CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRIENT(s)
Presented ByBhupeshkumar M.V. Nanhe
Deptt. Of Criminology & Forensic Science,Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, (M.P.)
What is Fingerprints The reproduction of patterns of friction
ridges on the distal phalanges of fingers and thumbs are called FINGERPRINTs.
The scientific study of fingerprint is called as Dactyloscopy.
Types of fingerprints•Latent Fingerprints / Invisible
Fingerprint.
•Patent Fingerprint/Visible Fingerprint.
•Plastic Fingerprint
Patterns of FingerprintsArch
a) Plain arch b) Tented arch
Loop
a) Radial loop b) Ulnar loop
Whorl a)Spiral whorl
b)Concentric whorlComposite a)Central pocket loop
b)Lateral pocket loop
c)Twin loop
d)Accidental
Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. This classification was given by Sir
Edward Richard Henry. This classification also known as 10 Digit classification.
This classification is used for maintaining the record of each and every criminal .
To arrive at the Primary classification, first step will be dividing the patterns into numerical and non-numerical patterns.
Numerical Patterns :- Whorls & CompositesNon-numerical Pattern :- Arches & Loops
(If the pattern identified comes under the numerical pattern group then the value assigned will be taken into account otherwise taken as ‘0’ )
Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs.
Assign number to each fingers. Number starts from right thumb to left little finger.
Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs.
RT 1 RI 2 RM 3 RR 4 RL 5LT 6 LI 7 LM 8 LR 9 LL
10
Pairing of two fingers and assign the numerical values to the patterns.
Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs.
RT
16
RI
16
RM
8RR
8RL
4LT
4LI
2LM
2LR
1LL
1
Formula for Primary classification :-
P.C. = sum of even no. of finger(s) +1 sum of odd no. of finger(s) +1
P.C. = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +1 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 1
Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs.
Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. For example :- we have the following
pattern(s) & their assigned numerical value(s).
1W (16)
2 L (0)
3A (0)
4L (0)
5W (4)
6W (4)
7L (0)
8A (0)
9L (0)
10L (0)
Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. P.C. = Numerator 2 (0) + 4 (0) + 6 (4) + 8 (0) + 10 (0) +1
Denominator 1(16) + 3 (0) + 5 (4) + 7 (0) + 9 (0) +1
= 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 1 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 +1
= 5 21
Maximum value :- 32/32 Minimum value :- 1/1
SECONDARY CLASSIFICATIONGiven By- Hem Chandra Bose
Azizul Hague Sir Edward Henry
It subdivides large group of classification of fingerprints
In this, the patterns which appears on index finger of both right and left hand
are considered
It consists of capital letter symbols for patterns of two index fingers
The right index finger symbol should be taken at numerator & the left one at denominator
The nine basic patterns on index fingers can be-
Arch- a)Plain Arch(A) b) Tented Arch(T)
Loop- a) Ulnar Loop(U) b) Radial Loop(R)
Whorl(W)
Composite- a)Central pocket loop b) Lateral pocket loop(S) c) Twin Loop(S) d) Accidental(X)
Formula:- Secondary Classification=Right Index
Left Index
Example:-Consider, the pattern found on right index finger is whorl and on left index finger is ulnar loop. So, secondary classification for above example is,
S.C= RI LI
= W U
SUB – SECONDARYCLASSIFICATION It subdivides large group of fingerprint having primary and
secondary classification.
This classification is applicable for whorl and loop patterns.
It is represented by symbols I(Inner type), M(Meeting type), O(Outer type) which are given to the Index, Middle and Ring finger of right hand in numerator and same for left hand finger by ridge tracing in loop .
The symbols I, M & O are derived from the ridge tracing of whorl appearing on Index, Middle and Ring finger.
In case of loop pattern, Index, Middle and Ring finger are denoted by I, M and R.
For index finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 5, then I type 6 to 12, then M type 13 and above , then O type
For middle finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 6,then I type 7 to 13, then M type 14 and above , then O type
For ring finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 7, then I type 8 to 14, then M type 15 and above, then O type
SUB – SECONDARYCLASSIFICATION
Formula:-
Sub-secondary classification = I M R (right hand) I M R (left hand)
Example:- Consider, for right hand ridge count for index finger, middle finger and ring finger have ridge count 4, 9, 14 and for left hand ridge count for index, middle and ring finger have ridge count 8, 18, 3 then, SS.C = <I> <M> <R> <I> <M> <R> = I M M M O I
M O I
THE BATTLEY SINGLE DIGIT CLASSIFICATION
FEATURES:
Most practical and accurate method of handling single fingerprint.
Uses a special magnifying glass with a recticles.
Chance prints found at crime scene can be classified easily.
• Battley classification requires use of magnifying lens
1. Reticule with a dot at its centre2. Concentric circles around the dots with
radii of 3,5,7,9,11,13 and 15 mms.3. Letters starting from A and reading
outwards mark the area of each circle.
Procedure: Prints of one finger are filed on 3”X5” sized
card. Firstly, patterns are divided according to general
pattern types. Then they are subdivided according to Battley
classification. The magnifying glass is placed on the core of the
pattern and the area on which delta falls is noted.
Limitations:
This classification cannot be done for Arch pattern.
Question(s)????
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