Zalaufleba, romelic macxovrisagan miiRes, memkvidreobiT TavianT
mowafeebs gadasces. amieridan maT unda eqadagaT saxareba,
SeesrulebiaT sxvadasxva saidumlo.
mociqulTa mravalricxovan mowafeTa Sorisaa wminda klimentic
(Clemens Romanus), xati romlis cxovrebac SedarebiT vrcladaa Semonaxuli. igi
romSi, mdidarsa da cnobil ojaxSi daibada, romelic imperators enaTesavebo-
da. klimenti jer kidev patara iyo, roca dedamisi or ufros vaJTan _ tyupebTan
erTad Soreul mogzaurobaSi wavida. zRvaze moulodnelad amovardnilma
qariSxalma maTi xomaldi daamsxvria. marTalia, mgzavrebi RvTis nebiT
gadarCnen, magram erTmaneTs daSordnen da daifantnen. ase rom, arc de-
dam da arc misma vaJebma erTmaneTze araferi icodnen. deda erTma keTil-
ma qalma Seifara, xolo Svilebi yaCaRebs CauvardaT xelSi. biWebi kesariaSi
viRac qals, iustas monebad mihyides. monobis simware Zmebs qalbatonis
dedobrivma siyvarulma Seumsubuqa, magram win kidev ufro didi wyaloba
elodebodaT. kesariaSi maT petre mociquls mousmines, daemowafnen da
moinaTlnen. amasobaSi mamam dakarguli col-Svilis moZebna gadawyvita,
patara klimenti romSi datova da TviTon gzas gaudga. man mxolod is Seityo,
rom xomaldi, romelzec misi meuRle da Svilebi imyofebodnen, daiRupa.
mwuxarebisagan sasowarkveTilma romSi dabruneba aRar moisurva, qalaqi-
dan qalaqSi, soflidan sofelSi gadadioda.
romSi darCenil klimentis warmarTi maswavleblebi zrdidnen. erTxel igi
erT qristians Sexvda, romelic axali samyaros, cxovrebis miznis aRmoCenaSi
daexmara. klimentim gadawyvita uSualod mociqulTaTvis moesmina da im
qveyanaSi wavida, sadac isini qadagebdnen. man marTlac mousmina barna-
basa da petres, WeSmariti moZRvrebis naTels gulis kari gauRo da moinaTla.
amasobaSi moulodnelad igi Tavis Zmebsa da dedas Sexvda, xolo bolos
mamasac, romelic Tavsdatexil ubedurebas naadrevad moetexa. ase rom,
mTeli ojaxi isev erTad Seikriba, romSi dabrunda da qristianobis gasavrceleb-
lad iRvwoda. TviTon klimenti romSi mociqulebs _ pavlesa da petres SeuerT-
da. fiqroben, rom aRsasrulis win petre mociqulma klimentis episkoposad
daasxa xeli da igi 98 wlidan gaxda romis episkoposi. mtkice rwmenisa da
saTnoebiT aRsavse cxovrebis gamo, igi didi pativiscemiTa da siyvaruliT
sargeblobda. roca korinTos eklesiaSi SuRli da ganxeTqileba Camovarda,
iqaurma qristianebma dasaxmareblad klimentis mimarTes, romelmac maT
ori epistole miswera. Zvel qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli mowonebiT
pirveli epistole sargeblobda, romelsac RvTismsaxurebisas kiTxulobdnen.
masSi imdroindeli eklesiis mdgomareobisa da adaT-wesebis Sesaxeb mraval
saintereso cnobas vxvdebiT.
pirveli saukunis bolos, warmarTebma klimenti imperator traianesTan
daasmines, romelmac igi tavrisis xersonesSi (axlandeli yirimi) gadaasaxla,
sadac patimrebs qvis samtexloebSi amuSavebdnen. klimentis qadagebis
Sedegad mravali moinaTla, ris gamoc am mxaris warmarTma mmarTvelma
sikvdili miusaja. mas yelze Ruza moabes da zRvaSi CaZires. mravali saukunis
Semdeg wmindanis nawilebi slavTa ganmanaTleblebma, kirilem da meTo-
dem amoiRes. ase rom, wminda klimenti romaeli wminda andria pirvelwode-
bulis Semdeg pirveli iyo, vinc slavebs uqadaga. misi mowameobrivi aRsasruli
100 wels unda momxdariyo. romSi dResac dgas Zveli eklesia, romelic
klimentis sasaxlis nangrevebzea aSenebuli.
pirvel eklesias, romelSic macxovris mociqulebi da maTi mowafeni
moRvaweobdnen, ukve Tavisi adaT-wesebi hqonda, romelTa Sesaxebac cno-
bebs wminda werili, kerZod, `saqme mociqulTa~ da epistoleni gvawvdian,
romlebic uaRresad mniSvnelovani wyaroa Zveli eklesiis ierarqiisa da
RvTismsaxurebis Sesaswavlad.
axladmoqceuls naTlobis win qristes moZRvrebas ganumartavdnen, ra-
sac `ganmzadeba~ ewodeboda. amas mohyveboda rwmenis aRiareba,
romlis gamosaxatavad Tavdapirvelad dadgenili teqsti ar arsebobda. morw-
mune Tavis rwmenas gulidan nakarnaxevi sityvebiT gamoxatavda. magali-
Tad, erTma eTiopelma didebulma, romelic mociqulma filipem moaqcia, Tavisi
rwmena ase aRiara: `mrwams, rom ieso qriste RvTis Zea~. naTloba wminda
samebis saxeliT Cveulebrivad wyalSi samgzis STaflviT aResruleboda, rac
Zveli kacis dasaflavebas, misi codvebis mokvdinebasa da axali cxovrebisaT-
vis dabadebas ganasaxierebda. `saqmeSi~ xSirad ixsenieba mTeli ojaxebis
monaTvla, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Tavdapirvelad Cvilebsac naTlavdnen.
axladmonaTlulni codvebisagan ganbanvisa da sulieri siwmindis niSnad TeTri,
spetaki samoseliT imosebodnen. zogierT eklesiaSi arsebobda adaTi, romlis
mixedviTac maT, rogorc axali cxovrebisaTvis dabadebul Cvilebs, Taflsa da
rZes asmevdnen. naTlobis Semdeg mociqulebi monaTlulebs xeldasxmiT
suliwmidis madls aniWebdnen. SemdegSi mociqulTa memkvidreebma amisT-
vis mironcxebac gamoiyenes. amitom pirveli saukunidan am saidumlos miro-
nis saidumlo ewodeboda, xolo Cven mironcxebas vuwodebT.
qristes sisxlTan da xorcTan ziareba anu evqaristia mociqulTa droidanve
RvTismsaxurebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili iyo. mas agreT-
ve puris gantexvac ewodeboda da Tavdapirvelad saxlebSi aResruleboda,
radgan pirvel saukuneSi qristianebs TavianTi taZrebi jer kidev ar hqondaT.
puris gantexva anu evqaristia, ra Tqma unda, im saxiT aResruleboda, rogorc
es ufalma Seasrula. es ramdenime sityva liturgiis mTel arss gamoxatavs.
maT mociqulebma miumates mxolod vedreba pursa da Rvinoze suliwmidis
gardamosvlisaTvis. RvTismsaxureba Sedgeboda agreTve wmida wignebis
kiTxvisagan, fsalmunebisa da sxva sagaloblebis galobisa da locvebisagan,
romelSic gamoiTxoveboda kurTxeva RvTisa saidumlos aRsasruleblad Semo-
wirul pursa da Rvinoze. mas Semdeg, rac ZRveni suliwmidis gardamosvliT
ikurTxeboda, im morwmuneebs urigdeboda, romlebic RvTismsaxurebas
eswrebodnen. diakvnebs is mxolod masTan mihqondaT, visac avadmyofobis
gamo liturgiaze daswreba ar SeeZloT.
rogorc gadmocema gvamcnobs, iakobisa da markozis liturgiis wesebi
mociqulTa droidanve arsebobda. amaze metyvelebs pavle mociqulis epistole,
romelSic igi korinTelebs liturgiis wesis mixedviT aRsrulebisaken mouwodebs.
savaraudoa, rom `mamao CvenosTan...~ erTad `ufalo, Semiwyalec~ moci-
qulebis droidanve igalobeboda. Tavidanve unda yofiliyo liturgiaSi Setanili ag-
reTve angelozTa galobani: wmida ars, wmida ars, wmida ars ufali RmerTi
sabaoT, savse arian cani da qveyanani didebiTa misiTa; dideba maRalTa Sina
RmerTsa, qveyanasa zeda mSvidoba da kacTa Soris saTnoeba; aseve qeru-
bimTa galoba _ aliluia da dideba mamasa da Zesa da wmidasa sulsa. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom meore saukunis dasawyisidan werilobiTi Zeglebi ukve am
sityvebiT mTavrdeba.
Zalian adre unda SeetanaT RvTismsaxurebaSi agreTve galobani
RvTismSoblisa _ `adidebs suli Cemi ufalsa~ da svimeon mimrqmelisa _ `aw
ganuteve mona Seni, meufeo, mSvidobiT.~
garda dadgenili saaTebisa qristianebi Ramis locvazec ikribebodnen. rac
Seexeba evqaristiis saidumlos, devnis periodSi igi an RamiT, an ciskrisas
aResruleboda. xSirad Sekrebis adgilebi miwisqveSa akldamebi da mRvimeebi
iyo. RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiyeneboda sanTlebi da CiraRdnebi, magram, ra
Tqma unda, ara mxolod sibnelis gasafantad. maTi naTeba sulier zeimsa da
sixaruls, simbolurad im naTels gamoxatavda, romelic gankacebulma ufalma
samyaroSi moitana.
ziarebis miReba sinanulis saidumlos gareSe ar SeiZleboda. pavle mociquli
ziarebis win sindisis Semowmebisaken mogviwodebs. mZime codvis Cam-
denT ramdenime xniT ziarebis miReba ekrZalebodaT. xeldasxmas locvis
Semdeg mociqulebi asrulebdnen xelis dadebiT. es gansakuTrebuli saidumlo
iyo, radgan rCeulebs isini am dros im Zalauflebas gadascemdnen, romelic
TviTon uflisagan miiRes, roca macxovarma uTxra: ` da uTxra maT iesom kvlav:
mSvidoba Tqvenda; rogorc momavlina me mamam, mec ggzavniT Tqven. da es
Tqva da Sehbera maT da uTxra: miiReT suliwmida; visac miutevebT codvebs,
mietevebaT maT da, visac SekravT, Sekrulebi iqnebian.~ (in. 20, 21-23). mociqu-
lebi, Tumca maT uflisagan sruli Zalaufleba hqondaT miniWebuli, moZRvrebis
gamorCevisas siamovnebiT eTaTbirebodnen morwmuneebs; ase rom, pirveli
saukunidanve eklesias krebebi marTavda. mniSvnelovani saqmis gadawyve-
tisas yvela Zmas ixmobdnen da swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad Semweo-
bas uflisagan iTxovdnen. ase Seikribnen mociqulebi iuda iskariotelis nacvlad
meTormete mociqulis arCevisas, diakonebis daniSvnisas, kanonebis dadgeni-
sas.
samRvdeloebaSi Tavidanve sami xarisxi arsebobda: episkoposi,
mRvdeli da diakvani. episkoposebs mociqulebi adgendnen, romelTac Tavis
mxriv ufleba hqondaT xelni daesxaT mRvdlebisa da diakvnebisaTvis. diakv-
nebi qadagebdnen RvTis sityvas, zrunavdnen Raribebsa da sneulebze,
monawileobdnen mRvdelmsaxurebaSi, magram ar hqondaT ufleba saidumlos
damoukideblad Sesrulebisa.
episkoposis movaleoba rTuli da mniSvnelovani iyo; garda mRvdelmsa-
xurebisa da saidumloTa aRsrulebisa, mas unda ganesaja yvela is saqme,
romelic qristianTa Soris aRiZvreboda. episkoposi yovelives saxarebis suliTa
da sindisiT gansjida. pavle mociquli korinTelebs sayvedurobs imis gamo, rom
maT warmarTebis samsjavros mimarTes.
qristianebs qorwinebisaTvis aucileblad episkoposisgan unda mieRoT
kurTxeva. rac Seexeba zeTiscxebis saidumlos, igi saxarebaSi ixsenieba. mo-
ciqulebi, romelTac ufali saqadageblad agzavnida, sneulebs zeTs scxebdnen
da isinic ikurnebodnen. `...da scxebdnen zeTs mraval sneuls da
kurnavdnen.~ (mark. 6,13).
rogorc vxedavT, rogorc yvela saidumlo, romelsac marTlmadidebeli ek-
lesia dRes asrulebs, ise misi RvTismsaxurebis wesebi saTaves mociqulTa
droidan iRebs. ra Tqma unda, es imas ar niSnavs, rom imdroindeli RvTismsa-
xureba sruliad ucvleli darCa. ucvleli darCa mxolod arsi, RvTismsaxureba, erTi
mxriv, Semoklda, magram, meore mxriv, axali locvebiTa da galobebiT gam-
didrda.
pirvel qristianebs hqondaT adaTi, romlis mixedviTac kviris pirvel dRes
(e.i. kviras), eklesiis xarjebisa da gaWirvebulTa dasaxmareblad visac ramde-
ni SeeZlo, imdens debda. Semowirulobani episkoposebs an xucesebs barde-
boda; morwmuneebs mohqondaT aseve RvTismsaxurebisTvis saWiro puri,
Rvino, zeTi, Tafli da rZe (naTlobis dros gamoiyeneboda). RvTismsaxurebis
Semdeg saerTo trapezs miusxdebodnen, ramac gagrZeleba pova micvale-
bulTa moxseniebisas, roca wlisTavze maT saflavebze Seikribebodnen xolme.
`saqmeSi~ cnobebs marxvis Sesaxebac vxvdebiT. mociqulebi saqada-
geblad wasvlis win yovelTvis marxulobdnen. aRdgomis wina ormocdRiani
marxva da oTxSabaTisa da paraskevis marxvebi mociqulTa droidan da-
wesda. Zveli aRTqmis eklesiis mTavar dResaswaulebs ukve axali, ufro maRali
Sinaarsi hqonda SeZenili. magaliTad paseqi, romelic adre mxolod egviptis
monobidan gaTavisuflebas niSnavda, qristianisaTvis upirvelesad codvisa da
sikvdilis tyveobidan qristes sisxliTa da sikvdiliT Tavis daxsnas gulisxmobda.
meergase dRes sinas mTaze Sjulis miRebas, axla rogorc morwmuneebze
suliwmidis gadmosvlas, ise dResaswaulobdnen. macxovris aRdgomis dRem _
kviram ebraelTa SabaTi Secvala. pirveli mwerlebi qristianTa mier jvris
gamosaxvazec gvawvdian cnobebs. isini, rogorc wesi, yoveli saqmis dawye-
bis win da damTavrebis Semdeg jvars gamosaxavdnen. Zveli avtorebi aseve
ixsenieben eklesiis msaxur qalebs, romelTac diakonisebi ewodebodaT.
Tavdapirvelad maT im qvrivebidan irCevdnen, romlebic aranakleb samoci
wlisani iyvnen da patiosnebiT gamoirCeodnen. SemdegSi es saqme im
qalwulebsac miendo, romelnic qorwinebaze uars ambobdnen. diakonisebis
movaleobas avadmyofebze zrunva, axladmoqceul qalTa darigeba da naTlobi-
sas msaxureba Seadgenda.
kiTxvebi da davaleba:
1. vin iyvnen mociqulTa memkvidreebi?
2. ra SeemTxva wminda klimenti romaels? gadmoeciT misi ojaxis
istoria.
3. gadmoeciT RvTismsaxurebisa da sxva saidumloTa wesebi.