Images for impact

© 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists

Images for impactHow to create, edit, find images to

enhance your communications

Mary Williams

[email protected]

@PlantTeaching

June 2016

mailto:[email protected]


Outline

• I will show you how to use PowerPoint tools to manipulate and optimize images

• I will show you how to use PowerPoint tools to make appealing diagrams

• I will show you how to find images you can reuse

• I will show you obtain permission to reuse images

Can this information be made

more visually-

interesting?


Simply clicking on an icon turns your bulleted list into SmartArt. There are many possible default forms of SmartArt

SmartArt is a simple way to make words into “images”


SmartArt turns your words into pictures effortlessly


You can use default settings or customize everything

Manipulate and

optimize images

Make appealing diagrams

Find images you can reuse

Obtain permission

to reuse images



Just because it’s easy doesn’t mean you should over use it - SmartArt should reinforce your message

Just because it’s easy doesn’t mean you should over use it - SmartArt should reinforce your message


SmartArt with pictures


Select your pictures and go to Picture Layout


Smart art with pictures


Pictures and words in one image


Pictures and words in one image, fully customizable




SmartArt is easy to use but a little goes a long way

• Select SmartArt that reinforces your meaning (sequential, groups, outputs, cycle)

• Use a consistent font and color palette throughout your presentation

• Replace words with pictures

• Use consistent symbols throughout your presentation


Editing images within PowerPoint

ReoOn

Drag window to frame your content

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arabidopsis_thal_background.JPG


Removing a background increases the impact of your image



After you remove the background, you can layer your image over a different background, or add a foreground



Plants resist pathogens through active processes that include recognition of the pathogen and defense responses to fight it

Plants resist pathogens through active processes that include recognition of the pathogen and defense responses to fight it

Some images I’ve created in PPT

Photo background removed to enhance impact of figures


Lignified xylem provides structural support for vascular plants

115

m S

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sem

per

vire

ns

Sydney Opera House 65 m Taj Mahal 65 m

Statue of Liberty 93 m

St. Paul’s Cathedral 111 m

The tallest living trees tower over many familiar monuments


Editing images – Crop to shape


Mschel; Image 14869 CDC/ Nasheka Powell

Household water

pressure 0.3 MPa

Car tire pressure 0.25 MPa

Pressure required to blow up a balloon 0.01 MPa

Vacuum cleaner -0.02

MPa (household)

-0.1 MPa (commercial)

Laboratory vacuum

-0.01 MPa

Human blood pressure < 0.02 MPa

Inside typical plant cell 0.5 to 1.5 MPa

Pressure washer 15 MPa

Inside xylem:From +1 MPa to -3 MPa or lower

* These numbers are relative to atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa), not absolute

Pressure can be positive or negative

Photos cropped to consistent shape

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pressure_Wash.JPG


Clip art plus cropped images


Editing images – Color effects

Increase brightness and

contrast

Desaturate

Recolor Recolor

Original

Artistic effects - Posterize


Starting from scratch – using drawing tools to make cartoons and diagrams


Simple shapes are useful for cartoons and diagrams

Necrotrophs: •“Smash and grab”•Produce toxins and cell wall-degrading enzymes

Biotrophs: •“Pretend harmony”•Fewer cell wall-degrading enzymes than non-biotrophs•Evade detection and avoid elicitation of defense responses

See for example Kemen, E. and Jones, J.D.G. (2012). Obligate biotroph parasitism: can we link genomes to lifestyles? Trends Plant Sci. 17:, and Spanu, P.D. (2012). The genomics of obligate (and nonobligate) biotrophs. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 50: Van Kan, J.A.L. (2006). Licensed to kill: the lifestyle of a necrotrophic plant pathogen. Trends Plant Sci. 11: 247-253. Laluk K., and Mengiste T. (2010) Necrotroph attacks on plants: Wanton destruction or covert extortion? The Arabidopsis Book 8:e0136. doi:10.1199/tab.0136. Glazebrook, J. (2005). Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43: 205–227.


Ca is [CO2] ambient Ca

Ci

Cc

Ci is [CO2] inside the leaf

Cc is [CO2] inside the chloroplast

gs is stomatal conductance of CO2 (from outside the leaf to inside the leaf air spaces)

gm is mesophyll conductance of CO2 (from air spaces into chloroplasts)


Embryogenesis

Seed reserve accumulation

Water content

Dry state,Dispersal

Acquisition of desiccation tolerance

Germination

Embryogenesis

Seed reserve accumulation

Germination

Water content

Dispersal

Ort

ho

do

x se

eds

Rec

alci

tran

t se

eds

Recalcitrant seeds disperse without the stability associated with desiccation

Recalcitrant seeds disperse without the stability associated with desiccation

Adapted from Franchi, G.G., Piotto, B., Nepi, M., Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. and Pacini, E. (2011). Pollen and seed desiccation tolerance in relation to degree of developmental arrest, dispersal, and survival. J. Exp. Bot. 62: 5267-5281.


Salt water

Fresh waterFresh water

Salt water

An animal cell might burst Plant cell walls prevent them from bursting

Cells have a lower osmotic potential than pure water, (because of the salts and proteins in them), so water moves into them

Salt water has a lower osmotic potential than cells, so water flows outwards

Osmotic potential is written as Ψπ and measured in MegaPascals (MPa)For seawater, Ψπ is about -2.5 MPa, and for a typical cell, Ψπ is about -0.8 MPa

Osmotic potential is written as Ψπ and measured in MegaPascals (MPa)For seawater, Ψπ is about -2.5 MPa, and for a typical cell, Ψπ is about -0.8 MPa


Assimilation of nutrients from food is a complex process

Processing Mouth Stomach Intestine Blood

Maceration

α-amylase digestion of starch

Cell wall fragments and cellulose expelled

Digestion of polymers to monomers

Assimilation into blood

Lipases

Chemical contributions from bacteria

Feedback and homeostasis mechanisms


Fill shapes with gradients, transparent color and custom colors



Gradients can provide 3D effect

Choat, B., Cobb, A.R. and Jansen, S. (2008). Structure and function of bordered pits: new discoveries and impacts on whole-plant hydraulic function. New Phytol. 177: 608-626 with permission from Wiley; Adapted from Myburg, A.A, Lev Yadun, S., and Sederoff, R.R. (Oct 2013) Xylem Structure and Function. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester.‐

Tracheids (gymnosperm) are narrow, up to 1 cm in length, and perforated by complex pit membranes

Vessels (angiosperm) are made from vessel elements, which are wide, short, perforated by simple pit membranes, and have open or perforated end walls

TracheidsLength0.1 – 1 cmDiameter5 -80 μm

VesselsLength1 cm - > 1 mDiameter15 - 500 μm

Vessel

Vessel element

Vessel

Vessel

Vessel


Semi-transparent shapes can highlight features

Cochard, H., Lemoine, D., Améglio, T. and Granier, A. (2001). Mechanisms of xylem recovery from winter embolism in Fagus sylvatica. Tree Physiol. 21: 27-33 by permission of Oxford University Press.

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In some grasses, subsidiary cells participate in guard cell movement and make the pores more efficient


Color match anything using instant eyedropper

Install instant eyedropperSelect color code Mouse-over any

pixel to get the color

Shape fill with custom color


Color-match to hide imperfections


Freehand drawing tools

flagella

chloroplast

nucleus

py

Trace to highlight important features


Connects points with

straight lines

Connects points with

curves

Freehand


Move pointsAdd / delete pointsChange steepness of curve at point


Wind, water, insects and chemotaxis help pathogens reach their hosts

Freehand drawing with clipart


Finding images for reuse

You can search images by usage

rights


There are many sites where you can find images in the public domain


There are many sites where you can find images in the public domain


Many images have CC (creative commons) licenses



Flickr.com/clearwoodTom Donald

Tom Donald has an extensive collection of CC-licensed plant images for you to use


Many stock photo sites host free as well as premium photos


Most non-profit / educational needs are covered by “Fair Use”

The fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include—the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.


Most journals make it easy to request images for reuse – some charge a fee, others don’t


Summary: Images enhance all of your communication efforts

Dorothea Lang, public domain, New York Public Library

Education

Images for impact