WATER GOVERNANCE AND COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT – G3
GBDC Science and Communication Workshop12th November 2013 - Dhaka
PRESENTATION
1. G3 objectives2. G3 research activities3. Highlights from the household survey on Food,
Land and Water4. Highlights from the survey on community water
management5. G3 findings, messages and recommendations6. Way forward
G3 OBJECTIVES
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OBJECTIVESUnderstanding the actors,
communities and institutions
RESEARCH QUESTIONS• Is community management the best way of
managing coastal polders? If so, under what circumstances does it work?
• If community management is indeed the way forward, what are the constraints that communities face in polder management?
• What kind of policies and institution are needed so that communities can participate in management of polders?
OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the
perspectives of various stakeholders
Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal institutions
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Improved polder governance
which allows farmers and fishermen to
maximise crop, fish and animal
production within sustainable
limits thereby increasing
incomes and alleviating poverty.
Based on stakeholder consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and
what does not work in the context of polder management
in Bangladesh
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance
of polders
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Create awareness among local communities, academics,
students, governments and donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in
Bangladesh
OUTCOMES
Senior level officials from
BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in
charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in
these areas- Scaling up
are made aware of challenges
involved in polder governance and
possible solutions emanating from
our research studies. This will
be done through a series of
diseemintation workshops.
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the
perspectives of various stakeholders
Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal institutions
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
OUTCOMES
Senior level officials from
BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in
charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in
these areas- Scaling up
are made aware of challenges
involved in polder governance and
possible solutions emanating from
our research studies. This will
be done through a series of
diseemintation workshops.
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Improved polder governance
which allows farmers and fishermen to
maximise crop, fish and animal
production within sustainable
limits thereby increasing
incomes and alleviating poverty.
Based on stakeholder consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and
what does not work in the context of polder management
in Bangladesh
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance
of polders
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Create awareness among local communities, academics,
students, governments and donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in
Bangladesh
OUTCOME LOGIC MODELOutputs
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the
perspectives of various stakeholders
Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal institutions
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
OUTCOMES
Senior level officials from
BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in
charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in
these areas- Scaling up
are made aware of challenges
involved in polder governance and
possible solutions emanating from
our research studies. This will
be done through a series of
diseemintation workshops.
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Improved polder governance
which allows farmers and fishermen to
maximise crop, fish and animal
production within sustainable
limits thereby increasing
incomes and alleviating poverty.
Based on stakeholder consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and
what does not work in the context of polder management
in Bangladesh
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance
of polders
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Create awareness among local communities, academics,
students, governments and donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in
Bangladesh
OUTCOME LOGIC MODELStakeholders
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the
perspectives of various stakeholders
Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal institutions
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
OUTCOMES
Senior level officials from
BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in
charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in
these areas- Scaling up
are made aware of challenges
involved in polder governance and
possible solutions emanating from
our research studies. This will
be done through a series of
diseemintation workshops.
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Improved polder governance
which allows farmers and fishermen to
maximise crop, fish and animal
production within sustainable
limits thereby increasing
incomes and alleviating poverty.
Based on stakeholder consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and
what does not work in the context of polder management
in Bangladesh
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance
of polders
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Create awareness among local communities, academics,
students, governments and donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in
Bangladesh
OUTCOME LOGIC MODELOutcomes
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the
perspectives of various stakeholders
Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal institutions
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
OUTCOMES
Senior level officials from
BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in
charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in
these areas- Scaling up
are made aware of challenges
involved in polder governance and
possible solutions emanating from
our research studies. This will
be done through a series of
diseemintation workshops.
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Improved polder governance
which allows farmers and fishermen to
maximise crop, fish and animal
production within sustainable
limits thereby increasing
incomes and alleviating poverty.
Based on stakeholder consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and
what does not work in the context of polder management
in Bangladesh
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance
of polders
Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Create awareness among local communities, academics,
students, governments and donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in
Bangladesh
OUTCOME LOGIC MODELImpacts
STUDY AREA
G3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Litterature reviews
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
Experimental games
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
Experimental games
Conflict case study
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
Experimental games
Conflict case study
Gender case study
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
Experimental games
Conflict case study
Gender case study
West Bengal case study
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Students thesis
Qualitative survey
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
Experimental games
Conflict case study
Infrastructures mapping
Desk reviews
West Bengal case study
Gender case study
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
Experimental games
Conflict case studyStudents thesis
Household WMO survey
West Bengal case study
Gender case study
ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Infrastructures mapping
Participatory maps
Official consultations
Community consultations
Experimental games
Conflict case studyStudents thesis
Desk reviews
Qualitative survey
Household WMO survey
Gender case study
West Bengal case study
OVER 3000 PEOPLE WERE CONSULTED
THE PROBLEMSConflicts low/high land
Conflicts shrimp/paddy
Water logging, lack of drainage
Lack of coordination
Silted canals
Embankments at risk
Disrepair of the gates
Inactive WMO
No formal role of UP
Lack of funding for maintenance
Elite capture
Decision making not open to all the stakeholders
Misuse of the funds, corruption
Costly and unsustainable alternatives for irrigation
Intrusion of saline water
THE PROBLEMSConflicts low/high land
Conflicts shrimp/paddy
Water logging, lack of drainage
Lack of coordination
Silted canals
Embankments at risk
Disrepair of the gates
Inactive WMO
No formal role of UP
Lack of funding for maintenance
Elite capture
Decision making not open to all the stakeholders
Misuse of the funds, corruption
Costly and unsustainable alternatives for irrigation
Intrusion of saline water
Adoption of improved technologies is locked.
Water management is the essential key to
unlock the adoption of improved technologies in
agriculture and aquaculture.
What do we learn from the survey on…
FOOD, LAND AND WATER
Household WMO survey
SAMPLE OF THE SURVEYNumber of households
Number of villages
Number of sampled
households
Number of sampled villages
Latabunia 104 1 40 1Jabusa 2,267 2 80 2Jainkati 71 1 36 1Polder 30 8462 44 280 14Polder 3 35356 117 280 14Poler 43-2F 6457 12 284 12TOTAL 52,542 177 1000 44
INSTRUMENTSHousehold questionnaire
Water Management Organization questionnaire
Section 1 – IdentificationSection 2 – DemographySection 3 – Housing and assetsSection 4 – LandsSection 5 – Agriculture
Section 6 – AquacultureSection 7 – IGASection 8 – Saving and creditSection 9 – Social capitalSection 10 – WMO
Section 1 – IdentificationSection 2 – Institutional featuresSection 3 – Financial features, incomeSection 4 – Financial features, expensesSection 5 – operation and maintenance
Most of the farmers (64%) operate very small areas of land (less than 4 bighas)
SIZE OF OPERATED AREAS
TOTAL
Jabusha
Jainkati
Latabunia
Polder 3
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Large farmer (more than 2.5 acres)
Medium farmer (1.5 - 2.49 acres)
Small farmer (0.5 - 1.49 acres)
Marginal farmer (less than 0.5 acres)
Land holding, size of operated area
FOOD SECURITY
Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F
TOTAL0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Percentage of house-holds relying on their stock all the year longPercentage of house-holds buying paddy all the year long
Magh
Falgu
n
Choitro
Boishak
h
Joishtho
Asharh
Srabon
Bhadro
Ashsh
inKarti
k
Ôgrohae
onPoush
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
JabushaJainkatiLatabuniaPolder 3Polder 30Polder 43-2F
Some location are highly dependant on agriculture (paddy) for their own-consumption.- Security- Vulnerability:
Climatic hazards, lean season
Paddy stock and paddy buying
Percentage of household using their own production of paddy for cooking
Dependency on agriculture for food security has clear consequences on the adaptation of improved technologies.
• Taste and food security is the 1st reason to explain the choice between HYV and LV in for 20.8% of the households.
Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F
Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Total0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Characteristics of the tech-nology
Prices
Taste and food security
First reason to explain the choice between HYV and LV
FOOD SECURITY AND ADAPTATION
30.3% of the surveyed households are landless.
By landless we mean number of households who do not have any land ownership
LANDLESS
But from them significant amount are involved in agriculture or in aquaculture practices. ie: have leased in land
How do we consider them in terms of decision making for water management?
Intensification strategy should differ in each location based on the natural condition, and current patterns.
CROPPING INTENSIFICATION
TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2FPlots for agriculture 70.3 83.0 97.4 15.9 50.5 71.9 87.0Including: 1 crop 26.1 75.0 24.3 92.3 42.3 18.8 19.4
2 crop 48.8 25.0 59.5 7.7 34.9 74.7 34.23 crops 25.1 0.0 16.2 0.0 22.8 6.5 46.4
Plots for aquaculture 22.3 17.0 2.6 9.8 42.4 23.4 12.8Including: 1 fish 27.0 40.8 21.6 8.3
Mixed fish 73.0 100.0 59.2 78.4 91.7
Plots for agriculture and aquaculture 7.4 0.0 0.0 74.4 7.1 4.7 0.2Including: 1 crop 92.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 81.0 82.6 100.0
2 crops 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.1 17.4 0.0Cropping patterns, by location, activity and number of crop/fish
CROPPING PATTERNSPercentage of cropping system in each sub-category. TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-
2F
AGRICULTURE PLOTS1 crop Aman 55.5 +++++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++
Boro 11.8 + +++ +
Betel leaves 8.8 + ++
Vegetables 8.4 +++ + ++
2 crops Aman + Sesame 44.3++++++
++
Aman + Boro 18.0 ++++++ +++
Aman + Pulses 10.6++++++
+ ++
Aman + Oil seed 3.6 +
3 crops Aus + Aman + Pulses 48.0 +++++ +++++
Aman + Pulses + Boro 13.5 ++
Aman + Oilseeds + Boro 3.6 +
Main cropping systems, agriculture
CROPPING PATTERNSPercentage of cropping system in each sub-category. TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-
2F
AQUACULTURE PLOTS
1 fish Bagda 62.79++++++
++ +++
Golda 18.6 ++++++ ++
Pangas 5.81 +++
Mixed fishes Bagda + Mixed fishes 21.9 +++++
Bagda + CrabsGolda + Mixed fishes 7.7 ++
Other mixed fishes 67.0 +++++++ +++++++++
+
AGRI AND AQUA SYSTEMAman + Bagda 36.8 +++++ ++ +
Boro + Golda 3.8 +
Aman + Mixed fishes 29.2 ++++ ++
Boro + Mixed fishes 9.4 +++ ++++
Main cropping systems, aquaculture and agri/aqua
WATER USES IN AGRICULTURESource of irrigation
TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Groundwater Canal River Other
Clear differences• Polder 43-2F and Jainkati, low saline area, canal is the main source of irrigation.• When farmers don’t have access to canal irrigation, the have to rely on
groundwater as an alternative:• Polder 3, canals are saline and dedicated to aquaculture• Jabusha, canal lease in?
Question: how costly and how sustainable is the alternative?
WATER USES IN AGRICULTURESystem used for irrigation
TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Electric pump Diesel pump Gravitation By hand Other
• When canal water or river water can be used, gravitation system (Polder 43-2F, polder 30, Jainkati), low cost, only maintenance of the ditch/dyke.
• Low development of electric pump (only Jabusha)• Most of the farmers rely in diesel pump for irrigation
• 10% of the households have a diesel pumpCost of irrigation for boro (per bigha) • 140 BDT if GW + diesel pump• 70 BDT if canal + diesel pump• Free if canal + gravitation
WATER USES IN AGRICULTUREDrainage practices
Drainage is an important tool to consider the intensification of the agriculture system (adoption of 3 crops system).
• Only 16% of the crop were drained last year• More common in agri/aqua system (Latabunia)• Aman + mixed fishes required drainage in 40% of the cases
TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati LatabuniaPolder
3Polder
30Polder 43-2F
TOTAL 16.3
Agriculture system 12.5 8.8 12.2 13.0 17.4 10.1
Agriculture and aquatic system 21.9 48.8 27.6 19.3 12.8
Percentage of the crops drained by the location and plot use
WATER USES IN AQUACULTURESource of water
Clear differences• Polder 43-2F, Jabusha, polder 30, rainwater is the main source (fresh water fishes)• For bagda cultivation (Latabunia, polder 3), access to canal or river water• Use of groundwater for filling the ponds is introduced is several locations.
Total Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F Jabusha Latabunia0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Others
River
Canal
Rain water
Groundwater
WATER USES IN AQUACULTURESystem used for flush in/out
Renewal of water required quite often in aquaculture (37 times per year on average for bagda)• Gravitation system is always preferred for flush in fresh water and
flushing out waste water in aquaculture.• When gravitation is impossible, diesel pumps are the alternative.
Polder 3 - I
n
Polder 3 - O
ut
Polder 30 - I
n
Polder 30 - O
ut
Poler 43-2F -
In
Poler 43-2F -
Out
Jabusha - I
n
Jabusha - O
ut
Latabunia - I
n
Latabunia - O
ut
TOTAL - In
TOTAL - O
ut0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Other
By hand
Syphon
Gravitation
Diesel pump
Electric pump
At least three sequences of choices for the household:1. To which activity will be dedicated the plot? Agriculture, aquaculture, mixed
cropping system2. How many crop will be cultivated in the plot?3. Which crops will be cultivated? (additionally to paddy)
DETERMINANTS OF THE CROPPING CHOICES
Characteristics of the plot• Water quantity (irrigation/drainage) • Water quality (salinity)• Soil• Size• Situation of the neighbouring plots
Characteristics of the farm• Area operated (economies of scale?)• Number of plots cultivated• Technology access, productive assets
Characteristic of the household• Age, level of education• Number of household member• Additional income generating activities
Village/Institutional characteristics• Market access, procurement• Prices• Social structure, choices of the other farmers• Climatic suitability
Determinants of the cropping choices
What do we learn from the survey on…
COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT
Household WMO survey
Quick Review on Water Management Organizations in Polders & Sub-Projects
• Literature Review of Community Management
• Highlights from the quantitative survey
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Inclusion of all stake holders All the people in the community should be an integral part of the water management
organisations. The organisation should comprise of elite people, poor people, women, migrants etc and after their inclusion they should be able to participate in all further decision making process. Often it is noticed that poor participants have better income earning opportunities if they migrate to towns as labourers or rickshaw pullers in the kharif season but they are required to perform guard duty or they would lose access. Thompson, 2003
• Income of Water Management Organisation: After forming the Water management organisations there should be flow of income for the
organisation to survive. Sustainability is the key to maintaining the polders, dykes, and these organisations. The payments for the fishing rights should be equally shared between organisations. Thompson, 2003
• Governance of WMO: Every year the financial accounts and a report should be drafted about the work and
maintenance taken place in that organisation. The records should be updated every year and shared with UP and shared amongst the community as well
• Co-ordination with Local Governing InstitutionsOne of the most important reasons for the failure of the water management organisations is the
co-ordination with the local governing bodies. These organisations have externally defined functions and organisational structures which are generally defined without consulting people at the local level on whether they conform with their own organisational practices. Jennifer Duyne, 1998
THE POSITIVES…
• Relation between Community Management and PoliticsThe relationship between Community management and Politics is not clearly defined on paper
but it does exist in reality. Sometimes the people who do not find an opportunity to ‘participate’ in water management through formal groups organised by external agencies, organise themselves independently to pursue their own water management requirements. Jennifer Duyne, 1998.
Sometimes the politicization of NGO’s make the field level implementation worse as the local elite’s/ lease holders take advantage of the politically weak position of the NGO’s. Local level Administration becomes reluctant to take part proactively when something becomes too political. Mohammed A. Rabi, 2009
• Long Term cycle: There has been a trend in the project cycles in Bangladesh. It is noticed that all the projects
have a period of 3 years or so and then after the completion of the project the activities start withering away and slowly the project unwinds in a couple of years.
• External and Endogenous Organisations: One of the reasons why attempts to enhance participation in the water sector in Bangladesh
fails because exogenous organisations model were mechanically applied to different context. They hardly make an attempt to understand and build upon indigenous water management and organisational practices.. Jennifer Duyne, 1998.
THE NEGATIVES…
RESEARCH FINDINGS
Role of the Local Governing Institutions
• Currently, no formal role but:• Implication in gate operation,• Implication in conflicts resolution,• Role in case of urgency, natural calamity.
Trust in elected representatives
Community people24%
WMO2%
UP36%
BWDB28%
LGED9%
Other2%
Who should act to solve the water related problems?
External and Endogenous Organisations:
Rating the Participatory process of WMO at the creation Freq. Percent
Very Poor 3 7.5Rather poor 6 15Rather Good 10 25
Good 21 52.5Total 40 100 Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F
2
5
7
5
124
1
BWDB IPSWAM Union Parishad Influencial people Others
Who took the initiative for creating these committees, by location
Only 3 villages are affiliated to political parties. Ie: Chaltabaria (Polder 3), Iliapur ( Jabusha) and Kharhat (Polder 3)
Relation between WMO and Politics
Income of Water Management Organisation
Polder 3
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
Jabush
a
Jainka
ti
Latab
uniaTO
TAL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Physical participation for gate opera-tion
Participation in decision making for gate operation
Financial contribution for gate opera-tion
Voluntary work for gate maintenance
Financial contribution for gate main-tenance
Polder 3
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
Jabush
a
Jainka
ti
Latab
uniaTO
TAL
0
5
10
15
20
25
Voluntary work for canal main-tenanceFinancial contribu-tion for canal maintenance
Percentage of household involved in canal maintenance, by location
Percentage of household involved in gate operation and gate maintenance, by location
Only 1 WMO receive incomes apart from the members Ie: Jabusa
Polder 3
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
Jabush
a
Jainka
ti
Latab
uniaTO
TAL
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Voluntary work for embankment maintenanceFinancial con-tribution for embankment maintenance
Percentage of household involved in embankment maintenance, by location
3 30 43 JB JK LT0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Average Number of days of vol-untary work for canal and em-
bankment
No of days worked voluntary last yr to maintian the canal
No of days worked voluntary last yr to maintian the embankment
HH contributions is hardly seen across polders. Out of the contributors most of them contribute in the savings funds.
Financial Accountability of WMO:
Estimating the actions and results of the WMO on financial accountability Freq. Percent
Very Poor 200 20.26Poor, some problem 229 23.2
Rather poor 273 27.66Rather Good 180 18.24
Good 91 9.22Very Good 14 1.42
None of the WMO’s are registered in Polder 3.
Most of the WMO’s are registered in Polder 30 and Polder 43/2F
Long term cycle
Year of Election Freq. Percent
1998 1 2.52006 1 2.52007 4 102008 4 102009 2 52010 4 102012 3 7.5Total 19 47.5
No of times the WMO meet in the last 1 year
Freq. Percent
0 12 301 6 153 4 104 3 7.57 1 2.5
12 6 1514 1 2.552 1 2.5
The year In which the last meeting was held
Freq. Percent
2009 1 4.172010 1 4.172011 1 4.172012 21 87.5
Inclusion of all stake holders
WMO members Non WMO members0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Large farmer (more than 2.5 acres)
Medium farmer (1.5 - 2.49 acres)
Small farmer (0.5 - 1.49 acres)
Marginal farmer (less than 0.5 acres)
Land holding, by WMO membershipSex composition of the EC Freq PercentMale 178 80.18Female 44 19.82Total 222 100
In terms of Decision Making
Ways the Decision are taken on the operations of the gate Freq. Percent
Collective decision by all the stake holders 158 15.8Collective decision by the land owners 128 12.8Collective decision by people living near the gate 62 6.2Decision by gher owners/ influencial people 302 30.2WMCA, WMG 150 15Gate & Beel Committee 107 10.7UP 31 3.1Others 62 6.2Total 1,000 100
Percentage of
household with a WMO member
Polder 3 0.4
Polder 30 13.9
Polder 43-2F 10.9
Jabusha 10
Jainkati 47.2
Latabunia 42.5
TOTAL 11.3
In Conclusion…Guidelines and Policies of WMO
Implementation Problems Institutions are already in place
• BWDB• LGED• WMCA• WMG• WMO
+ _
• Lack of Co-ordination between local governing institutions
• Financial Accountability• Elite Capture
G3 FINDINGS, MESSAGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1st Finding
Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability…
…but poor quality of maintenance can be solved through a three tier strategy.
Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability…
• Poor quality of the infrastructures is a commonality across the polders and subprojects.
• Gates• Canals• Embankments
Reasons• Deferred maintenance• Conflicts• Design of the infrastructures
or of the projects• Weak institutions
Consequences• Communities are at at risk in
case of natural calamity• Infrastructures don’t play
their roles• Costly alternatives for the
farmers (use of groundwater)
Polder 3
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
Jabush
a
Jainka
ti
Latab
uniaTO
TAL
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Bad or very bad condi-tion of the embankment
Bad or very bad condi-tion of the gates
Bad or very bad condi-tion of the canals
…but poor quality of maintenance can be solved through a three tier strategy.
Community level
Improving the contributions of the community members• Homogeneous WMOs with shared interests in water
management (conditions for membership)• Relating contributions to benefits (microcredit, fishing rights…)• Income generating activities for the WMOs• Creating strong institutions with ownership of the
infrastructures
UP level Involving the local representative, Union ParishadUsing social safety nets for water infrastructure maintenance
GoB and donors level
Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance of Water related infrastructure in Bangladesh• Allocation per polder and per year of maintenance funds
2nd Finding
Institutional Coordination needs to improve through a clear water
governance framework.
Institutional Coordination has to be improved through a clear water governance framework• Myriad of actors in the sector of water management in the
Coastal Zone of Bangladesh
Formal – Informal scale
Top
– D
own
scal
eD
own
Top
Formal Informal
Actors involved in water management in polders (more than 1000 ha), BWDBActors involved in water management in sub-projects (less than 1000 ha), LGEDOther actors
BWDB
LGED
WMA
WMG
WMCA
Gate committees
Gher/beel committees
Union Parishad
Institutional Coordination has to be improved through a clear water governance framework
• Recommendations• Revising the water policy to bring more clarity on the
institutional governance framework.• Clear role and responsibility of each actor• Integrated water management• Institutional Coordination have to happen between the
actors
• ConsequencesFragmentations of the roles and responsibilities- Overlaps Conflicts, power dynamics, some stakeholders not taken into
consideration- Gaps Defaulting behaviours and responsibilities, disrepair of the
infrastructures
Fragmentation of the different scales• From gate committee (few hectares) to Water Management Association
(thousand of hectares). • Where is the institutional coordination, the integration of each level?
3rd Finding
The role of local representatives (Union Parishad) in water governance
needs to be formally recognized.
The role of local representatives in water governance needs to be formally recognized.
• Currently, no formal role but:• Implication in gate operation,• Implication in conflicts resolution,• Role in case of urgency, natural calamity.
Trust in elected representatives.Community people
24%
WMO2%
UP36%
BWDB28%
LGED9%
Other2%
Who should act to solve the water related problems?
• Advantages• Conflict resolution• Coordination of all the stakeholders• Social safety nets for maintenance of water
infrastructures (gate, canal re-excavation, embankments).
• Not a new institutional layer added• Strengthen capacities of local governments
• ExampleUnion Parishad Coordination Committee
4th Finding
Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can improve the water governance.
Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can improve the water governance.
• What are SMU?• Dykes, sub division in the polders• Based on coherent hydro ecological sub-basins
• Why is it useful?• Because scale matters, experience from LGED sub-projects• Many conflicts are in fact high/low land conflicts:
shrimp/paddy, water logging, opening/closing the gates, crop calendars…
• Challenge• Rethinking the polders and their infrastructures
• Advantages• Creating units with commonality of interest• Reducing conflicts• Drainage, irrigation for introducing more intensive
cropping patterns(G2)
1. Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability… but quality of maintenance can be solved through a three tier strategy.
• Improving the contributions of the community members• Involving the local representative, Union Parishad• Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance
Summary: Four finding to be discussed
2. Institutional Coordination has to be improved through a clear water governance framework.
3. The role of local representatives (Union Parishad) in water governance needs to be formally recognized.
4. Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can improve the water governance.
Incorporated in the 6 key messages from the GBDC
WAY FORWARD
April 2014
Validation and consultation workshops at community level
Participants: • Community members • WMOs members, • LGI, • Local officials
Khulna, 10th NovemberPatuakhali, 8th November
Additional workshops may be organized
Purposes: • Discussion of the findings, reformulation• Appropriation of the message at the field level• Collective reflection on the way to implement
the changes
Consultation with officials
Participants: • All the stakeholders met
at the starting point of the project
January/February 2014Dhaka
Individual meetingsPolicy brief as a support
Purpose:• Sharing with policy makers our main finding/messages• Discussing the implementation and scaling-up
Finalization and publication of the on-going research outputs
Research reports from
literature reviews
OBJECTIVE: At the closure all the outputs produce through the G3 project should be made available.
Research reports from qualitative data collection
Research reports from
quantitative data collection
Journal articles (peer reviewed publications)
Research reports from
case study
Research report from
policy studies
Student thesisDatabases
Reference materials
Videos
Maps
PosterConference presentations
G3 library
Finalization and publication of the on-going research outputs
Research reports from
literature reviews
OBJECTIVE: At the closure all the outputs produce through the G3 project should be made available.
Research reports from qualitative data collection
Research reports from
quantitative data collection
Journal articles (peer reviewed publications)
Research reports from
case study
Research report from
policy studies
Student thesisDatabases
Reference materials
Videos
Maps
PosterConference presentations
POLICY PAPER
Bring answers to our research questionsPoint out the policy recommendations with their justificationTargeted to policy makers
?
Additional research areas to support our current findings
Comparison analysis of policies and community water management in West Bengal and in Coastal Bangladesh
Based on Situation analysis reports from 9 polders in Bangladesh and case study in West Bengal
Case study: The role of social safety nets in water management, the NREGA experience, which opportunities for Bangladesh?
Determinants and Impacts of participation in WMOs Based on the household and WMO data collected
Case study: Groundwater uses in Coastal zone of Bangladesh
Experimental games from a sociological perspective, understanding the external validity
Based on the recording of post-games discussions
Women and water management in Coastal zone of Bangladesh Synthesis from case study, qualitative data and quantitative survey
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION