GEOLOGY 1PPT. by Robin D. Seamon
Geology: Study of the Earth
Geologist: scientist who studies the Earth
EARTH’S PARTS
Lithospherecrust (outer hard layer)
Hydrospherewater layer
Atmosphereair & gases layer
•Earth’s CORE: inside layer
1. inner core solid rock (iron, nickel)
2. outer core liquid rock
•Earth’s MANTLE: middle layer; liquid rock, like putty; biggest layer
magma melted rock INSIDE the earth
lava melted rock pouring OUT
INSIDE THE EARTH
nsidc.org/frozenground/how_fg_forms.html
Volcanoes:
• Shield volcanoes layers of lava released from repeated nonexplosive eruptions; runny lava spreads outMauna Kea, Hawaii
• Cinder cone volcanoes pyroclastic material (magma explodes out & solidifies in air); small, short-livedParicutin, Mexico
• Composite volcanoes pyroclastic explosions followed by slower, longer flowing-lavaMt. Fuji; Mt Rainier, Mt. St. Helens
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
(shield volcano)BACK
http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/decker/hawaii_mauna_kea.php
http://www.the-vu.com/2010/05/mauna-kea-in-hawaii-driving-to-the-summit-of-this-grand-volcano/
Paricutin, Mexicocinder-cone volcano
BACKphoto2.si.edu/mexvolc/volcmex.htm
Advance
Mt. Fuji
Mount St . Helens
ruby.colorado.edu/.../Volcanix/Volcanix.html
Volcanoes:
• Caldera: large, semicircular pit that forms when the chamber supplying magma to a volcano partially empties, then the roof collapses; sinks the ground
• Volcanoes HSW VIDEO: Earth Phenomenon: Volcanoes (5:502. Volcanoes Media Player: Earth
• Science Volcanoes (157min)
thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/747
Volcano WATCH IT!
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/16000/16689/ISS013-E-24184_lrg.jpg
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/archive/2008/Feb/20080228-3564-TRO_L.jpg
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/rocks_pics/lava_flow.jpg
Earth’s CRUST thin, hard outer layer of Earth
DO SNICKERS LAB
• Theory of Plate Tectonics: the idea that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into 10 tectonic plates that move around on the mantle
• Measured through GPS
• 10 tectonic plates: large pieces of Earth’s lithosphere
• Faults: crack in the crust; Spain fault: Image1
SNICKERS LAB
BACK
Question: How can a Snickers bar illustrate the layers of the Earth?
Hypothesis: I think…
Materials: Snickers bar, plastic knife, paper mat
Procedure:Step 1- Unwrap Snickers barStep 2- Using the plastic knife, cut the candy bar in half.Step 3- Compare the candy bar to the Earth
Observation: (Copy analogies, & drawing box. Label all parts.)
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• Convergent Boundary: place where two tectonic plates collide
• Divergent Boundary: place where two tectonic plates pull apart
• Mid-oceanic ridges: in the middle of the ocean; forms new sea floor.
• Transform Boundary: place where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally
* DIAGRAM
• San Andreas Fault Line
HOT ZONES LINKS
ADVANCE
BACK
Creates volcanic chain
Forms mountain range & sudden earthquakes
Makes mountainsBACK
http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_5.asp
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES:
BACK
http://stloe.most.go.th/volcano/LO403/images/1_1.jpg
BACK
http://www2.stkc.go.th/LOEarthScience/OFFLINE/LO403/images/4_1.jpg
BACK
http://www.platetectonics.com/oceanfloors/index.asp
BACK
Spain
BACK
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/earth_plates_usgs_L_2_jpg_image.html
Spain
BACK
San Andreas Fault line in California
BACK
http://images.dailytech.com/nimage/11577_1_21_san_andreas_fault_2_20090709224601_640_480.JPG
Spain
FAULTS LAB
•Alfred Wegener 1900 proposed idea that continents were once all together & then split apart over time: Continental Drift
•Pangea: 225 mya (million years ago) the continents were formed together into a huge supercontinent
Plate Tectonics MAP
Sea-floor spreading: process by which new ocean floor is formed
PANGEA LAB Video: HSW Mapping ocean floor (5min) ADVANCE
EVIDENCE:
Older crust is farther away from ocean ridge
Magnetic reversals recorded in ocean floor
CAUSES:
Convection cells
ADVANCE
http://www.quranandscience.com/images/convection%20cell.gif
BACK
Activity 1 Test 1 BACK
PANGEA LAB:
Color & label the land masses. Put them together into Pangea.
BACK
FORCES (make earthquakes & mountains)• tension stretches/ pulls apart crust (watch mid-Atlantic
ridge
• compression pushes together crust (watch collision zone)
• shear crust parts push past each other (watch subduction)
(watch fault action)
• folding bending because of stress in the crust
•Faulting stress causes rock blocks to slide past each other
•Faulting stress causes rock blocks to slide past each other
•Normal fault hanging wall block moves down
•Reverse fault hanging wall block moves up
•Strike-slip fault blocks move horizontally
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Faille_des_Causses_depuis_Bedarieux.dsc02071.cropped.jpg
Folded Mountains:
www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/index.html
Fault-Block Mountains:
Volcanic Mountains:
volcano areas in the crust where magma & gases pass
(FUN volcano link)
•Uplift rising of parts of the Earth’s crust
-Mountains
-Rebound: when weight is lifted from it
•Subsidence sinking of parts of the Earth’s crust
-Cooling crust
-Tectonic letdown: rift zone- deep cracks between tectonic plates pulling apart,
drop blocks in middle
Great Rift Valley in Africa
• earthquake: plates pushing & falling
• seismographs: measures movement/ vibrations
• Seismic waves travel different speeds through different materials (depends on density & composition)
• P waves (pressure waves) travel through solids, liquids, & gases; FIRST, FASTEST--- longitudinal waves
• S waves (shear waves) SECONDARY--- transverse waves
• Surface waves move upper crust
EARTHQUAKES!
EARTHQUAKES!
JELLO!3.Bounce
up
2.Jiggle-jiggle
• Focus point inside the Earth where the earthquake begins
• Epicenter point on the Earth’s surface above the focus MAP
• Richter Magnitude Scale:
• Tsunami giant wave caused by the vibration/waves of an earthquake
VIDEO HSW: Our Restless Planet: Faults & Earthquakes (3 min)
VIDEO HSW: Earth Science Earthquakes (17 min)
Volcanoes & Earthquakes VIDEO HSW: Natural Phenomenon: Volcanoes & Earthquakes (15 min)
ADVANCE
Earthquake map BACK
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs017-03/images/useqs.gif
Seismograph
BACK
http://sydney.edu.au/science/uniserve_science/school/Seismograph/menu.html
http://sydney.edu.au/science/uniserve_science/school/Seismograph/menu.html
BACK
•weathering breaking down of crust into smaller pieces
•physical weathering water, air, , ice, temp.
•chemical weathering acid rain or fire /changes
•erosion pick up and carry away of the pieces
•deposition dropping off of eroded rockADVANCE
WATER
BACKhttp://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Erosion/index.html
http://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Erosion/index.html
WIND
BACKhttp://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/agronomy/photos.html
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/eolian_systems/factors_erosion.html
ICE
BACK
http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/glossary.aspx?alpha=e&id=93&lang=En
http://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched/geology/GeoHaz/Erosion/Erosion-20.JPG
TEMPERATUREBACK
EARTH’s Catastrophic Past VIDEO (HSW 24 min.)Part 1
EARTH’s Catastrophic Past VIDEO (HSW 24 min.)Part 2
LINKS:
BBC SCIENCE
Earth Quake Watch
GEOLOGY
Simulations
More Geology
Grand Canyon
Tsunami
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks