GEOLOGY 1PPT. by Robin D. Seamon

Geology: Study of the Earth

Geologist: scientist who studies the Earth

EARTH’S PARTS

Lithospherecrust (outer hard layer)

Hydrospherewater layer

Atmosphereair & gases layer

•Earth’s CORE: inside layer

1. inner core solid rock (iron, nickel)

2. outer core liquid rock

•Earth’s MANTLE: middle layer; liquid rock, like putty; biggest layer

magma melted rock INSIDE the earth

lava melted rock pouring OUT

INSIDE THE EARTH

nsidc.org/frozenground/how_fg_forms.html

Volcanoes:

• Shield volcanoes layers of lava released from repeated nonexplosive eruptions; runny lava spreads outMauna Kea, Hawaii

• Cinder cone volcanoes pyroclastic material (magma explodes out & solidifies in air); small, short-livedParicutin, Mexico

• Composite volcanoes pyroclastic explosions followed by slower, longer flowing-lavaMt. Fuji; Mt Rainier, Mt. St. Helens

Mauna Kea, Hawaii

(shield volcano)BACK

http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/decker/hawaii_mauna_kea.php

http://www.the-vu.com/2010/05/mauna-kea-in-hawaii-driving-to-the-summit-of-this-grand-volcano/

Paricutin, Mexicocinder-cone volcano

BACKphoto2.si.edu/mexvolc/volcmex.htm

Advance

Mt. Fuji

Mount St . Helens

ruby.colorado.edu/.../Volcanix/Volcanix.html

Volcanoes:

• Caldera: large, semicircular pit that forms when the chamber supplying magma to a volcano partially empties, then the roof collapses; sinks the ground

• Volcanoes HSW VIDEO: Earth Phenomenon: Volcanoes (5:502. Volcanoes Media Player: Earth

• Science Volcanoes (157min)

thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/747

Volcano WATCH IT!

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/16000/16689/ISS013-E-24184_lrg.jpg

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/archive/2008/Feb/20080228-3564-TRO_L.jpg

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/rocks_pics/lava_flow.jpg

Earth’s CRUST thin, hard outer layer of Earth

DO SNICKERS LAB

• Theory of Plate Tectonics: the idea that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into 10 tectonic plates that move around on the mantle

• Measured through GPS

• 10 tectonic plates: large pieces of Earth’s lithosphere

• Faults: crack in the crust; Spain fault: Image1

SNICKERS LAB

BACK

Question: How can a Snickers bar illustrate the layers of the Earth?

Hypothesis: I think…

Materials: Snickers bar, plastic knife, paper mat

Procedure:Step 1- Unwrap Snickers barStep 2- Using the plastic knife, cut the candy bar in half.Step 3- Compare the candy bar to the Earth

Observation: (Copy analogies, & drawing box. Label all parts.)

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• Convergent Boundary: place where two tectonic plates collide

• Divergent Boundary: place where two tectonic plates pull apart

• Mid-oceanic ridges: in the middle of the ocean; forms new sea floor.

• Transform Boundary: place where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally

* DIAGRAM

• San Andreas Fault Line

HOT ZONES LINKS

ADVANCE

BACK

Creates volcanic chain

Forms mountain range & sudden earthquakes

Makes mountainsBACK

http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_5.asp

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES:

BACK

http://stloe.most.go.th/volcano/LO403/images/1_1.jpg

BACK

http://www2.stkc.go.th/LOEarthScience/OFFLINE/LO403/images/4_1.jpg

BACK

http://www.platetectonics.com/oceanfloors/index.asp

BACK

Spain

BACK

http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/earth_plates_usgs_L_2_jpg_image.html

Spain

BACK

San Andreas Fault line in California

BACK

http://images.dailytech.com/nimage/11577_1_21_san_andreas_fault_2_20090709224601_640_480.JPG

Spain

FAULTS LAB

•Alfred Wegener 1900 proposed idea that continents were once all together & then split apart over time: Continental Drift

•Pangea: 225 mya (million years ago) the continents were formed together into a huge supercontinent

Plate Tectonics MAP

Sea-floor spreading: process by which new ocean floor is formed

PANGEA LAB Video: HSW Mapping ocean floor (5min) ADVANCE

EVIDENCE:

Older crust is farther away from ocean ridge

Magnetic reversals recorded in ocean floor

CAUSES:

Convection cells

ADVANCE

http://www.quranandscience.com/images/convection%20cell.gif

BACK

Activity 1 Test 1 BACK

PANGEA LAB:

Color & label the land masses. Put them together into Pangea.

BACK

FORCES (make earthquakes & mountains)• tension stretches/ pulls apart crust (watch mid-Atlantic

ridge

• compression pushes together crust (watch collision zone)

• shear crust parts push past each other (watch subduction)

(watch fault action)

• folding bending because of stress in the crust

•Faulting stress causes rock blocks to slide past each other

•Faulting stress causes rock blocks to slide past each other

•Normal fault hanging wall block moves down

•Reverse fault hanging wall block moves up

•Strike-slip fault blocks move horizontally

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Faille_des_Causses_depuis_Bedarieux.dsc02071.cropped.jpg

Folded Mountains:

www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/index.html

Fault-Block Mountains:

Volcanic Mountains:

volcano areas in the crust where magma & gases pass

(FUN volcano link)

•Uplift rising of parts of the Earth’s crust

-Mountains

-Rebound: when weight is lifted from it

•Subsidence sinking of parts of the Earth’s crust

-Cooling crust

-Tectonic letdown: rift zone- deep cracks between tectonic plates pulling apart,

drop blocks in middle

Great Rift Valley in Africa

• earthquake: plates pushing & falling

• seismographs: measures movement/ vibrations

• Seismic waves travel different speeds through different materials (depends on density & composition)

• P waves (pressure waves) travel through solids, liquids, & gases; FIRST, FASTEST--- longitudinal waves

• S waves (shear waves) SECONDARY--- transverse waves

• Surface waves move upper crust

EARTHQUAKES!

EARTHQUAKES!

JELLO!3.Bounce

up

2.Jiggle-jiggle

• Focus point inside the Earth where the earthquake begins

• Epicenter point on the Earth’s surface above the focus MAP

• Richter Magnitude Scale:

• Tsunami giant wave caused by the vibration/waves of an earthquake

VIDEO HSW: Our Restless Planet: Faults & Earthquakes (3 min)

VIDEO HSW: Earth Science Earthquakes (17 min)

Volcanoes & Earthquakes VIDEO HSW: Natural Phenomenon: Volcanoes & Earthquakes (15 min)

ADVANCE

Earthquake map BACK

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs017-03/images/useqs.gif

Seismograph

BACK

http://sydney.edu.au/science/uniserve_science/school/Seismograph/menu.html

http://sydney.edu.au/science/uniserve_science/school/Seismograph/menu.html

BACK

•weathering breaking down of crust into smaller pieces

•physical weathering water, air, , ice, temp.

•chemical weathering acid rain or fire /changes

•erosion pick up and carry away of the pieces

•deposition dropping off of eroded rockADVANCE

WATER

BACKhttp://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Erosion/index.html

http://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Erosion/index.html

WIND

BACKhttp://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/agronomy/photos.html

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/eolian_systems/factors_erosion.html

ICE

BACK

http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/glossary.aspx?alpha=e&id=93&lang=En

http://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched/geology/GeoHaz/Erosion/Erosion-20.JPG

TEMPERATUREBACK

EARTH’s Catastrophic Past VIDEO (HSW 24 min.)Part 1

EARTH’s Catastrophic Past VIDEO (HSW 24 min.)Part 2

LINKS:

BBC SCIENCE

Earth Quake Watch

GEOLOGY

Simulations

More Geology

Grand Canyon

Tsunami

Igneous Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks