. Gottfried WLeibniz(1646-1716)

- 1663 , MA Phil and BA Law 1665Leipzig

- 1669-1674 secretary to the Elector of Mainz

- 1672-74 ( )visits Paris Huygens- 1675 counsellor to to the

Duke of Brunswick in Hanover- private tutor of Caroline of

, Anspach the future Princess of Wales and wife of George II

• Discourse on Metaphysics1686• New System of Nature 1695• Monadology 1714•Theodicy 1710• New Essays on HumanUnderstanding ( . 1695-comp1705, . 1765)publ

SamuelClarke(1675-1729)

- BA Cambridge

- (1704-05)Boyle lectures• A Demonstration of the Being

and Attributes of God• A Discourse concerning

natural religion- 1706 ’ translation of Newton sOpticks into Latin

- 1709 . ’ Rector of St James s Church in Westminster

( ’ )Newton s parish

- 1714 coronation of George I of ( Hanover Clarke was personal chaplain of Princess Caroline of, Anspach the future wife of

)George II

- 1715-16 exchange with Leibniz via Princess Carolineof

Anspach• 1717first published in

The Calculus dispute• 1672; 1677.Leibniz comes to know of Newton in first exchange of letters in• 1677-1699development of calculus

– ’ 1684 1686Leibniz s account of Differential Calculus in and Integral Calculus– ’ Newton s Principia 1687

• cordial exchange of letters between Newton and Leibniz on gravity and 1692-93.planetary motion still in

• 1708 John Keill publishes in the Philosophical Transactions an accusation ’ that Leibniz plagiarised Newton s calculus

• 1710 ( Leibniz requested redress from the Royal Society full member since1673)

• ’ , 1711the RS requested Keill s account and accepted it in• 1712 , ( Leibniz appealed again the RS formed a committee chaired by

), 1713 (Newton which issued a report in Commercium Epistolicum, ) .written by Newton that condemned Leibniz

• Leibniz refutes the report in his Charta volans 1713, published in Dec ’ ( showing that Newton s mastery of the calculus was patchy showcasing

an error in Principia . 2, . 10 – Bk prop mistake pointed out to Leibniz )anonymously by Johan Bernoulli

• 1716 , in spring Caroline tried to pacify Newton and Leibniz but failed• 1709 since Leibniz intensified his attacks on various aspects of Newtonian

, theory in his publications and letters

The Calculus disputehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axZTv5YJssA

. . , A R Hall Philosophers at War(1980)

- Leibniz ClarkeCorrespondence• 5 letters exchanged via , princess Caroline

’ , starting with Leibniz s attack on Newton followed ’ by Clarke s reply

• :TOPICS( ) i theological and metaphysical

- the relation of God to the world- ’ God s attributes- the nature of soul and its relation to body- free will- the Principle of Sufficient Reason- miracles

( ) /iii physical scientific- the nature of space and time- the nature of matter- gravity- motive force- the size of the universe

The Plan• 14 : ’ October Newton s revolution– ’ - . Newton s Revolution in Physics dr Ivica

, , Smolic Asistant Professor of Physics Faculty of Science

– ’ - Newton s Impact on Philosophy PG

• 21 : October no class• 28 by October

( ) i read the LCC( ) ii make synoptic notes of the arguments( ) 20 iii choose a topic for min presentation as an

introduction to discussion

• 28 : October Space as the sensorium of God

The Plan• 4 : 1November Topic• 11 : 2November Topic• 18 : 3November Topic• 25 : 4November Topic• 2 : 5December Topic• 9 : 6December Topic• 16 : 7December Topic• 23 (?): 8December Topic• 13 : 9January Topic• 20 : 10January Topic• 27 : 11January Topic

Obligations and Grading OBLIGATION % OF

FINAL MARK

• ( . 3 )attendance max absences• synoptic notes of arguments in LCC 10%•20 min presentation on topic of choice 20%• discussion in class 20%• ( , 4 )short quiz unannounced after Nov 10%• written exam 40%

– 10 short factual questions– 5 expanded questions– 3 ( 10) discussion questions choice out of

- READINGS OBLIGATORY• R. Ariew ( .)ed , G. W. Leibniz and Samuel

Clarke: Correspondence, -IndianapolisCambridge, 2000.

• H. G. Alexander, “Introduction”, in The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, Manchester, 1956, pp. ix-lvi

• I. Newton, Philosophical Writings, ed. A. Janiak, Cambridge, 2004. [ ]parts– , . -Introduction pp ix xxxi– Principia, , . 64-70.Scholium to Definitions pp– , Principia , . 89-93General Scholium pp .

• G. W. Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, ed. R. Ariew & D. Garber, Cambridge, 1989. [ ]parts– Monadology, . 213-225.pp– Letters on Newton, . 307-320.pp

- READINGS SUGGESTED• E. Vailati, Leibniz and Clarke. A Study of

their Correspondence, Oxford, 1997.• L. A. Burtt, The Metaphysical Foundations of

Modern Science, London, 1924.– : “ ”, Chapter VII The Metaphysics of Newton pp. 207-

302.

• G. W. Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, ed. R. Ariew & D. Garber, Cambridge, 1989.– Discourse on Metaphysics, . 35-69.pp– New System of Nature, . 138-145.pp

• I. Kant, Critique of the Pure Reason, tr. . NKemp Smith, , 1929.London– “ ”, . 63-91.Transcendental Aesthetic pp

- READINGS OTHER• S. Shapin, “Of Gods and Kings: Natural Philosophy

and Politics in the Leibniz-Clarke Disputes”, Isis 72 (1981), 187-215.

• R. Laymon, “Newton's Bucket Experiment”, Journal of the History of Philosophy 16 (1978), 399-413.

• S. Clarke, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God and Other Writings, ed. E. Vailati, Cambridge, 1998.

• R. T. W. Arthur, “Space and Relativity in Newton and Leibniz”, British Journal for the History of Science 45 (1994), 220-240.

• N. Jolly (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, Cambridge, 1995.