WATER GOVERNANCE AND COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT – G3

GBDC Science and Communication Workshop12th November 2013 - Dhaka

PRESENTATION

1. G3 objectives2. G3 research activities3. Highlights from the household survey on Food,

Land and Water4. Highlights from the survey on community water

management5. G3 findings, messages and recommendations6. Way forward

G3 OBJECTIVES

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OBJECTIVESUnderstanding the actors,

communities and institutions

RESEARCH QUESTIONS• Is community management the best way of

managing coastal polders? If so, under what circumstances does it work?

• If community management is indeed the way forward, what are the constraints that communities face in polder management?

• What kind of policies and institution are needed so that communities can participate in management of polders?

OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL

Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS

OUTPUTS

Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder

governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the

perspectives of various stakeholders

Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that

"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration

while devising formal or informal institutions

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

Improved polder governance

which allows farmers and fishermen to

maximise crop, fish and animal

production within sustainable

limits thereby increasing

incomes and alleviating poverty.

Based on stakeholder consultations and research,

create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and

what does not work in the context of polder management

in Bangladesh

WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad

Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder

governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance

of polders

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

Create awareness among local communities, academics,

students, governments and donors about the challenges

involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in

Bangladesh

OUTCOMES

Senior level officials from

BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in

charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in

these areas- Scaling up

are made aware of challenges

involved in polder governance and

possible solutions emanating from

our research studies. This will

be done through a series of

diseemintation workshops.

Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and

elected representatives

Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS

OUTPUTS

Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder

governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the

perspectives of various stakeholders

Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that

"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration

while devising formal or informal institutions

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

OUTCOMES

Senior level officials from

BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in

charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in

these areas- Scaling up

are made aware of challenges

involved in polder governance and

possible solutions emanating from

our research studies. This will

be done through a series of

diseemintation workshops.

Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and

elected representatives

Improved polder governance

which allows farmers and fishermen to

maximise crop, fish and animal

production within sustainable

limits thereby increasing

incomes and alleviating poverty.

Based on stakeholder consultations and research,

create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and

what does not work in the context of polder management

in Bangladesh

WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad

Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder

governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance

of polders

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

Create awareness among local communities, academics,

students, governments and donors about the challenges

involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in

Bangladesh

OUTCOME LOGIC MODELOutputs

Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS

OUTPUTS

Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder

governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the

perspectives of various stakeholders

Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that

"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration

while devising formal or informal institutions

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

OUTCOMES

Senior level officials from

BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in

charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in

these areas- Scaling up

are made aware of challenges

involved in polder governance and

possible solutions emanating from

our research studies. This will

be done through a series of

diseemintation workshops.

Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and

elected representatives

Improved polder governance

which allows farmers and fishermen to

maximise crop, fish and animal

production within sustainable

limits thereby increasing

incomes and alleviating poverty.

Based on stakeholder consultations and research,

create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and

what does not work in the context of polder management

in Bangladesh

WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad

Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder

governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance

of polders

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

Create awareness among local communities, academics,

students, governments and donors about the challenges

involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in

Bangladesh

OUTCOME LOGIC MODELStakeholders

Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS

OUTPUTS

Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder

governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the

perspectives of various stakeholders

Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that

"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration

while devising formal or informal institutions

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

OUTCOMES

Senior level officials from

BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in

charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in

these areas- Scaling up

are made aware of challenges

involved in polder governance and

possible solutions emanating from

our research studies. This will

be done through a series of

diseemintation workshops.

Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and

elected representatives

Improved polder governance

which allows farmers and fishermen to

maximise crop, fish and animal

production within sustainable

limits thereby increasing

incomes and alleviating poverty.

Based on stakeholder consultations and research,

create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and

what does not work in the context of polder management

in Bangladesh

WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad

Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder

governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance

of polders

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

Create awareness among local communities, academics,

students, governments and donors about the challenges

involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in

Bangladesh

OUTCOME LOGIC MODELOutcomes

Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour IMPACTS

OUTPUTS

Nuanced understanding of what constitutes "good" polder

governance and the problems faced in achieving good governance from the

perspectives of various stakeholders

Various stakeholder groups fully appreciate the complexities involved in polder governance and internalize the fact that various stakeholder groups may have different needs and that

"good" polder governance will happen only when all interests are discussed openly and taken into consideration

while devising formal or informal institutions

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

OUTCOMES

Senior level officials from

BWDB, LGED and Government of Bangladesh in

charge of coastal zone management and livelihoods in

these areas- Scaling up

are made aware of challenges

involved in polder governance and

possible solutions emanating from

our research studies. This will

be done through a series of

diseemintation workshops.

Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and

elected representatives

Improved polder governance

which allows farmers and fishermen to

maximise crop, fish and animal

production within sustainable

limits thereby increasing

incomes and alleviating poverty.

Based on stakeholder consultations and research,

create a tool kit of "best practises" and what works and

what does not work in the context of polder management

in Bangladesh

WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions (LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad

Better understand and appreciate the role of communities in polder

governance which may then lead to improved capacity for governance

of polders

Higher level government officials and elected representatives will be made aware of the project findings and given concrete suggestions on how to change practice and behaviour in the future through

dissemination workshops.

Create awareness among local communities, academics,

students, governments and donors about the challenges

involved and ways of achieving better polder governance in

Bangladesh

OUTCOME LOGIC MODELImpacts

STUDY AREA

G3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Litterature reviews

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

Experimental games

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

Experimental games

Conflict case study

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

Experimental games

Conflict case study

Gender case study

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

Experimental games

Conflict case study

Gender case study

West Bengal case study

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Students thesis

Qualitative survey

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

Experimental games

Conflict case study

Infrastructures mapping

Desk reviews

West Bengal case study

Gender case study

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

Experimental games

Conflict case studyStudents thesis

Household WMO survey

West Bengal case study

Gender case study

ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

Infrastructures mapping

Participatory maps

Official consultations

Community consultations

Experimental games

Conflict case studyStudents thesis

Desk reviews

Qualitative survey

Household WMO survey

Gender case study

West Bengal case study

OVER 3000 PEOPLE WERE CONSULTED

THE PROBLEMSConflicts low/high land

Conflicts shrimp/paddy

Water logging, lack of drainage

Lack of coordination

Silted canals

Embankments at risk

Disrepair of the gates

Inactive WMO

No formal role of UP

Lack of funding for maintenance

Elite capture

Decision making not open to all the stakeholders

Misuse of the funds, corruption

Costly and unsustainable alternatives for irrigation

Intrusion of saline water

THE PROBLEMSConflicts low/high land

Conflicts shrimp/paddy

Water logging, lack of drainage

Lack of coordination

Silted canals

Embankments at risk

Disrepair of the gates

Inactive WMO

No formal role of UP

Lack of funding for maintenance

Elite capture

Decision making not open to all the stakeholders

Misuse of the funds, corruption

Costly and unsustainable alternatives for irrigation

Intrusion of saline water

Adoption of improved technologies is locked.

Water management is the essential key to

unlock the adoption of improved technologies in

agriculture and aquaculture.

What do we learn from the survey on…

FOOD, LAND AND WATER

Household WMO survey

SAMPLE OF THE SURVEYNumber of households

Number of villages

Number of sampled

households

Number of sampled villages

Latabunia 104 1 40 1Jabusa 2,267 2 80 2Jainkati 71 1 36 1Polder 30 8462 44 280 14Polder 3 35356 117 280 14Poler 43-2F 6457 12 284 12TOTAL 52,542 177 1000 44

INSTRUMENTSHousehold questionnaire

Water Management Organization questionnaire

Section 1 – IdentificationSection 2 – DemographySection 3 – Housing and assetsSection 4 – LandsSection 5 – Agriculture

Section 6 – AquacultureSection 7 – IGASection 8 – Saving and creditSection 9 – Social capitalSection 10 – WMO

Section 1 – IdentificationSection 2 – Institutional featuresSection 3 – Financial features, incomeSection 4 – Financial features, expensesSection 5 – operation and maintenance

Most of the farmers (64%) operate very small areas of land (less than 4 bighas)

SIZE OF OPERATED AREAS

TOTAL

Jabusha

Jainkati

Latabunia

Polder 3

Polder 30

Polder 43-2F

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Large farmer (more than 2.5 acres)

Medium farmer (1.5 - 2.49 acres)

Small farmer (0.5 - 1.49 acres)

Marginal farmer (less than 0.5 acres)

Land holding, size of operated area

FOOD SECURITY

Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F

TOTAL0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percentage of house-holds relying on their stock all the year longPercentage of house-holds buying paddy all the year long

Magh

Falgu

n

Choitro

Boishak

h

Joishtho

Asharh

Srabon

Bhadro

Ashsh

inKarti

k

Ôgrohae

onPoush

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

JabushaJainkatiLatabuniaPolder 3Polder 30Polder 43-2F

Some location are highly dependant on agriculture (paddy) for their own-consumption.- Security- Vulnerability:

Climatic hazards, lean season

Paddy stock and paddy buying

Percentage of household using their own production of paddy for cooking

Dependency on agriculture for food security has clear consequences on the adaptation of improved technologies.

• Taste and food security is the 1st reason to explain the choice between HYV and LV in for 20.8% of the households.

Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F

Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Total0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Characteristics of the tech-nology

Prices

Taste and food security

First reason to explain the choice between HYV and LV

FOOD SECURITY AND ADAPTATION

30.3% of the surveyed households are landless.

By landless we mean number of households who do not have any land ownership

LANDLESS

But from them significant amount are involved in agriculture or in aquaculture practices. ie: have leased in land

How do we consider them in terms of decision making for water management?

Intensification strategy should differ in each location based on the natural condition, and current patterns.

CROPPING INTENSIFICATION

TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2FPlots for agriculture 70.3 83.0 97.4 15.9 50.5 71.9 87.0Including: 1 crop 26.1 75.0 24.3 92.3 42.3 18.8 19.4

2 crop 48.8 25.0 59.5 7.7 34.9 74.7 34.23 crops 25.1 0.0 16.2 0.0 22.8 6.5 46.4

Plots for aquaculture 22.3 17.0 2.6 9.8 42.4 23.4 12.8Including: 1 fish 27.0 40.8 21.6 8.3

Mixed fish 73.0 100.0 59.2 78.4 91.7

Plots for agriculture and aquaculture 7.4 0.0 0.0 74.4 7.1 4.7 0.2Including: 1 crop 92.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 81.0 82.6 100.0

2 crops 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.1 17.4 0.0Cropping patterns, by location, activity and number of crop/fish

CROPPING PATTERNSPercentage of cropping system in each sub-category. TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-

2F

AGRICULTURE PLOTS1 crop Aman 55.5 +++++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++

Boro 11.8 + +++ +

Betel leaves 8.8 + ++

Vegetables 8.4 +++ + ++

2 crops Aman + Sesame 44.3++++++

++

Aman + Boro 18.0 ++++++ +++

Aman + Pulses 10.6++++++

+ ++

Aman + Oil seed 3.6 +

3 crops Aus + Aman + Pulses 48.0 +++++ +++++

Aman + Pulses + Boro 13.5 ++

Aman + Oilseeds + Boro 3.6 +

Main cropping systems, agriculture

CROPPING PATTERNSPercentage of cropping system in each sub-category. TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-

2F

AQUACULTURE PLOTS

1 fish Bagda 62.79++++++

++ +++

Golda 18.6 ++++++ ++

Pangas 5.81 +++

Mixed fishes Bagda + Mixed fishes 21.9 +++++

Bagda + CrabsGolda + Mixed fishes 7.7 ++

Other mixed fishes 67.0 +++++++ +++++++++

+

AGRI AND AQUA SYSTEMAman + Bagda 36.8 +++++ ++ +

Boro + Golda 3.8 +

Aman + Mixed fishes 29.2 ++++ ++

Boro + Mixed fishes 9.4 +++ ++++

Main cropping systems, aquaculture and agri/aqua

WATER USES IN AGRICULTURESource of irrigation

TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Groundwater Canal River Other

Clear differences• Polder 43-2F and Jainkati, low saline area, canal is the main source of irrigation.• When farmers don’t have access to canal irrigation, the have to rely on

groundwater as an alternative:• Polder 3, canals are saline and dedicated to aquaculture• Jabusha, canal lease in?

Question: how costly and how sustainable is the alternative?

WATER USES IN AGRICULTURESystem used for irrigation

TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Electric pump Diesel pump Gravitation By hand Other

• When canal water or river water can be used, gravitation system (Polder 43-2F, polder 30, Jainkati), low cost, only maintenance of the ditch/dyke.

• Low development of electric pump (only Jabusha)• Most of the farmers rely in diesel pump for irrigation

• 10% of the households have a diesel pumpCost of irrigation for boro (per bigha) • 140 BDT if GW + diesel pump• 70 BDT if canal + diesel pump• Free if canal + gravitation

WATER USES IN AGRICULTUREDrainage practices

Drainage is an important tool to consider the intensification of the agriculture system (adoption of 3 crops system).

• Only 16% of the crop were drained last year• More common in agri/aqua system (Latabunia)• Aman + mixed fishes required drainage in 40% of the cases

TOTAL Jabusha Jainkati LatabuniaPolder

3Polder

30Polder 43-2F

TOTAL 16.3

Agriculture system 12.5 8.8 12.2 13.0 17.4 10.1

Agriculture and aquatic system 21.9 48.8 27.6 19.3 12.8

Percentage of the crops drained by the location and plot use

WATER USES IN AQUACULTURESource of water

Clear differences• Polder 43-2F, Jabusha, polder 30, rainwater is the main source (fresh water fishes)• For bagda cultivation (Latabunia, polder 3), access to canal or river water• Use of groundwater for filling the ponds is introduced is several locations.

Total Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F Jabusha Latabunia0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Others

River

Canal

Rain water

Groundwater

WATER USES IN AQUACULTURESystem used for flush in/out

Renewal of water required quite often in aquaculture (37 times per year on average for bagda)• Gravitation system is always preferred for flush in fresh water and

flushing out waste water in aquaculture.• When gravitation is impossible, diesel pumps are the alternative.

Polder 3 - I

n

Polder 3 - O

ut

Polder 30 - I

n

Polder 30 - O

ut

Poler 43-2F -

In

Poler 43-2F -

Out

Jabusha - I

n

Jabusha - O

ut

Latabunia - I

n

Latabunia - O

ut

TOTAL - In

TOTAL - O

ut0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Other

By hand

Syphon

Gravitation

Diesel pump

Electric pump

At least three sequences of choices for the household:1. To which activity will be dedicated the plot? Agriculture, aquaculture, mixed

cropping system2. How many crop will be cultivated in the plot?3. Which crops will be cultivated? (additionally to paddy)

DETERMINANTS OF THE CROPPING CHOICES

Characteristics of the plot• Water quantity (irrigation/drainage) • Water quality (salinity)• Soil• Size• Situation of the neighbouring plots

Characteristics of the farm• Area operated (economies of scale?)• Number of plots cultivated• Technology access, productive assets

Characteristic of the household• Age, level of education• Number of household member• Additional income generating activities

Village/Institutional characteristics• Market access, procurement• Prices• Social structure, choices of the other farmers• Climatic suitability

Determinants of the cropping choices

What do we learn from the survey on…

COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT

Household WMO survey

Quick Review on Water Management Organizations in Polders & Sub-Projects

• Literature Review of Community Management

• Highlights from the quantitative survey

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Inclusion of all stake holders All the people in the community should be an integral part of the water management

organisations. The organisation should comprise of elite people, poor people, women, migrants etc and after their inclusion they should be able to participate in all further decision making process. Often it is noticed that poor participants have better income earning opportunities if they migrate to towns as labourers or rickshaw pullers in the kharif season but they are required to perform guard duty or they would lose access. Thompson, 2003

• Income of Water Management Organisation: After forming the Water management organisations there should be flow of income for the

organisation to survive. Sustainability is the key to maintaining the polders, dykes, and these organisations. The payments for the fishing rights should be equally shared between organisations. Thompson, 2003

• Governance of WMO: Every year the financial accounts and a report should be drafted about the work and

maintenance taken place in that organisation. The records should be updated every year and shared with UP and shared amongst the community as well

• Co-ordination with Local Governing InstitutionsOne of the most important reasons for the failure of the water management organisations is the

co-ordination with the local governing bodies. These organisations have externally defined functions and organisational structures which are generally defined without consulting people at the local level on whether they conform with their own organisational practices. Jennifer Duyne, 1998

THE POSITIVES…

• Relation between Community Management and PoliticsThe relationship between Community management and Politics is not clearly defined on paper

but it does exist in reality. Sometimes the people who do not find an opportunity to ‘participate’ in water management through formal groups organised by external agencies, organise themselves independently to pursue their own water management requirements. Jennifer Duyne, 1998.

Sometimes the politicization of NGO’s make the field level implementation worse as the local elite’s/ lease holders take advantage of the politically weak position of the NGO’s. Local level Administration becomes reluctant to take part proactively when something becomes too political. Mohammed A. Rabi, 2009

• Long Term cycle: There has been a trend in the project cycles in Bangladesh. It is noticed that all the projects

have a period of 3 years or so and then after the completion of the project the activities start withering away and slowly the project unwinds in a couple of years.

• External and Endogenous Organisations: One of the reasons why attempts to enhance participation in the water sector in Bangladesh

fails because exogenous organisations model were mechanically applied to different context. They hardly make an attempt to understand and build upon indigenous water management and organisational practices.. Jennifer Duyne, 1998.

THE NEGATIVES…

RESEARCH FINDINGS

Role of the Local Governing Institutions

• Currently, no formal role but:• Implication in gate operation,• Implication in conflicts resolution,• Role in case of urgency, natural calamity.

Trust in elected representatives

Community people24%

WMO2%

UP36%

BWDB28%

LGED9%

Other2%

Who should act to solve the water related problems?

External and Endogenous Organisations:

Rating the Participatory process of WMO at the creation Freq. Percent

Very Poor 3 7.5Rather poor 6 15Rather Good 10 25

Good 21 52.5Total 40 100 Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 43-2F

2

5

7

5

124

1

BWDB IPSWAM Union Parishad Influencial people Others

Who took the initiative for creating these committees, by location

Only 3 villages are affiliated to political parties. Ie: Chaltabaria (Polder 3), Iliapur ( Jabusha) and Kharhat (Polder 3)

Relation between WMO and Politics

Income of Water Management Organisation

Polder 3

Polder 30

Polder 43-2F

Jabush

a

Jainka

ti

Latab

uniaTO

TAL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Physical participation for gate opera-tion

Participation in decision making for gate operation

Financial contribution for gate opera-tion

Voluntary work for gate maintenance

Financial contribution for gate main-tenance

Polder 3

Polder 30

Polder 43-2F

Jabush

a

Jainka

ti

Latab

uniaTO

TAL

0

5

10

15

20

25

Voluntary work for canal main-tenanceFinancial contribu-tion for canal maintenance

Percentage of household involved in canal maintenance, by location

Percentage of household involved in gate operation and gate maintenance, by location

Only 1 WMO receive incomes apart from the members Ie: Jabusa

Polder 3

Polder 30

Polder 43-2F

Jabush

a

Jainka

ti

Latab

uniaTO

TAL

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Voluntary work for embankment maintenanceFinancial con-tribution for embankment maintenance

Percentage of household involved in embankment maintenance, by location

3 30 43 JB JK LT0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

Average Number of days of vol-untary work for canal and em-

bankment

No of days worked voluntary last yr to maintian the canal

No of days worked voluntary last yr to maintian the embankment

HH contributions is hardly seen across polders. Out of the contributors most of them contribute in the savings funds.

Financial Accountability of WMO:

Estimating the actions and results of the WMO on financial accountability Freq. Percent

Very Poor 200 20.26Poor, some problem 229 23.2

Rather poor 273 27.66Rather Good 180 18.24

Good 91 9.22Very Good 14 1.42

None of the WMO’s are registered in Polder 3.

