Fingerprint Classification

CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRIENT(s)

Presented ByBhupeshkumar M.V. Nanhe

Deptt. Of Criminology & Forensic Science,Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, (M.P.)

What is Fingerprints The reproduction of patterns of friction

ridges on the distal phalanges of fingers and thumbs are called FINGERPRINTs.

The scientific study of fingerprint is called as Dactyloscopy.

Types of fingerprints•Latent Fingerprints / Invisible

Fingerprint.

•Patent Fingerprint/Visible Fingerprint.

•Plastic Fingerprint

Patterns of FingerprintsArch

a) Plain arch b) Tented arch

Loop

a) Radial loop b) Ulnar loop

Whorl a)Spiral whorl

b)Concentric whorlComposite a)Central pocket loop

b)Lateral pocket loop

c)Twin loop

d)Accidental

Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. This classification was given by Sir

Edward Richard Henry. This classification also known as 10 Digit classification.

This classification is used for maintaining the record of each and every criminal .

To arrive at the Primary classification, first step will be dividing the patterns into numerical and non-numerical patterns.

Numerical Patterns :- Whorls & CompositesNon-numerical Pattern :- Arches & Loops

(If the pattern identified comes under the numerical pattern group then the value assigned will be taken into account otherwise taken as ‘0’ )

Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs.

Assign number to each fingers. Number starts from right thumb to left little finger.


RT 1 RI 2 RM 3 RR 4 RL 5LT 6 LI 7 LM 8 LR 9 LL

10

Pairing of two fingers and assign the numerical values to the patterns.


RT

16

RI

16

RM

8RR

8RL

4LT

4LI

2LM

2LR

1LL

1

Formula for Primary classification :-

P.C. = sum of even no. of finger(s) +1 sum of odd no. of finger(s) +1

P.C. = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +1 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 1


Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. For example :- we have the following

pattern(s) & their assigned numerical value(s).

1W (16)

2 L (0)

3A (0)

4L (0)

5W (4)

6W (4)

7L (0)

8A (0)

9L (0)

10L (0)

Primary Classification of FINGERPRINTs. P.C. = Numerator 2 (0) + 4 (0) + 6 (4) + 8 (0) + 10 (0) +1

Denominator 1(16) + 3 (0) + 5 (4) + 7 (0) + 9 (0) +1

= 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 1 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 +1

= 5 21

Maximum value :- 32/32 Minimum value :- 1/1

SECONDARY CLASSIFICATIONGiven By- Hem Chandra Bose

Azizul Hague Sir Edward Henry

It subdivides large group of classification of fingerprints

In this, the patterns which appears on index finger of both right and left hand

are considered

It consists of capital letter symbols for patterns of two index fingers

The right index finger symbol should be taken at numerator & the left one at denominator

The nine basic patterns on index fingers can be-

Arch- a)Plain Arch(A) b) Tented Arch(T)

Loop- a) Ulnar Loop(U) b) Radial Loop(R)

Whorl(W)

Composite- a)Central pocket loop b) Lateral pocket loop(S) c) Twin Loop(S) d) Accidental(X)

Formula:- Secondary Classification=Right Index

Left Index

Example:-Consider, the pattern found on right index finger is whorl and on left index finger is ulnar loop. So, secondary classification for above example is,

S.C= RI LI

= W U

SUB – SECONDARYCLASSIFICATION It subdivides large group of fingerprint having primary and

secondary classification.

This classification is applicable for whorl and loop patterns.

It is represented by symbols I(Inner type), M(Meeting type), O(Outer type) which are given to the Index, Middle and Ring finger of right hand in numerator and same for left hand finger by ridge tracing in loop .

The symbols I, M & O are derived from the ridge tracing of whorl appearing on Index, Middle and Ring finger.

In case of loop pattern, Index, Middle and Ring finger are denoted by I, M and R.

For index finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 5, then I type 6 to 12, then M type 13 and above , then O type

For middle finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 6,then I type 7 to 13, then M type 14 and above , then O type

For ring finger- If the ridge count is :- 1 to 7, then I type 8 to 14, then M type 15 and above, then O type

SUB – SECONDARYCLASSIFICATION

Formula:-

Sub-secondary classification = I M R (right hand) I M R (left hand)

Example:- Consider, for right hand ridge count for index finger, middle finger and ring finger have ridge count 4, 9, 14 and for left hand ridge count for index, middle and ring finger have ridge count 8, 18, 3 then, SS.C = <I> <M> <R> <I> <M> <R> = I M M M O I

M O I

THE BATTLEY SINGLE DIGIT CLASSIFICATION

FEATURES:

Most practical and accurate method of handling single fingerprint.

Uses a special magnifying glass with a recticles.

Chance prints found at crime scene can be classified easily.

• Battley classification requires use of magnifying lens

1. Reticule with a dot at its centre2. Concentric circles around the dots with

radii of 3,5,7,9,11,13 and 15 mms.3. Letters starting from A and reading

outwards mark the area of each circle.

Procedure: Prints of one finger are filed on 3”X5” sized

card. Firstly, patterns are divided according to general

pattern types. Then they are subdivided according to Battley

classification. The magnifying glass is placed on the core of the

pattern and the area on which delta falls is noted.

Limitations:

This classification cannot be done for Arch pattern.

Question(s)????

Thank You !!!