Scholars' Mine Scholars' Mine
Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations
1916
Flotation applied to silicate sludge Flotation applied to silicate sludge
Yaro Klepel
Greene Erskine
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Part of the Mining Engineering Commons, and the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons
Department: Mining Engineering Department: Mining Engineering
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Klepel, Yaro and Erskine, Greene, "Flotation applied to silicate sludge" (1916). Bachelors Theses. 400. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/400
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7380
FLOTliTION APPLIED TO SILICATE SLUDGE.
BY
YARO KLEPEL
AND
GHl!;ENE ERSKINE
A
THESIS
submitted to the faou1ty of the
SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY OF ~HE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
in partial fulfillment of the work required for the
Approvel by
Degree of
BACHELOR OF SC IEneE IN MINE ENG INE1:RIUG
AND
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN GBNERAL SCIENCE
Rolla, Mo.
1916.
Professor of Metallurgy.
TABLB OF CONTENTS.
page Introduotion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Abstract of Patents - - - - - - - 2 - 9
Method of Prooedure - - - - - - - 10 - 11
Date. - - 12 - 20
COllD1ueion - - go
-1-
Within the past few years great success has
been made of the flotation of sulfids, and to a
certain extent of carbonates.
Since sulfide are easily recovered by
flotation it seems practioable that silicates
could be made to float by first sulfidlzlng them,
and then subjeoting them to ordinary flotation
treatment.
This problem involves the treatment of a
silioate sludge obtained from the Joplin district,
the sludge will easily pass through a 250 mesh
soreen. At the present time this sludge is being
sent to the ta1l1ngs pond.
The experimental work of this thesis was done
along the line of present flotation pa~ents abstraoted
from the U. S. patent offioe bulletins, the abstraots
will follow.
Abstracta of ]'lotatlon patents.
807601 Prooess of Conoentrating Ores. Alfred Schwarz.
New York, N. Y. assignor to Sohwarz Ore Treating Co.
-2-
Pheonix, Arizona.
1 The method of treating ores which consists
in subjecting a non-aulfid ore to the aotion of a
soluble sulfid to convert the mineral into a sulfid,
then treating the mass with a hydrooarbon and
finally separating the hydrocarbon with the entrapped
metallio oonstituents of the ore from the tailings.
2 Same aa (11 but subjecting ore to action 0' an alkaline sulfide
3 Same as (1) but Bubjecting ore to aotion of an
aqueous solution of potassium or sodium sulfide
4 Same as (11 but treat resulting metallio
Bulfld with a melted hydrooarbon solid at normal
temperatures.
5 Same as (4} but treat with oompound of melted
paraffin and resin.
807506 Prooess of Concentrating Ores. Alfred
Schwarz. New York, N. Y. assignor to Schwarz Ore
Treating Co. PHoenix. Ariz., A Corporation of
Arizona.
1 The process of oonoentrating orea oonsisting
of mixing the ore with an adhesive agent oomposed of
-3-
a hydrooarbon and sulfur, separating eaid agent with
the entrapped values from the tailings, and recovering
the values from the adhesive agent.
2 Same as (1) but ore is mixed out of contact
with water with the adhesive agent and sulfur.
3 Same as (1) but hydrocarbon is solid at
normal temperatures.
4 Same as (1) but adhesive agent is a resinous
hydrocarbon and sulfur.
6 S~e aa (1) but adhesive agent is composed
of a resinous and non-resinous hydrocarbon and sulfur.
6 Same ae (1) but adhesive agent is oomposed of
re8in~ paraffin and sulfur.
7 Same 8S (1) but adhesive agent is oomposed of
resin and sulfur.
S Same as (1) but washing the mixture with water.
9 Same as (SC but water is heated.
1140866
May 26/16
R. r. Baoon. U. S. Pat. Offioe BuLL.,
1 The method of effecting the separation of
oxidized ores from associated gangue, which consists
in subjecting the mixture in a finely divided oon
dition, to the action of a soluble sulfid, thereby
effeoting a oonversion of the oxidized ore into
sulfide, and then oonverting the H S present into 2
oonstituents innoouous to flotation, and finally
subjeoting the mixture to flotation.
2 Subjeot to aotion of a soluble su1fid, thereby
effeoting a oonversion of the oxidized ore into
sulfide, the oonverting the H S present into oon-2
stituents innoouous to flotation, and making the
solution faintly acid, finally subjecting mix
ture to flotation.
3 Same as (2) making solution faintly acid
by admission of sulfur dioxide
1169142 H. B. Howland. U. S. Pat. Office Bull.,
~ov. 1, 1916.
1 The method of treating metalliferous materials
whioh oonsists in bringing the metallio oonstituents
into solution and 8ulfidizlng the metallio oonstituents
by means of oalcium Bulfld and ferio eulfate.
2 Method of treating oopper-bearing ores which
oonsists in bringing the oopper into solution and
preoipitating oopper as oopper sulfid by means of
oaloium sulfid and feria sulfate.
3 Method of Bulfidizing metal which oonsists
in bringing together a soltuion of the metal to be
-6-
1140866 H. F. Baoon. U. S. Pat. Office Bull.,
May 25, 1915.
1 The method of effecting separation of sulfid
minerals from assooiated gangue, which consists in
subjecting the mixture, in a finely divided oon
dition to the flotation action of colloidal sulfur;
Bubstano1ally as desc~ibed.
2 The method of effecting the separation of
sulfid minerals from associated gangue, which con
sists in subjecting the mixture, in a finely divided
oondition, to the flotation action of oolloidal
sulfur the flotation solution being faintly acid.
3 Method which consists in subjecting the
mixture in a finely divided condition, to the flot
ation aotion of colloidal sulfur, the flotation
solution being produced by reaction there in be
tween a soluble sulfid and sulfur dioxide
4 Method whioh oonsists in eub3ecting mix-
ture, in a finely divided oondition, to the flotation
aotion of 001101dal sulfur, the flotation solution
being produced by reaotion therein between a
soluble Bulf1d and sulfur dloxid, the Bulfur dioxld
being admitted in such exoess as to make the sol.tion
of collOidal sulfur faintly acid.
1098668 Henry B. Hovland. U. S. Pat. Office
Bull., June 2, 1914.
Art of Treating Metalliferous Materials.
1 The process which consists in reacting on a
substantially dry metalliferous material with a sub
stantially dry gaseous 6u~fidizing agent at ordinary
temperature.
2 Sa.me as above - - absence of exterlor heat.
3 The process which consists in reacting on a
copper containing materia.l with a sulfidizing agent
in the dry at ordinary temperature.
4 Reaotion on dry materials with H S gas. 2
5 Heating on substantially dry metalliferous
materials with H S gas in absence of exterior art-2
ifieial heat.
1094760 Terry. U. S. Pat. Office Bull., Apr. 28, 1914.
1 A prooess which consists in the subjection of
metalliferous particles of ore existing as carbonates,
oxides, chlorides and sulfates, to the action of a
hydrogen Bulfid gas, then subjecting the resulting
produot to partial vaouum, then to agitation in the
,reaence of an oil, film, forming substance and re
covering the oil coated particles by flotation.
-7-
2 A process for preparing non-sulfid ores for
flotation methods of concentration which consists
in the subjection of metalliferous particles in
ore pulp, to the action of hydrogen sulfid eas ,
subject to vacuum treat as above.
3 A process for the recovery of metalliferous
constituents of ores, which consists in reducing
the ores to a pulp, adding a soluble metallic salt
and precipitating as a sulfid by H S to act as 2
nuolei for the formation of sulfid granules and
coagulations then subjecting the resulting pro
duct to partial vacuum, subject this pulp to
flotation.
10022086 James M. Hyde. U. S. Pat. Office Bull.,
April 2, 1912.
1 The process of concentra.ting ore pulps com
prising a separation treatment which consists in
adding to the pulp a material which preferentially
coats the valuable particles of the ore.
2 Addition to pulp of an acid preCipitant
adapted to re~ct upon the ore, allowing a time
interval to elapse prior to Bubjeoting the pulp
to a separation treatment, then Bubjeoting the pulp
-8-
to a separation treatment oomprising the steps of
adding a material which will preferentially ooat
the valuable particles of the ore and separating
said ooated particles as a concentrate by flot
ation.
970002 Henry Wentworth. U. S. Pat. uffioe Bull ••
Sept. 13. 1910.
1 The prooess of separating the ingredients
of oomminuted material. which consists in assooiating
with the material a substanoe ohemioally reaotive
upon partioles thereof. thereby produoing upon the
partioles affeoted by the reaotive substance super
fioial ooatings of a oompound different from the
original substanoe of the partioles in respect to
film-tension of a liquid. and thereupo~ separat-
ing the differentiated partioles by film-tension
of ssid liquid.
·9·
PROCEDUHE.
DHY SUL"B'IDIZll~G liITH H S. 2
Experiment A consists of sulfidizing the
dry ore with H S. The ga.s was generated in an H S 2 2
generator and allowed to pass over the ore. The
ore turned black immediately.
On subjeoting the ore to flotation treat
ment the peroentage of the conoentrates fell
below the peroentage of the original ore. This
experiment was repeated several times with no
satisfactory results.
SULFIDIZING 'l'}lli VY~T PlTLp WPl.'H H S GAS. 2
Experiments B - D and others shown on the
data sheets oonsist of treating the wet pulp
with H S. The results obtained were similar to 2
those obtalnedby dry Bulfidlz1ng, but the per-
oentage of zino in the oonoentrates were about
1 peroent better than the original ore.
SULFIDIZING wITH Na S 2 x.
We prepared a 6 peroent solution of sodium
polysulfid by passing hydrogen sulfid gas into a
-10-
5 percent solution of sodium hydroxide. We
treated the ore with various amounts of this
solution and noted what amount gave the best
extraction. We then treated the following ore
with the above amount using various oils.
The best results were obtained under the
above conditions. We tried several experiments
by adding sulfurio aoid to the eodium polysulfld
solution but the extraction decreased.
TREATING '11 liE ORE BY MEANS OF COLLOIl>AL SULPHUH.
We prepared an H S solution. placed it in 2
the flotation machine with the ore, and added
various amounts of acid to precipitate the sul
phur. This was done in order to try to coat the
zino silioate particles with coll01dal sulphur
and then float them.
-ll-
Machine._ Booyer J.ll!.!. __ -....... . Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy OPERATING DATA.
Experimenter.Klepe~BrU1D~.,.... FLOTATION LABORATORY. Time 30m~ \_ .......... _--............ -. -........... ----..... -- Amt 0 i-3-2-00-~"---.... ~.~.!J.~~.~.~ .. _~!~~..&~.! ........... -.--..... ---.... - ... --....... -- -....... ----.--... -.... -- --........ -----....... - ............... --.-....... _ ........................ _ .......... ! .... ~ ... -:: ........... - ...... ~ ........... _ .............. .
ORE :~~~~~~~~A~~~~i~~~l~~l .. ~~:::~~~~:::::::::: _ ......... __ . __ .. _ ......... _ ............ _ ......... __ .............. _ ...... ____ ....... ___ ........................ _ .......... _ .............................. ht._ ... ore .. 1.QQ .... gma. ........... _ .......... __
:::::::::::=::::::::::::::~~~~::::::::=:~~=::::::::=~ _ ......... _. ____ .. _ .. __ ..... _. -..................... _ ........... _ .. -........... -----....... -................... _ ............... _ ............... -............ -... §P~.~~ ..... Q;f. .~~.9.!!~~~ ... !.7..9.Q .... ~¥
I OIL I REAGENTS I .FROTH I REMARKS. I RESULTS 1----
TestNo No. I Amt. I Kind. Kind IAmt. Kind IAmt. Wt. Per Ct. Wt. IPer ct.1 Wt. Iper Ct. Per Ct. Ext .
........ ~~p.~I.. ........... -.... ......... I~*L.I . .9.J .--.. -.. ..... J............. .... .... ..................... ···········1 ~I! .. ! ..... A!~. i···· ._ ............ -........... _ ............................ _ ........... . I I
..... 7. .......... 7 ....... _ .F.l.o:t.at1.on ..... .HaS--........... - 6OO<i- .............. ~ .... 8\llt.ldt.z!bS···wi·tb·· .... ·· .. i .. · .... • .... _ .... _ .............. - .................. .................. ............... .. ............ - ............... _ ............ ..
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I .................................................................................. _ .................... -_ .................................. _ ............................................................................................. _ .............. _ ........... _ ............. __ ............ _ ............... _ ............ .. t-I
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-... ~.~ ......................... -................................................ -.-....... -......................... - ....................... ~.!.~~ .. 1ie~.......... .......... ............ ......... ............... .. ..................................................................... ""-"""-" ........... - ........ -
.- ................... _ .......... 0· ................................................ _ ••• _ ••• ______ ................................. _. • .............. _ ......................................................................................................... _ ...... __ ................................ _ ...... __ ........... _ ............... _ ....... _ ....................... ..-....................................... _ ...... _ ................. _
.. 7 ........ J? ......... ~~9.~.~.~~_~ ..... B2-@"'''' ............ .&Q.Q.d. .............. nr~ .... sulf.1dlz.lng .... ith ............ g~ ... _ .... §.~ .. g.Q ............... _ _............... ................ _ ................. g.~.?._ .......... __
n· 15.2 ~ .. -- H_~ _ ................ .-. . ... - ..... .- ...... .......... . ~ ............ -....... _ ...... _-_ ... _-_ ...... _---_ ..... _ .......... _ .. _ .. _-- ............. -.................. ~ ........................... _ ........... _ ............................ -.... _- ........... -........................................ _ .... _ ....................................... _ ...... -.................. _ .. _ ............................. -...... -........ _- .... : ........... ..
.......... -........... -............... _---- ... - -_ .. _ ............... -.......... - ....... -.... _ ........... _ .... _--_ ..... - _ ....... _ .................................................................... _ ......... _._ ....................................... -..................................................... _ .................................................. -- ............................................ _ ... .................... _ ...................... --- ............... -
.2 .......... 5 ... _._ # .... l. ... O.r.ao.sot IAg.SX~Q.Q- :lair._ ................ .su1f.1.dls1ng .... 1.t-h ...................... ~.? ... _ .. ?!.~ .. -. _ ............................................. _ .................... 7. .•. Q5._ .......... ..
E. Na S _ ............ -..................................................................... _ .............. - .............................................. ···· .. ·, .. ··· .... · .. ·· .... 2·· r'."'- .................................. --................................................................................................................... _ .............. -
........................ _--.-...... .................................. ... .. ............. ............................ ._- .... -...... _ ................ _-- ..................................... _ .... _- ....................................................... _ ......................... _ ...... -................ _. ............................ _.................... ............................. . ............................ -............. _.......... . ...................... __ ................. .
. ~.@ ......... 1 ....... ~ ~l.ar..Qaot.e. .. J~S-x .. ~OO .. Pa-ip· ............ !!.ut.r.al.l.zad .... xceaa ................ -~.~ ........ - f .•. t.i .. _ ................................................ - -........... __ .. 2.47 ............. . F •
.................. no ..... m ...... m ................................................ _ .......... _ .............. -............ _ ................ ~~.~~.1.mlf..1 t.h. .. ~S04nn .............. _ .............. __ ........... _ .. · .. · ....... mn ............... __ ............. _ .................. _ ......... m ............... . --......... ...... ~ -.!l...oO+_l4'n. ... TT1o .,~t 1nt\n ..... 1Il D
Machine ... JlQ.Q:r~~L--_ ...... . Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy OPERATING DATA.
Experimente~!..!E.!~~~".~..... FLOTATION LABORATORY. Time 20 Min.
I ~~=~~~=~=~~~~~~~::=~~:. ~:::~:::~::::~~=::=::::== _ .............. _ ........... _._ ............. _ _ ........ _____ ......... __ . _ .... ____ ... _. __ ............... _ ......... _ .......... _ ............ .......... ~~ .. ! .... l 20 .... ~ .. -.32.Q. ~ ..... Qa. ............ _
o RE ~~::::::==~ =:::=::==~.' ~::::::::~:::~~.=:==:::::::::: ................. _ ............ _ ....................... __ ....... ___ ._ ............ _ ......... ___ ....... _~ ......................... _ ............ _. ................. ............ ........ ut.Jt .... J: r..e .... S.Q.Q ... gl ~e.Jt._ ........... __
~:::::::::::==:==::==~==:====:::::~=~ .............. _ .. _ ........... _. __ ...................................... _ .............................. --............ _ ..................................................................... i ......... QP. ~.~4. i Q.f ... m~.QA.! .. : J/1 Q.Q.~.¥'
I OIL I REAGENTS I FROTH I I RESULTS 1----TestNo No. I Amt. I Kind. Kind 1 Amt. Kind IAmt. REMARKS. Wt. Per Ct. Wt. :Per Ct. I Wt. !Per Ct.iPer Ct. Ext.
:·~~:t:.::I~ __ ~~~: : ••• I!t I :~I~=:::=: •.. :::.I.::~:~:.::::~: ... :.:.~. _.::~::::.~.~-..~~:: .:::: .... : I:,::: ~:;Q :"-: ... -.:' .. ~:::.:.:::= .... ::-..:-.=.I :.: .. ::.:::~.-.:~.::~~: ......... : ...... G .......... g4 ..... 1.. ....... _ ........... ~tnJt ..... 03- ..... 6-... -........... _ ............... _ ........ _ .............................. ---- ......... - ...................... - .............. _ .. -......... -... - .................................................... _ ........... _- ............ -............... .
I ................ __ ._ .. - ...... _-........ -_ .... _ .................... - .. _ .......... -"'-'-'- .................. _ ............ _ ...................... - ........................................ _ .... _.- -.......... _ .. _ ............ - _ ........................... _-- ............................................. .. ~
\f ... ?~ ...... ~ __ ..... _ t.ian ..... _ -.8s~.- .. 3.Q.o. _ .......... - ........................ __ ._ ..... _ ...................... _ ............... _ .................. _ .. 41 __ . 12... .. ............... -.............. - _ ................................... 7..f..f __ ............ .
..... .R.! ........ ?~ ...... 2 __ .... _ ...... Puel. ... _ ............ _ .......... _ ............ _ ........... - ...................... __ ....................................................... _ ..................................... - .................. -.......... _.- ................ - ............ _ .............. _ ......... _
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. .25 ...... .5.._._._ ~.Q:t&ti.on ....... -Y ..... .20.0 _ ......... - ....... -.. - .......... --............................................ -....................... _ ... S9 ... -...... 511 .•. 18 .............. _. _ .......... -... . ............... -.................. .7 .•. 3.. ......... _._
...... .!.~-.- ... 24_ ... 2 ................ Illel ................... .Bll~ ...... 5-... _ ............ -............. _.-... __ ........................... -... _ ..... _ ........................................................................................................... -................... - ......... _ ............ .
... _ .... _--....... -.. __ .. __ .... - ... _ .. -........ - .......... -..... _ .. _ ......... - --_ ........ _ .................... -_._---_._ ....... - .... _--_ .... - ................ -.... _ .......... _---.. -._ ...... ------_ ...... -_ ................... -................ _ .... _ ..... _ ... ----_._ .. -.. __ ......... _.. .. ..... _--.......... - ...................... _ ..... _ ... -_ ..... _- .. -_ .. --- _ ..... _ ............ _- ............... _-_ .. -
.. 25.. -15...___ ~ot.a.t.ion. ...... _.~-... ~.~~ ........... - ................. -.. -...... _ ......... -................ -... _............................. . ... 4.1._. ___ .. 1 ... 3& ............................................... - ...................... 5 ... 2. ... _ ........... .
...... ~.~.-... 2&, ..... .2. ............. -.lr.ue~ .................... BJ(03" ..... (:$ .... -.......... - .............. --_ ...• -...... -............ - --- •• _. __ .••....•.. - ........... -............ -.. -.................................................................... -.......................... __ •••••....•. __
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K. 25 ........... ........... ............. . .. - .. _ ............................. _ ........... --..... _ .... _ ........ - _. __ .... - .......... _ .. ------ ... _ ... _-- --------_ .............. _ .. _.,.- ------ ......... _-- .. _ .. _-_._ ............ -... -............ --._ ... _- - .......... _. _. __ ..................... ----_._ .. _- .. -_ ........................ _. . __ ........ _............ . .......................................... .
\lachine HooTer ~_. __ ._ .. _ Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy OPERATING DATA.
~perimente~.-.!P.!~~~.~ ... - FLOTATION LABORATORY. Time ~O Kin.
_ ........ _-........ _._--... _ ..... __ ... _- Amt. H 0 3200 ~c
.... -... S111oat. •... Sl.~_ .. ---..... ----.-.... ---.......... -. -.-...... ---.--.......... --.-............ --.......... - -............... _ ........... _ ....................................... ···········~f ................ - .................... -............... .
ORE ~_~~~~~~ ~~~::====~_=~~:=--._:-.~_-.:=~=-=_: __ ::=~:~_:::=~: ________ ::_:~ ___ _.: __ ::_:_-:: _____ : ___ :_: __ ::_: _______ ::_~::-~_:;II~::~::_: ~-:_.~~: I OIL I REAGENTS I FROTH I RESULTS 1----
restNo No. I Amt. I Kind. Kind jAmt. Kind iAmt., REMARKS. Wt. Per Ct. Wt. ,Per Ct. I Wt. !Per Ct. 'Per Ct. Ext.
_.~:::-.t:;~::1 ::;:::-.-::::=~:-:_:_I~~ I_:~~I =_:=:::--__ ::I----~--.~-:---~-~:~~_::~~:~~----- :-::::-------~: ~::;~_ i ~:::-___ _.=_ .~-::._.:-:-~- -::----:----~-I:--:--_-:--~- ~~;.:-=:::::: _ ... k! ....... .................. -......... _ ........ -............. -... - ..... B.'-QS-- ···lOft-··········_···· ..................... -...................................................................................... -................................................................... -........................... -.............. -
I t g~ .......... 5_ ..... _ ..... Qr.ude .... IQo.c !~.g.~-x ....... ~~ _ .......... _ ..............• ~g~~ .... P.~ .. J~9.l:gt.~.9.~ .................... _.l.l .... _. l.A.l.g .................. .......... _ ....................................... !..~ .. ~.-.............. .
_._~! .... - ................... -_ .......................................................... _ ............ - ............ _- ............ ....................... ............ ........... .......... ............ ......... ............... ············ .. ···1······ .. ···· ... ··· -.......... _ .. - .............................. - .............. -.......... -
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.~~ ..... ..... .'f:_ ..... _ .BI1.ou,:p.:tua .............. _ ................................................ , ............................................................................ _ ................ -............... ................. . ............................................ _ ................. _ ........... ..
. 2:4 ... _ .... 5. ___ .P.Jlr •.... P.1DIt ...... _ ........ __ ............ ................. ............ ................................... ........................ ....................... . .. e.~.f._. . .. 1.Q.t..£. .................. .................. ................. . ................. .!.Q.~ .. ~._ ........... .
_ ............ -.......................... -........................................................................ _ ............................ - ..... _ .. _ ......... _ ................. __ .... -............................................................................................... -....................... -_ .............. -.... .......................... . .................. -................ _- .................................................. _ ...... _ ........... _ ....... -
_ .................................................................. _ ............... _ .. -.. _ ................... _ ................ - -_ .. _ .. _ ..... _- ....................................................................................................................... -................................................................................................................................. _ .. _- ...................... _. __ ............... .
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Experimente~~!.~~!.~..... FLOTATION LABORATORY. Time ~_O_M_1_n_._,, ___ _
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Experimente~1-ErIlk1ne...... FLOTATION LABORATORY. Time ~_O_)(_1_n_. __ I ___ _
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Machine .. BOoYer TJpe •... _--... - Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy OPERATING DATA.
ExperimenterKJepe1 -Ee .. k1n ..... _ FLOTATION LABORATORY. Time 30 Min.
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Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy OPERATING DATA.
!:xperimenterJqaptol-Krakln... FLOTATION LABORATORY. Time 3~
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I OIL I REAG~NTSI FROTH I REMARKS. \ RESULTS 1---restNo No. I Amt. I Kind. Kind I Amt. \ Kind IAmt. I Wt. Per Ct. Wt. !per ct.1 Wt. Per Ct. 'Per Ct. Ext.
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Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy FLOTATION LABORATORY.
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OPERATING DATA.
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J OIL REAGENTS I FROTH I I RESULTS 1----TestN"I No. \ Amt. : Kind. Kind IAmt.\ Kind \Amt. REMARKS. Wt. Per Ct. Wt. IPer ct.1 Wt. Iper Ct. Per Ct. Ext.
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