Most of the WMO’s are registered in Polder 30 and Polder 43/2F

Long term cycle

Year of Election Freq. Percent

1998 1 2.52006 1 2.52007 4 102008 4 102009 2 52010 4 102012 3 7.5Total 19 47.5

No of times the WMO meet in the last 1 year

Freq. Percent

0 12 301 6 153 4 104 3 7.57 1 2.5

12 6 1514 1 2.552 1 2.5

The year In which the last meeting was held

Freq. Percent

2009 1 4.172010 1 4.172011 1 4.172012 21 87.5

Inclusion of all stake holders

WMO members Non WMO members0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Large farmer (more than 2.5 acres)

Medium farmer (1.5 - 2.49 acres)

Small farmer (0.5 - 1.49 acres)

Marginal farmer (less than 0.5 acres)

Land holding, by WMO membershipSex composition of the EC Freq PercentMale 178 80.18Female 44 19.82Total 222 100

In terms of Decision Making

Ways the Decision are taken on the operations of the gate Freq. Percent

Collective decision by all the stake holders 158 15.8Collective decision by the land owners 128 12.8Collective decision by people living near the gate 62 6.2Decision by gher owners/ influencial people 302 30.2WMCA, WMG 150 15Gate & Beel Committee 107 10.7UP 31 3.1Others 62 6.2Total 1,000 100

Percentage of

household with a WMO member

Polder 3 0.4

Polder 30 13.9

Polder 43-2F 10.9

Jabusha 10

Jainkati 47.2

Latabunia 42.5

TOTAL 11.3

In Conclusion…Guidelines and Policies of WMO

Implementation Problems Institutions are already in place

• BWDB• LGED• WMCA• WMG• WMO

+ _

• Lack of Co-ordination between local governing institutions

• Financial Accountability• Elite Capture

G3 FINDINGS, MESSAGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1st Finding

Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability…

…but poor quality of maintenance can be solved through a three tier strategy.

Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability…

• Poor quality of the infrastructures is a commonality across the polders and subprojects.

• Gates• Canals• Embankments

Reasons• Deferred maintenance• Conflicts• Design of the infrastructures

or of the projects• Weak institutions

Consequences• Communities are at at risk in

case of natural calamity• Infrastructures don’t play

their roles• Costly alternatives for the

farmers (use of groundwater)

Polder 3

Polder 30

Polder 43-2F

Jabush

a

Jainka

ti

Latab

uniaTO

TAL

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Bad or very bad condi-tion of the embankment

Bad or very bad condi-tion of the gates

Bad or very bad condi-tion of the canals

…but poor quality of maintenance can be solved through a three tier strategy.

Community level

Improving the contributions of the community members• Homogeneous WMOs with shared interests in water

management (conditions for membership)• Relating contributions to benefits (microcredit, fishing rights…)• Income generating activities for the WMOs• Creating strong institutions with ownership of the

infrastructures

UP level Involving the local representative, Union ParishadUsing social safety nets for water infrastructure maintenance

GoB and donors level

Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance of Water related infrastructure in Bangladesh• Allocation per polder and per year of maintenance funds

2nd Finding

Institutional Coordination needs to improve through a clear water

governance framework.

Institutional Coordination has to be improved through a clear water governance framework• Myriad of actors in the sector of water management in the

Coastal Zone of Bangladesh

Formal – Informal scale

Top

– D

own

scal

eD

own

Top

Formal Informal

Actors involved in water management in polders (more than 1000 ha), BWDBActors involved in water management in sub-projects (less than 1000 ha), LGEDOther actors

BWDB

LGED

WMA

WMG

WMCA

Gate committees

Gher/beel committees

Union Parishad

Institutional Coordination has to be improved through a clear water governance framework

• Recommendations• Revising the water policy to bring more clarity on the

institutional governance framework.• Clear role and responsibility of each actor• Integrated water management• Institutional Coordination have to happen between the

actors

• ConsequencesFragmentations of the roles and responsibilities- Overlaps Conflicts, power dynamics, some stakeholders not taken into

consideration- Gaps Defaulting behaviours and responsibilities, disrepair of the

infrastructures

Fragmentation of the different scales• From gate committee (few hectares) to Water Management Association

(thousand of hectares). • Where is the institutional coordination, the integration of each level?

3rd Finding

The role of local representatives (Union Parishad) in water governance

needs to be formally recognized.

The role of local representatives in water governance needs to be formally recognized.

• Currently, no formal role but:• Implication in gate operation,• Implication in conflicts resolution,• Role in case of urgency, natural calamity.

Trust in elected representatives.Community people

24%

WMO2%

UP36%

BWDB28%

LGED9%

Other2%

Who should act to solve the water related problems?

• Advantages• Conflict resolution• Coordination of all the stakeholders• Social safety nets for maintenance of water

infrastructures (gate, canal re-excavation, embankments).

• Not a new institutional layer added• Strengthen capacities of local governments

• ExampleUnion Parishad Coordination Committee

4th Finding

Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can improve the water governance.

Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can improve the water governance.

• What are SMU?• Dykes, sub division in the polders• Based on coherent hydro ecological sub-basins

• Why is it useful?• Because scale matters, experience from LGED sub-projects• Many conflicts are in fact high/low land conflicts:

shrimp/paddy, water logging, opening/closing the gates, crop calendars…

• Challenge• Rethinking the polders and their infrastructures

• Advantages• Creating units with commonality of interest• Reducing conflicts• Drainage, irrigation for introducing more intensive

cropping patterns(G2)

1. Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability… but quality of maintenance can be solved through a three tier strategy.

• Improving the contributions of the community members• Involving the local representative, Union Parishad• Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance

Summary: Four finding to be discussed

2. Institutional Coordination has to be improved through a clear water governance framework.

3. The role of local representatives (Union Parishad) in water governance needs to be formally recognized.

4. Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can improve the water governance.

Incorporated in the 6 key messages from the GBDC

WAY FORWARD

April 2014

Validation and consultation workshops at community level

Participants: • Community members • WMOs members, • LGI, • Local officials

Khulna, 10th NovemberPatuakhali, 8th November

Additional workshops may be organized

Purposes: • Discussion of the findings, reformulation• Appropriation of the message at the field level• Collective reflection on the way to implement

the changes

Consultation with officials

Participants: • All the stakeholders met

at the starting point of the project

January/February 2014Dhaka

Individual meetingsPolicy brief as a support

Purpose:• Sharing with policy makers our main finding/messages• Discussing the implementation and scaling-up

Finalization and publication of the on-going research outputs

Research reports from

literature reviews

OBJECTIVE: At the closure all the outputs produce through the G3 project should be made available.

Research reports from qualitative data collection

Research reports from

quantitative data collection

Journal articles (peer reviewed publications)

Research reports from

case study

Research report from

policy studies

Student thesisDatabases

Reference materials

Videos

Maps

PosterConference presentations

G3 library

Finalization and publication of the on-going research outputs

Research reports from

literature reviews

OBJECTIVE: At the closure all the outputs produce through the G3 project should be made available.

Research reports from qualitative data collection

Research reports from

quantitative data collection

Journal articles (peer reviewed publications)

Research reports from

case study

Research report from

policy studies

Student thesisDatabases

Reference materials

Videos

Maps

PosterConference presentations

POLICY PAPER

Bring answers to our research questionsPoint out the policy recommendations with their justificationTargeted to policy makers

?

Additional research areas to support our current findings

Comparison analysis of policies and community water management in West Bengal and in Coastal Bangladesh

Based on Situation analysis reports from 9 polders in Bangladesh and case study in West Bengal

Case study: The role of social safety nets in water management, the NREGA experience, which opportunities for Bangladesh?

Determinants and Impacts of participation in WMOs Based on the household and WMO data collected

Case study: Groundwater uses in Coastal zone of Bangladesh

Experimental games from a sociological perspective, understanding the external validity

Based on the recording of post-games discussions

Women and water management in Coastal zone of Bangladesh Synthesis from case study, qualitative data and quantitative survey

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION