Fire Resistance of Materials & Structures Modelling of Fire Scenario
Date of Submission
2016
Submitted by
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi
836 154
Submitted to
Prof. P. G. Gambarova
Prof. R. Felicetti
Dr. P. Bamonte
Structural Assessment & Residual Bearing
Capacity, Fire & Blast Safety
Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation
Politecnico di Milano
[ 2 n d H o m e w o r k - M o d e l l i n g o f f i r e s c e n a r i o ]
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Politecnico di Milano β Lecco Campus
Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation
Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Fire Resistance of Materials and Structures
Prof. R. Felicetti, Prof. P.G. Gambarova and Dr. P. Bamonte
2nd Homework - Modelling of the fire scenario
The figure below shows the plan of a library room, whose structural elements are to be checked (in terms of
bearing capacity, R criterion) in fire conditions. The dimensions of the room and windows are given in
centimeters; the height of the room is 3.50 m.
The active protection measures of the room are as follows:
Β· NO automatic fire suppression;
Β· NO independent water supplies;
Β· Automatic detection and alarm systems, by smoke;
Β· NO automatic transmission to Fire Brigade;
Β· NO on site Fire Brigade.
Β· The library is provided with safe access routes and fire-fighting devices.
The thermal characteristics of the walls, floor and ceiling (thick layers) are as follows:
Β· Mass per unit volume: Ο = 1100 Β· (1 + F/50) [kg/m3]
Β· Specific heat: c = 950 [J/ (kg K)]
Β· Thermal conductivity: Ξ» = 0.5 Β· (1 - L/50) [W/ (m K)]
Evaluate the possible fire scenario, in terms of temperature-time curve, following:
a) The parametric approach given in the standard EN 1991-1-2 (with two alternative cooling stages);
b) The two/one-zone numerical model implemented in the Ozone 2.2.5 software according to the two
following hypotheses for the vents opening (according to the Luxenbourg Authorities):
- Scenario 1: windows are constantly 90% open from the beginning of the fire
- Scenario 2: double glazing failure: 50% opening beyond 200Β°C and 90% opening beyond 400Β°C F = number corresponding to the 3rd letter of the first name
L = number corresponding to the 3rd letter of the last name
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Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation
Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Thermal characteristics of walls, floor and ceiling:
F= 25 (Y), L= 21 (U)
Mass per unit volume :
π = 1100 (1 +25
50) = 1650 [
πππ3β ]
Specific Heat: c= 950 [J/(kgK)]
Thermal Conductivity:
π = 0.5 (1 β21
50) = 0.29 [π
π πΎβ ]
Opening Area: π΄π£ = π΅ Γ π»π£ (π2) (π»π£=Opening Height)
Segment Data
Floor Area π¨π 8 Γ 12 = 96 π2
Total area of the enclosure π¨π 2 Γ (8 Γ 3.5 + 12 Γ 3.5 + 8 Γ 12) + 9 = 341 π2
Average Height of openings π―π½ 1.5 π
Area of vertical openings π¨π 3 Γ 2 Γ 1.5 = 9 π2
1. The Parametric Approach (given in standard EN1991-1-2)
Fire load density is the maximum energy released per π2.
ππ,π =πππ,π
π΄π (MJ/π2) is refered to the area of the floor π΄π.
ππ‘ =ππ,ππ΄π
π΄π‘(MJ/π2) is refered to the total area π΄π‘ of the enclosure (Walls, Openings & Ceiling included)
In case of the type of occupancy is known, ππ,π is provided by the tables in books & recommendations.
For library, value of characteristic fire load density (80% fractile) has been chosen from table in Fig.1:
ππ,π = 1824 ππ½
π2β
Under the assumption: πΏπ2 = 1
(Unit value of the danger of fire activation factor)
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Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Figure 1 β Type of occupancy
According to the Annex E (informative) EN 1991-Part 1-2, design fire load density is:
ππ,π = ππ,π . π . πΏπ1. πΏπ2. πΏπ (ππ½
π2β )
Where:
m = Combustion factor, function of a type of fire load. For Cellulosic fire β 0.8.
Danger of fire activation factors:
πΏπ1 = Considering the compartment size.
πΏπ2 = Considering the type of occupancy.
Figure 2 β Compartment floor area (At)
For π΄π = 96 π2 β {πΏπ1 = 1.33
πΏπ2 = 1.0
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Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
πΏπ= Factors which consider the effect of the active fire fighting measures.
πΏπ = β πΏππ
10
π=1
Figure 3 β Active fire fighting measures
The active fire fighting measures of the room with respect to the Fig.3, are as follows:
NO Automatic fire suppression πΏπ1 = 1.0
NO Independent water supplies πΏπ2 = 1.0
Automatic detection & Alarm System, by Smoke {πΏπ3 = 1.0 πΏπ4 = 0.73
No Automatic transmission to fire bridge πΏπ5 =1.0
No on site fire bridge πΏπ7 = 0.78
Library provided with safe access route πΏπ8 = 1.0
Library provided with fire fighting devices πΏπ9 = 1.0
No smoke exhaust system πΏπ10 = 1.5
πΏπ = β πΏππ
10
π=1
= 0.73 Γ 0.78 Γ 1.5 = 0.8541
Design fire load density:
ππ,π = 1824 Γ 0.8 Γ 1.33 Γ 1 Γ 0.8541 = 1657.58 (ππ½π2β )
Design fire load related to total area of enclosure: (Must be in the range 50 β€ ππ‘,π β€ 1000 ππ½π2β )
ππ‘,π =ππ,ππ΄π
π΄π‘=
1657.58 Γ 96
341= 466.65 (
ππ½π2β )
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Politecnico di Milano β Lecco Campus
Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation
Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Part a - Parametric fires according to Eurocode 1:
The Time-Temperature is a function of fire load, Ventilation and wall lining
The limitation of fire load is for compartments of floor area (π΄π) < 500 π2
The limitation of height of the compartment < 4 m
The limitation of the wall lining, only vertical vent (no ceiling windows)
They have been worked out by interpolating the burning phase of the Swedish curves.
Temperature-time dependency for parametric fire is:
π(β) = 20 + 1325(1 β 0.324πβ0.2π‘ββ 0.204πβ1.7π‘β
β 0.472πβ19π‘β)
Where:
π‘β = Fictitious time, π‘β = Ξ. t and t is the time in hours.
The sequence of step is:
1- Evaluate the wall factor (b) β (Square root of thermal inertia)
π = βπππ (100 < b < 2200)
ππππ = 1160 (Reference value of thermal inertia)
b Factor - Thermal Inerta
Section Area (m^2) Ο [kgβm^3 ] c [J/KgΒ°C ] Ξ» [W/m Β°C ] bi bi.Ai
Walls 140 1650 950 0.29 674 94391
Floor 96 1650 950 0.29 674 64725
Ceiling 96 1650 950 0.29 674 64725
Total 332 674.223 223842
(Opening Excluded) ππ1
2β
π2Β°C
Figure 4 β Wall factor (b)
2- Evaluate Openin factor (O)
π = πΉπ£ =π΄π£βπ»π£
π΄π‘=
9Γβ1.5
341= 0.0323 (0.02 < O < 0.20)
O = Opnenig (Ventilation) factor EN1991-2002 (πΉπ£ in Buchananβs Book)
ππππ = 0.4 (Reference value of the ventilation factor)
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Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
3- Evaluate the factor (πͺ)
Ξ = (
πππππ
πππππ
)
2
= (
0.03230.04
674.2231160
)
2
= 1.93
Ξ = Distortion of the time scale that takes into account of the fact that fire is expected to be faster or
slower than in normal conditions.
So, Ξ = 1.93 > 1.0 (high ventilation, low thermal inertia) will yield a faster heating phase compared to
the ISO curve (and vise versa).
4- Determine the shortest possible duration of the heating phase (ππππ) in hours:
According to the Fig.6 that is given from the minimum time for propagation (π‘πππ) in excel sheet and
code:
Minimum Time for Propagation (π‘πππ)
Slow 25
Medium 20
Fast 15
Figure 5 β Minimum time for propagation (ππππ)
So, In our case for the library (Fast fire growth rate) is ππππ = ππ πππ
Figure 6 β Fire growth rate cases
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Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
5- Evaluate the duration of the ventilation-contorlled heating phase (ππππ) in hours
Time needed in case of reaching the maximum temperature that is the maximum between the ventilation
controlled time to burn the fire load (Kawagoe formula) and the fuel controlled minimum time, π‘πππ.
π‘πππ₯ =2 Γ 10β3 Γ ππ‘,π
π=
2 Γ 10β3 Γ 467
0.0323= 2.89 βππ
6- a) If π‘πππ₯ > π‘πππ then the fire is ventilation controlled, as in this cases.
Determination the fictitious time to reach the maximum temperature, π‘πππ₯β ,via the relevant time scale
factor Ξ for ventilation controlled fire:
π‘πππ₯β =
0.0002Γππ‘,π
π. Ξ =
0.0002Γ467
0.0323Γ 1.93 = 5.581 hrs
ππππ₯ = 20 + 1325(1 β 0.324πβ0.2π‘πππ₯β
β 0.204πβ1.7π‘πππ₯β
β 0.472πβ19π‘πππ₯β
) = 1204 β
Temperature during the heating phase, untill π‘ = π‘πππ₯ is given by:
ππ = 20 + 1325(1 β 0.324πβ0.2π‘ββ 0.204πβ1.7π‘β
β 0.472πβ19π‘β)
π‘β = Ξ Γ π‘
Temperaute during the cooling phase during the cooling down phase is given by: (EC1 & ISO)
ππ = ππππ₯ β 625. (π‘ β π‘πππ₯). Ξ πππ π‘πππ₯β β€ 0.5
ππ = ππππ₯ β 250. (3 β π‘πππ₯β ). (π‘ β π‘πππ₯). Ξ πππ 0.5 < π‘πππ₯
β < 2.0
ππ = ππππ₯ β 250. (π‘ β π‘πππ₯). Ξ πππ 2.0 β€ π‘πππ₯β
Where π‘πππ₯β = (
0.2Γ10β3Γππ‘,π
π). Ξ
According to the value of π‘πππ₯β = 5.581 βππ , the 3rd situation has been used.
Buchanan formula for cooling rate:
According to Buchanan, it should be more accurate to correct the cooling rate with a time scale
different from Ξ. So Buchanan proposed different furmula for this issue.
ππ
ππ‘= (
ππ
ππ‘)
πππ.
βπ0.04β
βπ1900β
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Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
This is equivalent to using a second fictitious time, similar to that in the growth period, but in case of
better and accurare test results and computer simulations using square root rather than squared terms.
Thermal analysis should be performed taking into account also the cooling stage, as cooling is not
immediate inside the member and the damage can go up to the complete cooling of the member.
t/tmax* t* () real t. (h) T (Β°C) β EC1 P.F
0.00 0.0000 0.0000 20.0
0.05 0.2791 0.1444 767.7
0.10 0.5581 0.2887 856.4
0.15 0.8372 0.4331 916.8
0.20 1.1163 0.5775 961.1
0.25 1.3954 0.7218 995.0
0.30 1.6744 0.8662 1022.2
0.35 1.9535 1.0105 1044.8
0.40 2.2326 1.1549 1064.2
0.45 2.5116 1.2993 1081.4
0.50 2.7907 1.4436 1097.0
0.55 3.0698 1.5880 1111.2
0.60 3.3489 1.7324 1124.4
0.65 3.6279 1.8767 1136.6
0.70 3.9070 2.0211 1148.1
0.75 4.1861 2.1655 1158.9
0.80 4.4651 2.3098 1169.1
0.85 4.7442 2.4542 1178.7
0.90 5.0233 2.5985 1187.8
0.95 5.3024 2.7429 1196.3
1.00 5.5814 2.8873 1204.4
Figure 7 β EC1 Parametric Fire table
Figure 8 β ECI Time-Temperature fire curve comparing with ISO
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Te
mpe
ratu
re (
Β°C)
Time (hours)
EC1 parametric fire
ISO 834
EC1's cooling
Buchanan's cooling
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Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
In the both ISO834 and EC1 time-temperature cases, there are a sharp increase in the time-temperature
curve during around the first 15 minutes. However, time scaling factor Ξ accelerates the heating phase in
compression ISO834 fire. For EC1 fire, the time needed to reach maximum temperature is 2.8873h,
while for ISO834, that temperature at that time is around 10 percent less than EC1 fire.
According to the cooling stage and its plot, it is obvious that EC1 cooling is faster than the Buchananβs
cooling. With respect to the slope calculation in excel, it provides that Buchananβs cooling rate is
294.8Β°C/hour with cooling phase duration of 4.02h , while EC1 cooling rate is 483.3Β°C/hour with the
cooling phase duration of 2.45 hours.
O-ZONE
Part b β Time-Temperature Curve using O-Zone
To reach the aim of this homework, some implmentations were done in Ozone software. Ozone switches
autmatically from two zones [+localized fire] (Growth phase) to one zone (Fully developed fire).
Figure 9 β Zones
Figure 10 β Strategy
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Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
In the next step, the compartmentβs dimensions and wall openings were defined:
Figure 11 β Compartmentβs Dimension
Definition of materials for floor, cleiling, walls- One layer of normal weight concerete with
thermal properties assigned. Openings, for the walls that contain them, are also defined.
Figure 12 β Materials Property
Openings: Walls 1 & 4 are defined in a same way:
Figure 13 β Walls 1 & 4
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Then, for the wall 2 (Fig. 14) was deifined an opening (window with its demension):
Figure 14 β Opening of wall 2
and also for wall 3 was defined two openings. As you can see in the following figure:
Figure 15 β Opening of wall 3
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Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Definition of the curve:
Parametric fire curve, according to EN 1991-1-2 has been chosen. Existing fire fighting measures are
checked and accounted for.
Figure 16 β Parametric Fire Curve
Definition of Paramaeters:
Calculation time was set to 8 hours, since we want to take cooling stage into account.
Two scenarios regarding openings have been defined:
Scenario 1: Time dependent openings (windows are constantly 90% opened from the beginning of the
fire).
Scenario 2: Temperature dependent openings - double glazing failure (50% opening beyond 200Β°C
and 90% opening beyond 400Β°C) - linear and stepwise.
As a result, 3 models were done with respect to the openings by changing the variation option:
1- Temperature dependent openings
Linear
Stepwise
2- Time dependent opening
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Figure 17 β Parameters
Results β Comparisions among different models
The following graph is a gas temperature comparison among the 3 different models. According the
trends and global point of view all the 3 curves tend to overlap.
Figure 18 β Localised Fire Curves
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Tem
per
atu
re (
Β°C)
Time (min)
Time - Temperature Curve
Temp Dependent-Linear
Temp Dependent-Stepwise
Time Dependent
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Due to some flactuation in heating stage for three different cases in Fig. 18, it is necessary to check and
analyse the first few minutes more precisely. So, for reach to this aim the following graph (Fig. 19) will
be reperesented.
Figure 19 β Localised Fire Curves 2
According to the different scenarios regarding ventilation and openings, there are some differences
(flactuations) are dominant on the plot until around 8 min. while, all the curves will be almost the same
after that time.
For the temperature dependent openings (Linear & Stepwise) act very close to each other, but in case of
reaching the temperature of 500Β°C, linear temperature dependent openings is a bit faster than Stepwise
temperature dependent openings.
On the other hand, in case of time dependent scenario, there is a spike on the curve due to the failure of
the windows that it causes rapid decrease of the temperature because of fresh air is entering the
compartment and cools it and then immediately after that, again the temperature rise because of fresh air
increased the combustion.
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Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Comparison of EC1-Parametric Approach and Ozone fire evolution:
Figure 20 β Comparison between EC1 & Ozone Fire Evolution
The behavior of EuroCode parametric fire and Ozone fire are the same in the first minutes of fire or
clearly under the 500Β°C temperature, so having high burning rates.
When the temperature of 500Β°C is achieved in the Ozone, model will be switched from two zones (Pre-
flashover, growth period) to one zone (Fully developed fire).
The rate of burning in the Pre-flashover is generally governed by the nature of burning fuel surfaces,
while in the burning period (fully developed fire), the temperature and the radiant heat flux within the
room are so great that all exposed surfaces are burning and the RHR is governed by the available
ventilation.
Ozone model supposed lack of oxygen while in parametric fire model, there is no such an assumption.
According to the cooling stage, in the Ozone model it is not linear as in EC and Buchanan models, it is
faster down to 200Β°C and then it is happening at a slower rate down to room temperature.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
Te
mp
era
ture
(Β°C
)
Time [hours]
Comparison between EC1 & Ozone Fire Evolution
EC1 parametric fire
ISO 834
EC1's cooling
Buchanan's cooling
Time Dependent
Temp Dependent-Linear
Temp Dependent-Stepwise
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Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Results (Obtained by OZONE)
1st Scenario β Temperature Dependent Opening (Linear Variation)
Fire Area: The maximum fire area ( 96.00mΒ²) is greater than 25% of the floor area ( 96.00mΒ²). The fire load is uniformly distributed. Switch to one zone: Lower layer Height < 20.0% ocompartment height at time [s] 207.53 Fully engulfed fire: Temperature of zone in contact with fuel >300.0Β°C at time [s] 332.80
Peak: 1255 Β°C At: 171 min
Figure 21. Hot and Cold Zone Temperature
According to the model passes from 2 zones to 1 zone (around 3 min), so the cold zone stops at the beginning.
Peak: 48.00 MW At: 17.3 min
Figure 22. RHR Data and Computed
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Cold Zone
Analysis Name: Library
Gas Temperature
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time [min]
RHR Data
RHR Computed
Analysis Name: Library
Rate of Heat Release
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According to the previous graph (Fig. 22), the theoretical Rate of Heat Release that is given by the code depends
on the type of compartment although calculated RHR related to the roomβs envirinmental conditions and
ventilation factor of the openings.The area of the 2 curves should be the same while due to lack of Oxygen, at the
beginning there is low temperature. For theoretical RHR is around takes around 84 min and for computed RHR it
is around 310 min.
Figure 23. Zone Interface Elevation β Linear Variation
When the hot layer takes up more than 80 % of the total height of the compartment flashover will be happened
and as a result the seperation of 2 layers will be vanished.
Figure 24. Oxygen Mass β Linear Variation
The quantity of Oxygen in the room during the fire is change with time. According to the Fig. 24 at the beginning
the trend of Oxygen suddenly decrease because of the Oxygen is consumed by the combustion. At this step the
temperature is low but after breaking the windows and due to availablity of fresh air in the compartment that trend
is constant (zero) for some minutes and then Oxygen Mass tends to gradually increase in the room because the
combustile materials are consumed and they need less quantity of Oxygen for burning, that is Cooling Pahse.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
[m]
Time [min]
Zone Interface Elevation - Linear
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
(kg)
Time (min)
Oxygen Mass - Linear
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2nd Scenario β Temperature Dependent Opening (Stepwise)
Fire Area: The maximum fire area ( 96.00mΒ²) is greater than 25% of the floor area ( 96.00mΒ²). The fire load is uniformly distributed. Switch to one zone: Lower layer Height < 20.0% ocompartment height at time [s] 177.84 Fully engulfed fire: Temperature of zone in contact with fuel >300.0Β°C at time [s] 323.22
Peak: 1255 Β°C At: 172 min
Figure 25. Hot and Cold Zone Temperature
Peak: 48.00 MW At: 17.3 min
Figure 26. RHR Data and Computed
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Cold Zone
Analysis Name: Library
Gas Temperature
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time [min]
RHR Data
RHR Computed
Analysis Name: Library
Rate of Heat Release
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Figure 27. Zone Interface Elevation β Stepwise Variation
Figure 28. Oxygen Mass β Stepwise Variation
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
[m]
Time [min]
Zone Interface Elevation - Stepwise
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
(kg)
Time (min)
Oxygen Mass - Stepwise
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3rd Scenario β Time Dependent Opening
Fire Area: The maximum fire area ( 96.00mΒ²) is greater than 25% of the floor area ( 96.00mΒ²). The fire load is uniformly distributed. Switch to one zone: Lower layer Height < 20.0% ocompartment height at time [s] 420.00 Fully engulfed fire: Temperature of zone in contact with fuel >300.0Β°C at time [s] 421.58
Peak: 1255 Β°C At: 172 min
Figure 29. Hot and Cold Zone Temperature
Peak: 48.00 MW At: 17.3 min
Figure 30. RHR Data and Computed
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time [min]
Hot Zone
Cold Zone
Analysis Name: Library
Gas Temperature
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time [min]
RHR Data
RHR Computed
Analysis Name: Library
Rate of Heat Release
Page 21 of 21
Politecnico di Milano β Lecco Campus
Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation
Prof. R. Felicetti & Prof. P. G. Gambarova & Dr. P. Bamonte
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Mousavi (836154)
Figure 31. Zone Interface Elevation β Time-Dependent Opening
Figure 32. Oxygen Mass β Time-Dependent Opening
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
[m]
Time [min]
Zone Interface Elevation - Time Dependent Opening
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
(kg)
Time (min)
Oxygen Mass - Time Dependent Opening