© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Images for impactHow to create, edit, find images to
enhance your communications
Mary Williams
@PlantTeaching
June 2016
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Outline
• I will show you how to use PowerPoint tools to manipulate and optimize images
• I will show you how to use PowerPoint tools to make appealing diagrams
• I will show you how to find images you can reuse
• I will show you obtain permission to reuse images
Can this information be made
more visually-
interesting?
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Simply clicking on an icon turns your bulleted list into SmartArt. There are many possible default forms of SmartArt
SmartArt is a simple way to make words into “images”
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
SmartArt turns your words into pictures effortlessly
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
You can use default settings or customize everything
Manipulate and
optimize images
Make appealing diagrams
Find images you can reuse
Obtain permission
to reuse images
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Just because it’s easy doesn’t mean you should over use it - SmartArt should reinforce your message
Just because it’s easy doesn’t mean you should over use it - SmartArt should reinforce your message
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
SmartArt with pictures
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Select your pictures and go to Picture Layout
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Smart art with pictures
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Pictures and words in one image
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Pictures and words in one image, fully customizable
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
SmartArt is easy to use but a little goes a long way
• Select SmartArt that reinforces your meaning (sequential, groups, outputs, cycle)
• Use a consistent font and color palette throughout your presentation
• Replace words with pictures
• Use consistent symbols throughout your presentation
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Editing images within PowerPoint
ReoOn
Drag window to frame your content
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Removing a background increases the impact of your image
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
After you remove the background, you can layer your image over a different background, or add a foreground
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Plants resist pathogens through active processes that include recognition of the pathogen and defense responses to fight it
Plants resist pathogens through active processes that include recognition of the pathogen and defense responses to fight it
Some images I’ve created in PPT
Photo background removed to enhance impact of figures
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Lignified xylem provides structural support for vascular plants
115
m S
equ
oia
sem
per
vire
ns
Sydney Opera House 65 m Taj Mahal 65 m
Statue of Liberty 93 m
St. Paul’s Cathedral 111 m
The tallest living trees tower over many familiar monuments
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Editing images – Crop to shape
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Mschel; Image 14869 CDC/ Nasheka Powell
Household water
pressure 0.3 MPa
Car tire pressure 0.25 MPa
Pressure required to blow up a balloon 0.01 MPa
Vacuum cleaner -0.02
MPa (household)
-0.1 MPa (commercial)
Laboratory vacuum
-0.01 MPa
Human blood pressure < 0.02 MPa
Inside typical plant cell 0.5 to 1.5 MPa
Pressure washer 15 MPa
Inside xylem:From +1 MPa to -3 MPa or lower
* These numbers are relative to atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa), not absolute
Pressure can be positive or negative
Photos cropped to consistent shape
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Clip art plus cropped images
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Editing images – Color effects
Increase brightness and
contrast
Desaturate
Recolor Recolor
Original
Artistic effects - Posterize
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Starting from scratch – using drawing tools to make cartoons and diagrams
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Simple shapes are useful for cartoons and diagrams
Necrotrophs: •“Smash and grab”•Produce toxins and cell wall-degrading enzymes
Biotrophs: •“Pretend harmony”•Fewer cell wall-degrading enzymes than non-biotrophs•Evade detection and avoid elicitation of defense responses
See for example Kemen, E. and Jones, J.D.G. (2012). Obligate biotroph parasitism: can we link genomes to lifestyles? Trends Plant Sci. 17:, and Spanu, P.D. (2012). The genomics of obligate (and nonobligate) biotrophs. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 50: Van Kan, J.A.L. (2006). Licensed to kill: the lifestyle of a necrotrophic plant pathogen. Trends Plant Sci. 11: 247-253. Laluk K., and Mengiste T. (2010) Necrotroph attacks on plants: Wanton destruction or covert extortion? The Arabidopsis Book 8:e0136. doi:10.1199/tab.0136. Glazebrook, J. (2005). Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43: 205–227.
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Ca is [CO2] ambient Ca
Ci
Cc
Ci is [CO2] inside the leaf
Cc is [CO2] inside the chloroplast
gs is stomatal conductance of CO2 (from outside the leaf to inside the leaf air spaces)
gm is mesophyll conductance of CO2 (from air spaces into chloroplasts)
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Embryogenesis
Seed reserve accumulation
Water content
Dry state,Dispersal
Acquisition of desiccation tolerance
Germination
Embryogenesis
Seed reserve accumulation
Germination
Water content
Dispersal
Ort
ho
do
x se
eds
Rec
alci
tran
t se
eds
Recalcitrant seeds disperse without the stability associated with desiccation
Recalcitrant seeds disperse without the stability associated with desiccation
Adapted from Franchi, G.G., Piotto, B., Nepi, M., Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. and Pacini, E. (2011). Pollen and seed desiccation tolerance in relation to degree of developmental arrest, dispersal, and survival. J. Exp. Bot. 62: 5267-5281.
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Salt water
Fresh waterFresh water
Salt water
An animal cell might burst Plant cell walls prevent them from bursting
Cells have a lower osmotic potential than pure water, (because of the salts and proteins in them), so water moves into them
Salt water has a lower osmotic potential than cells, so water flows outwards
Osmotic potential is written as Ψπ and measured in MegaPascals (MPa)For seawater, Ψπ is about -2.5 MPa, and for a typical cell, Ψπ is about -0.8 MPa
Osmotic potential is written as Ψπ and measured in MegaPascals (MPa)For seawater, Ψπ is about -2.5 MPa, and for a typical cell, Ψπ is about -0.8 MPa
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Assimilation of nutrients from food is a complex process
Processing Mouth Stomach Intestine Blood
Maceration
α-amylase digestion of starch
Cell wall fragments and cellulose expelled
Digestion of polymers to monomers
Assimilation into blood
Lipases
Chemical contributions from bacteria
Feedback and homeostasis mechanisms
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Fill shapes with gradients, transparent color and custom colors
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Gradients can provide 3D effect
Choat, B., Cobb, A.R. and Jansen, S. (2008). Structure and function of bordered pits: new discoveries and impacts on whole-plant hydraulic function. New Phytol. 177: 608-626 with permission from Wiley; Adapted from Myburg, A.A, Lev Yadun, S., and Sederoff, R.R. (Oct 2013) Xylem Structure and Function. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester.‐
Tracheids (gymnosperm) are narrow, up to 1 cm in length, and perforated by complex pit membranes
Vessels (angiosperm) are made from vessel elements, which are wide, short, perforated by simple pit membranes, and have open or perforated end walls
TracheidsLength0.1 – 1 cmDiameter5 -80 μm
VesselsLength1 cm - > 1 mDiameter15 - 500 μm
Vessel
Vessel element
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Semi-transparent shapes can highlight features
Cochard, H., Lemoine, D., Améglio, T. and Granier, A. (2001). Mechanisms of xylem recovery from winter embolism in Fagus sylvatica. Tree Physiol. 21: 27-33 by permission of Oxford University Press.
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In some grasses, subsidiary cells participate in guard cell movement and make the pores more efficient
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Color match anything using instant eyedropper
Install instant eyedropperSelect color code Mouse-over any
pixel to get the color
Shape fill with custom color
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Color-match to hide imperfections
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Freehand drawing tools
flagella
chloroplast
nucleus
py
Trace to highlight important features
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Connects points with
straight lines
Connects points with
curves
Freehand
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Move pointsAdd / delete pointsChange steepness of curve at point
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Wind, water, insects and chemotaxis help pathogens reach their hosts
Freehand drawing with clipart
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Finding images for reuse
You can search images by usage
rights
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
There are many sites where you can find images in the public domain
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
There are many sites where you can find images in the public domain
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Many images have CC (creative commons) licenses
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Flickr.com/clearwoodTom Donald
Tom Donald has an extensive collection of CC-licensed plant images for you to use
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Many stock photo sites host free as well as premium photos
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Most non-profit / educational needs are covered by “Fair Use”
The fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include—the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Most journals make it easy to request images for reuse – some charge a fee, others don’t
© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists
Summary: Images enhance all of your communication efforts
Dorothea Lang, public domain, New York Public Library