Revolt of 1857Viceroy Date / Place Event Points to RememberLord Aukland
1838-42 First Afghan War British Suffered Losses
Lord Hardinge/ Lord Dalhousie
1845-49 Punjab Wars British Suffered Losses
Lord Dalhousie
1854-1856 Crimean Wars British Suffered Losses
Lord Dalhousie
1855-57 Santhal Rebellion British Suffered Losses
Lord Canning
1857 Revolt of 1857 Economic Peasants – heavy taxation/money
lender high rates Artisans – loss of patronage/ Indian
handicraft discouraged vs British goods /no development of modern industries
Zamindars – quo warranto/ loss of land/ cant beg, work
Political EIC greedy policy of self aggrandizement
& broken oaths Policies of ‘Effective Control’,
‘Subsidiary Alliance’, ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ Mughal Prince Faqiruddin’succesor had
to renounce title post his death in 1856Socio Religious
Racial overtones/ Superiority Complex Christian missionaries – proselytisation Social reforms Religious Disability Act 1876, Tax mosque and temple lands
Discontent among Sepoys Restrictions on wearing caste and
religious symbols General Service Enlistment Act 1856 –
Bengal Army recruits to serve anywhere – undertaking
Emoluments discrimination No foreign service allowance when
serving in Singh & Punjab Annexation of Awadh Rumor of bones in atta and cartridge of
new Enfield Rifles (Greece containing cow and pig fat)
Feb, 1857 / Berhampur
19th Native Infantry broke into Mutiny
Disbanded in March 1857
March 1857 / Barrackpore
34th Native Infantry – Mangal Pandey shot at a Sergeant Major
April 6 – Mangal Pandey executedMay – Regisment disbanded
May 1857 / Awadh
7th Awadh Regiment defied its officers
May - Disbanded
April 24, 1857 / Meerut
3rd Native Cavalry – 9 men refused to accept greased cartridge
May 9, 1857 / Meerut
3rd Native Cavalry 85 dismissed and sentenced to 10 years rigorous imprisonment
May 10, 1857/ Meerut
3rd Native Cavalry Sepoys released comrades/killed officers/unfurled revolt banner
May Delhi Local Infantry killed own European Officers
Simon Faser Killed Lt. Willoughby put some resistance but
was overcome Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed
Emperor of IndiaDelhi General Bakth Khan led the revolt of the
soldiers in Bareilley He ran the court with 10 members – 6
from army and 4 from civilian – in the name of the emperor
Delhi captured in Sep 20, 1857 John Nicholson, leader of siege, wonded
and dead Lt. Landon – Butchered princes on spot
at point blank Emperor exiled to Rangoon in 1862 By 1859 – Bakth Khan dead
June 27, 1857 / Kanpur
Nana Saheb Expelled the English from Kanpur and declared himself Peshwa
Nana Saheb, adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II was refused official titles
Sir Hugh Wheeler surrendered Sir Colin Campbell occupied Kanpur in
Dec 6, 1857 Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal Tantia escaped into jungles. Captured
and killed in April 1858 By 1859 – Rao Sahib (bro of Nana) dead
June 4, 1857 / Lucknow
Begam Hazrat Mahal took reigns
Son Birjis Qadir declared Nawab Sir Henry Lawrence and some
europeans lake shelter in the residency.
Sir Henry killed Brigadier Inglish held on against heavy
odds Attempts by Sir Henry Havelock & Sir
james Outram has no success Sir Colin Campbell evacuated the
Europeans with Gorkha Regiment March 1858, Lucknow recovered Begam forced to hide in Nepal
Bareilly Khan Bahadur He was a descendent of a former ruler of Rohilakhand
Not enthusiastic about the pension By 1859 – Khan Bahadur dead
Bihar Kunwar Singh Zamindar of Jagdishpur Britishers had taken his land
Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah Native of Madras Had moved to Faizabad By 1859 – Maulvi dead
Jhansi Rani Laxmi Bai Lord Dalhousi had refused to allow her adopted son to ascend to the throne after the death of Raja Gangadhar Rao
She was assisted by Tantia Tope an associate of Nana Saheb after the loss of Kanpur
Marched towards Gwalior Gwalior captured in June 1858 Jhanshi captured by Sir Hugh Rose
Banaras Colonel Neill put to death all suspected rebels and disorderly sepoys
Lord Canning
Nov 1, 1858 Lord Canning announced “Queens Proclamation”
Great Britain took over Government of India from East India Company
1858-1905Skipped: Revolutionary Terrorism (92)
Political Associations before INC 1836/Bengal Bangabhasa
Prakasika Sabha Founded by raja Ram Mohan Roy in
Bengal1840’s/Bengal The Zamindari
Association or Landholder’s Society
Founded to safeguard the rights of the landholders
1843/Bengal The British Bengal India Society
Collection and dissemination of information to people of british india
Employ lawful and peaceful means to secure rights
1851/Bengal Zamindari
Association & British Bengal India Society merged
British India Association formed after merger
Sent recommendation for Charter of Company – separate legislature of popular character/reduction in salaries/abolition of salt duty, abkari & stamp duty
1853 Charter Act 6 additional members included in governor general’s council
1866/London East India Association
Dadabhai Naroji – to discuss Indian Question with influential public in London to promote India’s welfare
1867/Bombay Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Mahadeo Govind Ranade Serving bridge between government
and people1875/Bengal Indian League Sisir Kumar Ghosh – Simulate sense of
nationalism and political education1876/Bengal Indian Association
of Calcutta Superseded Indian League Surendranath Banerjea and Anand
Mohan Ghosh Discontented by pro landlord and
conservative policies of British India Association
Create public opinion on political questions/unify Indian people on political programme
1884/Madras Madras Mahajan Sabha
M Viragaraghavchari, B Subramaniya Aiyar, P Anandacharalu
1885/Bombay Bombay Presidency Association
Badruddin Tyabji, PherozshahMehta,K T Telang
Factors in growth of Modern Nationalism Understanding of contradictions in Indian and colonial interests – economic exploitation
Political, administrative and economic unification
Western thoughts and education Role of press and literature – in 1887
there were 169 vernacular newspapers
Rediscovery of India’s past Progressive character of socio
religious reform movements Growth of middle class intelligentsia Impact of contemporary movements
world wide Reactionary policies and racial
arroganceLytton (76-80)
1876 Reduction of Maximum age limit from 21 to 19
1877 Grand Delhi durbar when country was severe grip of famine
1878 Vernacular Press Act
1878 Arms Act Ripon (80-84)
1883 Ilbert bill controversy
Ripon had sought to abolish “judicial disqualification based on race” allowing Indian judges to try British offenders
Ripon had to modify the bill and it was enacted in a severe compromised state in 1884
1883/1885 Conferences of Indian National Conference
Surendranath Banerjea and Anand Mohan Ghosh – architects of Indian national Conference
Dufferin(84-88)
Dec 1885/ Bombay
Indian national Congress
A O Hume mobilized intellectuals and conducted the first session of the Indian national Congress. ‘Safety Valve’ theory – platform for intellectuals to release discontent. Hume convinced Dufferin.
First session attended by 72 delegates Presided by Womesh Chandra
Bonnerjea Hereafter congress met in December
every yearAims of Congress:
Found democratic, national movement
Politicize/ politically educate Establish a headquarters for the
movement Promote friendliness amongst
nationalists Develop anti-colonial nationalist
ideology Formulate and present popular
demand to the government Develop and nurture feeling of
nationalhood and unity1887 Fallout with British
India Government Congress increasingly critical of
colonial Rule Dufferin – stick to social questions “Sedatious Bramhins” , Duffer –
“factory of sedition”1890 Kadambini Ganguly
first woman to graduate from Calcutta College
Addressed INC par
1890 Session of INC in London
To be held in 1892 Postponed due to british elections in
1891 Plan of setting up a British Committee
of INC in London in 1899 Dadabhai Naroji was the anchor
Contribution of Moderates Economic Critique ‘Drain Theory’ – Dadabhai Naroji, R C
Dutt,Dinshaw Wacha1892 Constitutional
Reform Indian Council’s Act of 1861 toothless
- disguise official measures as being passed by a representative body/wealthy loyalists selected (exceptions Syed Ahmad Khan, Kristodas Pal, V N mandalik, K L Nulkar, Rashbheri Ghosh)
1885-92 demands – expansion of council/ more powers to council (control on finance) – power to veto or amend budget
Indian Council’s Act 1892 Imperial legislative council of governor
general to have 10-16 (instead of 6-10) members / Officials retained majority
Some members to be indirectly elected (element of election) / Reformed council met 13 days/ year, unofficial team present 5/25 average
Budget could be discussed / Could not be vetoed or amended
Questions could be asked / Supplimentaries not allowed
1904/1905/1906 Self Government like Canada and Australia
Naroji/Gokhle/Tilak
Administrative Indianisation of services
Reforms Separate judicial and executive Critique – Tyrannical Bureaucracy &
time consuming judiciary Critique aggressive foreign policy –
Afghan wars/ Burma wars Increase in expenditure on welfare Better treatment of labor abroad
Defence of Civil Rights
Speech , thought, association, free press
1905-1918Skipped: New forces, revolutionary forces
Why Militant Nationalism Grew Recognition of true nature of British Rule Growth of Self Confidence –Tilak, Bipin,
Aurobindo appealed to national character
Growth of education International influence –Progress of
Japan post 1868, Italy defeated by Ethopia (1896), Boer War (1899-1902) where british faced reverses, Japan’s Victory over Russia (1905)
Nationalist movements in – Ireland, Egypt, Russia, China, Turkey, Persia
Reaction to westernization – Swami Vivekananda/ Bankim Chandra Chatterjee/ Dayanand Saraswati
Dissatisfaction with moderates – Pray/ Petition/ Protest
Reactionary Policies of Curzon1892 Indian Council Act Criticized1896/1900 Severe famine Killed 90 lakhs
Bubonic Plague in Dacca1897 Tilak Arrested/
Nathu Brothers deported
1898 Repressive Laws IPC 124A augmented with 156A1899 Calcutta Corporation
Act Number of members in Calcutta
cooperation reduced1904 Official Secrets Act 1904 Indian Universities
Act
Swadeshi and Boycott Movement December 1903 Govt. decision to Government announce decision to
partition Bengal partion Bengal Bengal (78 million people) – difficult to
admin Bengal – Nerve Center of nationalism to
be weakened On language (17 million Bengali and 37
million Oriya Hindi) – 42/54 Hindu (Western Half), Eastern Half (18/24) - Muslim
1903-1905 Surendranath Banerjea, Prithvishchandra Ray, K K mitra
3P MethodJuly 1905 Partition of Bengal
announced ignoring public opinion
Aug 7,1905 Boycott Resolution Passed in Calcutta Townhall
Proclamation fo Swadeshi Movement – Boycott Manchester Cloth/ Lanchester Salt
Oct 16, 1905 Partition came into force
Bath in Ganga/ Sing Bande Mataram/ fast/ Peaceful Demonstration
Surendranath & Anand Mohan addressed huge gatherings
Tilak – Poona Bombay, Lala Lajpat Rai & Ajit Singh – Punjab, Syde Haider Raza – Delhi, Chidambaram Pillai - Madras
Dec, 1905 / Benaras
INC session under Gokhle
Condemn partion of Bengal and Curzon’s policies
Support Swadeshi Movement Tilak/ Rai/ Bipin/ Aurobindo – wanted to
take the movement outside Bengal and make it a full fledged national movement in line with attaining swaraj. But moderate were not willing to go that far and were in favor of constitutional methods
Dec,1906/Calcutta INC session under Dadabhai Naroji
Extremists wanted Tilak as president but Naroji proposed
Swaraj or self government declared to be goal of congress
Embolden by this the extremist called for passive resistance – boycott of school,colleges etc
Council reforms had been announced – moderates didn’t want that screwed
Extremists thought this was an opportunity which could not be missed
Dec, 1907/ Surat INC session under Extremists wanted this to be held in
Rashberi Ghosh Nagpur but it was held in Surat so that Tilak doesn’t become president
1907 Al India Muslim
League Formed Anti Congress body under Nawab
Salimullah (reactionary element) encouraged, Waqar-ul-Mulk & Mohsin-ul-Mulk
Government Strategy Government’s “rallying them”, Carrot and Stick strategy
Extremists repressed moderately to scare the moderates/ moderates placated with concessions/ Extremists subdued
1907 Seditious Meetings Act
1908 Indian Newspapers (Incitement of Offence) Act
1908 Tilak sent to Mandalay for 6 Years
Biping Pal and Aurobindo retire from active politics
Lala Lajpat Rai leaves for abroad Tilak Back in 1914
1909 Morley – Minto Reforms
1906 – Shimla Delegation by Aga Khan for separate electorates for Muslims. This group took over Muslim League.
Clonial self government as demanded by congress is not for india – Morley
Aimed at using Moderates vs Extremists and Muslims vs nationalism
The Reforms: Members in Imperial & Provincial
Legislative Councils increased. Non official majority introduced, non elected majority retained.
Imperial Legislative Council – 68 total – 32 non official – 5 nominated / 27 elected – 8 muslims, 6 british capitalists, 2 landlords (reserved), 13 general electorate
Elected members indirectly elected – Local Body – Electoral college – Provincial Legislature – Central Legislature
Besides separate electorates for muslims, representation in excess of strength. Income qualification lowers than hindus.
Power of legislature increased – recommendations (which may not be accepted), ask supplementary, vote separate items of the budget but not the whole.
1910 Indian Press Act June 1914 Tilak Back 1914 First World War Moderates supported as a matter of duty
Extremists supported in the hope that retain would repay with gratitude of self government
Revolutionaries – opportunity to overthrow with Japanese or German support
Revolutionaries 1913 Ghadr established Ramdas Puri, G D Kumar, Taraknath Das,
Sohan Singh Bakhna, Lala Hardayal reached in 1911
‘Swadesh Sevak Sangh’ – Vancouver & ‘United India House’ – Seattle
Sep 1914 Komagata Maru Ship carrying 370 Punjabi Muslim & Sikh from Singapore to Vancouver returned by Canadian Authorities. People refuse to alight in Calcutta – 22 people die in police action.
Kartar Singh Saraba, Raghubar Dayal Gupta left for India
Bengal revolutionaries contacted – Rashberi Bose, Sachin Sanyal
Feb 21, 1915 Armed revold by Ghadarites in Ferozpur, Lahore, Rawalpindi
Foiled by Treachery Regiment disbanded, leaders arrested –
depoeted & killed, 45 hanged Rashberi Bose fled to Japan Sachin Sanyal transported for life
March, 1915 Defense India Act 1915 Berlin Committee for
Indian Independence Virendranath Chattopadhayay, Lala
hardayal, Bhupendranath Datta – help of German under ‘Zimmerman Plan’
Feb 15,1915 Mutiny in Singapore Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry 36th Sikh Battalion Jamadar Chisty Khan, Jamadar Abdul
gani, Jamadar Daud KhanAug 1914 Bengal & Punjab
Revolutionaries Rashberi Ghosh & Sachin Sanyal with
Ghaderites Bengal groups were organized by Jatin
Mukherji
Home Rule League Organized on the lines of Irish Home Rule Leagues
Annie Besant and Tilak were the pioneers
Section of nationalist felt that popular pressure was needed to attain concessions
Moderates disillusioned with Morley-Minto
War time miseries – high tax, high prices – people ready for aggressive action
Inter imperialist war & propaganda exposed supremacy myth
Tilak had toned down stand – ready to assume leadership
Both Tilak and Annie Besant realized that a unity of Moderates and Extremists was imperative for the movement to succeed
December, 1914 INC session Failure to reach Moderate-Extremists rapproachment, Tilak and Besant decide to revive political activity on their own
1915 Annie Besant has launched a campaign to demand self government for India
Campaign through News papers New India and Commonwealth
Dec, 1915 INC Session Extremists decided to be admitted to congress
Annie Besant’s Home Rule League not approved
Congress agrees on educative propaganda and local level congress committees
Annie Besant puts condition that if the congress does not implement its recommendations, she was free to set up her league
April, 1916 Tilak’s Home Rule League
Maharashtra (Excluding Bombay), Karnata, Central Province, Berar
Swaraj, Linguistic States, education in vernacular
Sep, 1916 Annie’ Home Rule League
Rest of India (Including Bombay) George Arundale – secretary, main work
done by B W Wadia, CP Ramaswamy Muslims and Anglo Indians didn’t join as
they felt it was a Hindu majority high caste thing
Dec,1916/Lucknow Session of INC under Ambika Charan Majumdhar
Extremist readmission – pitched by tilak & annie, relisation that unity imp, Gokhle & pherozshah Mehta had died
Lucknow pact congress & Muslim league – Britain refusal to help turkey, annulment of Bengal partition 1911, outgrow in outlook from Aligarh (Muslim League Calcutta session 1912– self governance for India if doesn’t hurt muslim interest)
Joint statement – self governance asap, increase size of legislature, 50- % Indians
Congress League diff identities – milestone in 2 nation theory
Home rule Program Aim – self government through political education and discussion through public meetings, conferences etc
Russian Revolution helped1917 Government
Suppression Case instituted against Tilak, rescinded
by high court June 1917 – Annie, wadia, Arundale
arrested – leaqds to nationwide protest Sir S Subramaniya Aiyar renounces
knighthood Tilak follows passive resistance Sep 1917 – Annie released
Why it faded Communal riots 1917-18 Lack of effective organization Moderates who had joined after Annie’s
arrest pacified by release and Montagu Reforms
Tilak had to go out for a case; Anie was unsure – lack of leadership
Aug,1917 Montagu Statement Recognises self governance
1918-1939Skipped: Evolution of 2 nation theory(153), Page 169 (other upsurges)
1894 - 1915 Gandhi in Africa Born – Oct 2,1869, Porbandar, Gujarat Went to Aftica for his client Dada
Abdullah 1894 – 1906 – Found Natal Indian
Congress and Indian Opinion to unite Indians in Africa
Satyagrah Against “Registration
Certificates” -1906 Campaign Against registration of Indian
Migrations Setting up Tolstoy Farm Campaign against poll tax and
invalidation of Indian marriages Gokhle, Viceroy Lord Hardinge
influenced judgements in his favorJan 1915 Gandhi Comes to
India Decides to understand things for a year 1917 – champaran – civil disobedience -
first invited by Rajkumar sukhla to champaran in bihar against the tinkanthia system of indi planters/accompanied by rajendra parsad, mazhar ul haq, mahadeo desai, narhari parekh, j b kriplani
1918 – ahmedabad mill strike – first hunger strike – 35 % increase in wage by owners
1918 – kheda satagrah Gujarat – first non cooperation –peaants asked to withhold revenue/ Britishers challenged as per Revenue Code/ Youngsters like Sardar Patel & Indulal Yagnik be
Came followersJuly,1918 Montagu Chelmford
(Montford) Reforms and Government of India Act 1935
Provincial:Executive
Dyarchy “reserved “ & “transferred” list Sectary and viceroy can interefere in
reserved but restricted in transferredLegislative
Expanded – 70% to be elected Communal & class electorate further
consolidated Women could vote Legislature could initiate legislation - -
Governor’s assent needed/ he can vetoCentral:Executive
Provincial & Central listsLegislature:
Bicameral arrangement Legislative Assembly – 144 – 103
elected – 52 general, 30 muslims, 2 sikh, 20 specials
Council of State – 60 – 34 elected – 20 G, 10 M, 1 S, 3 Europeans
75% budget still not votable
Page 117March 1919 Rowlatt Act Authorized govt to imprison without
trial and conviction in court Habeus Corpus repealed
Feb 1919 Satyagrah against Rowlatt Act Declared
First mass satyagrah
April 6, 1919 Satyagrah LaunchedApril 13, 1919 Jalianawal bagh
massacre Unaware of prohibitory orders Protest against arrest of leaders
Saiffudin Kitchlew & Satyapal Tagore renounced knighthood in protest
April 18,1919 Satyagrah Called off Khilafat & Non Cooperatation Rowlatt Act, Martial law in Punjab &
Jallianawala Bagh Massacre Hunter Commission report Turkey Issue with Muslims
Early 1919 Khilafat Committee formed
Ali Brothers (Shaukat Ali, Muhammad ali), Maulana Azad, Azmat Khan, Hasrat Morani
Nov 1919 All India Khilafat Conference calls for boycotting foreign goods
Tilak was opposed to alliance on a religious issue with the Muslims as well as to satyagraha as a political movement
Some were against some provision of non cooperation like the boycott of councils
Gandhi was able to get congress approval
Feb 1920 Hindu Muslim delegation sent to viceroy to address issues
Mission abortive
May 1920 Treaty of Severes with Turkey
Turkey Dismembered
June 1920 All party meet approves boycott of schools, colleges etc
Aug 1,1920 Tilak dies Aug 31,1920 Non Cooperation
movement Launched
Sep, 1920 Congress session approved non cooperation till Punjab & Khilafat wrongs corrected
Boycott schools, colleges,law courts,foreign clothes
Legislative councils – CR das not in favor Renunciation of govt titles
Dec, 1920 INC session Nagpur Self govt thrugh constitutional means replaced by swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means
CWC setup, provincial congress committees setup
Dec, 1921 INC session Ahmedabad
Gandhi Under pressure to launch civil disobedience
CR Das presides from Jail – Hakim Azmal Khan acting president
Feb 1,1922 Gandhi threatens to launch civil disobedience from Bardoli
Political prisoners to be released Press controls to be removed
Feb 5,1922 Chauri Chaura incident
Gorakhpur,UP 22 policemen killed by protesters when
they were fired on while they had come to protest in front of the police statio
Feb, 1922 INC meets at Bardoli Decides to stop all activityMarch, 1922 Gandhi arrested and
sentenced to 6 years
Nov, 1922 Turkey issue non existant
People rose under Mustafa Kamal Pasha and deprived the sultan of his political power. European style judicial system put in place.
Dec, 1922 INC Gaya Session,Congress Swarajya Khilafat Party
Swaragists – Motilal Nehru, CR Das, Azmal Khan – wanted to end boycott of council entry
No Changers – Vallabhai Patel, C Rajgopalchari, Rajendra Prasad, M A Ansari – continue constructive work
Swarajist proposal defeated, Motilal Nehru and CRDas resigned for presidentship and secretaryship respectively. President & Secretary of the new party
Dec 1923 Both side consulted with Gandhi Compromise was reached and the
Swarajists joined back with the understanding that could entry wuld be allowed to them
Nov 1923 Elections Swarajists won 42/141 elected seats1924 Communal Riots and
division of swarajists on communal lines
Split amongst Swarajists – responsivists and non-responsivists, furher weakened by death of C R Das in 1925
Responsivists – Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malviya, NC Kelkar – stay in office and further hindu interests. These
guys joined Hindu Mahasabha. Non Resposivists – Motilal Nehru -
advocated not staying in office and mass civil disobedience – withdrew from legislature in 1926
Responsivists went to elections and did badly – 1926. Resigned post Lahore session for Civil Disobediance Movement.
1925 Vithal Bhai Patel – Speaker of central Legislative Assembly
Swarajist Achievement
1928 Public Safety Bill Defeated
Swarajist Achievement
Nov 8,1927 7 member Indian Statutory Commission appointed under Chairmanship of John Simon
Whether India was ready for Further consti tutional reforms and on what lines
Constitutional reforms were due in 1929, conservative party did not want to leave the question of India to labour party
Appointed by conservative secretary of state Lord Birkenhead
Dec,1927 INC session under MA Ansari
Boycott the commission at every stage and in every form
Complete Independence was declared as the Goal - Managed By Nehru
Feb 3, 1928 Simon landed in India Nehru & Subhash emerged as new leaders
Nehru and GB Pant Beaten Lala Lajpat Rai Beaten –Oct, 1928/ dies
in Nov 1928 Birkinhead challenges Indian Politicians
to come up with an agreed constitution acceptable to everyone
Feb 1928 All Party Conference – Sub Committee to draft constitution
Motilal Nehru Finished by Aug 1928 Consensus on majority except –
“dominion status” or “complete independence”
Page 160Dec 1927 Delhi Proposals by
Muslim League Hindu Mahasabha opposes Some concessions made my Nehru
Dec 1928 All Party Meet Jinnah proposes Amendments to the updated Nehru report and gives his 14 point demands
Nehru and Congress reject ‘Dominion
Status’ as goal and setup “Independence for India League”
Dec 1928 INC session, Calcutta Subhash & Nehru reject “Dominion Status”
Gandhi and Motilal Nehru reason that the consensus over dominion status has been built over years, 2 years grace period be given to government to accept the demand; reduced to 1 year
If government doesn’t accept, adopt complete independence as the goal and launch civil disobedience
1929 Meerat Conspiracy 1929 Bombing by Bhagat
Singh and B K Dutt
May,1929 Labour government under Ramsay McD comes to power
Oct,1929 Irwin’s Statement Page 164 – Montagu Statetement – non committal dominion status (in time)
RTC after Simon Submits ReportNov 2, 1929 Delhi Manifesto Purpose of RTC to formulate scheme for
Dominion Status Congress to have Majority
Dec 23,1929 Irvin Rejects Delhi Menifesto
Dec ,1929 INC session in Lahore under Nehru
Nehru declared president due to Gandhi’s backing – 15/18 congress provincial committee had opposed Nehru
Decisions RTC to be boycotted Complete independence declared to be
aim of congress Civil disobedience to be launched Jan 26,1930 fixed as the first
Independence DayDec 31,1929 Tricolor hoisted at
banks of River Ravi amongst Inqalab Zindabad
Jan 26, 1930 Civil Disobediance Launched
Public Meetings all over India Independence Pledge read out
Page 166Jan 31, 1930 Gandhi’s 11 Page 166
DemandsFeb 1930 No reply from govt –
Gandhi authorized to launch Civil Disobediance Movement
March 12- April 6, 1930
Dandi March Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
April 1930 Nehru Arrested May 4, 1930 Gandhi Arrested When he announced raids on Darshana
Salt WorksJuly 1930 Viceroy suggested
RTC and reiterated goal of dominion status
Tej Bahadur Sapru / M R Jayakar to explore possibilities of peace
August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru taken to Yeravada Jail to Gandhi to discuss possibility of settlement.
Nehru Gandhi Reiterate
Right of secession from Britain Complete national government with
control over finance and defense Independent tribunal to settle britain’s
financial claims
Talks broke
Nov – Jan 1930 Round Table Conference
Congress Boycotted Britain and India as equals Muslim League/ Hindu Mahasabha/
Liberals & Princes attended Everyone reiterated that a discussion
was impossible without congressJan 25,1931 Gandhi and everyone
else released unconditionally
Feb 14, 1931 Delhi Pact/ Gandhi Irwin Pact Signed
Irwin agreed to - Page 174 Gandhi agreed to – suspend civil
disobedience movement and participate in 2nd RTC
March, 1931 To Endorse Gandhi Irwin pact
March 23, 1931 – Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev hanged
Gandhi showed black flags on his way to Karanchi
Resoluion of National Economic Programme and Fundamental Right Adopted
Dec 1931/London 2nd Round Table Conference
Talks Fail – Page 177 Ramsay Macdonald announces – two
muslim majority province etc – Page
177Dec 31, 1931 Willington refuses to
meet Gandhi
Jan 4,1932 Gandhi Arrested Civil Martial Law imposed Congress organization at all levels
banned Leaders, sympathizers
arrested/properties confiscated Press Gagged
August, 1932 Ramsay McD announces Communal Awards
Depressed classed recognized as minorities and to be given separate electorates
Sep 20,1932 Gandhi Indefinite Strike to blackmail Ambedkar
Poona Pact signed between Ambedkar and Gandhi in Sep, 1932
April 1934 Gandhi withdraws the Civil disobedience movement
Passive resistance all over the country but tempo could not be sustained
Masses were not prepared
1934-35 Three perspectives Constructive Work Constitutional Struggle – elections in
1934 – M A Ansari, Asaf Ali, Bhulabhai Desai, S Satyamurty, B C Roy
Continue Civil Disobedience – Nehru - his opposition to Struggle-Truce-Struggle strategy vis Struggle-Victory Strategy
Nationalist with apprehension & Britishers were hoping for a split
Gandhi goes in favor of council entryMay 1934 All India Congress
Committee met at Patna to set up a parliamentary committee to fight elections
Oct 1934 Gandhi resigns from congress
He was in disagreement with parliamentary politics
Ppl were perplexed w3ith his obsession for charkha
Socialists including Nehru had issues with Gandhi’s STS strategy
Nov 1934 Central Legislativ Assembly elections
Congress captures 45/75 seats
1932 Admist struggle of 1932 - Third RTC
Congress did not participate Government of India Act 1935
formulated – Separate Electorates
based on Communal awards made operational
Page 1861935 Government of India
Act, 1935 Act of 1935 to be Opposed Socialist led by Nehru – Not to contest
provincial elections or swarajist strategy to stall council
Proponents of office acceptance – fight legislature elections and oppose act
Gandhi – opposed but by 1936 became favourable
1936, Lucknow INC session Congress decides to fight elections1937, Fizapur INC Session Congress decided to fight elections
Congress manifesto totally rejected Act of 1935
1937 Provincial Elections Congress contested 716/1161 seats It got a majority in all provinces except
Bengal, Assam, Panjab, Sindh NWFP, Single largest party in Bengal, Assam, NWFP
Nehru Conceded to S-T-S strategy1938 National Planning
Committee Setup under Subhash Bose
Oct 1939 World War breaks out
Congress resigns
1939-1947Skipped: Parallen Government (210), INA (216), 3 - Upsurges (221)
Sep 1, 1939 Germany attacks Poland
Second world war starts
Sep 3, 1939 Britain attacks Germany
Declares India’s Support
India’s Offer to cooperate in War efforts: After the war, a constituent assembly
will be convened to determine political structure of free India
Some form of genuinely responsible government to be setup at center
Offer Rejected by Linlithgow
Sep 10-14,1939 INC session Wardha Gandhi – unconditional support Subhash – take advantage of situation Nehru – No support even though its
democracy vs fascism until India was
free Congress – 1) India will not be a party to
a war for democracy when its own democracy is denied 2)Govt should declare its war aims 3) if Britain is fighting for democracy it should set india free
Oct 17,1939 Linlithgow’ Response Tried to use Muslim League & Princes vs congress
Did not define war aims Received support from Conservative PM
Churchill & Secretary ZetlandOct 23,1939 CWC meeting Rejected viceregal statement as
reiteration of imperial policy Refused to supportthe war Asked ministers to resign from
legislature (top block ending)Jan 4,1940 Linlithgow Statement “Dominion Status of the Westminster
variety is the goal of the british policy I India”
March,1940 INC session Ramgarh Congress was not ready for a mass struggle / mass not ready for struggle/ allies cause just/ hindu muslim unity issue could result in riots
So, congress would launch civil disobedience when it was ready or when circumstance precipitates
Leftist group (subhash bose) supported an all out mass struggle
March, 1940 Pakistan Resolution Muslim League – Geographically contiguous muslim majority areas to become independent states
August 1940 August Offer by Viceroy
Hitler’s success and fall of Belgium , Holland and France prompted Britain to make an offer
Dominion status/constituent assembly/expansion of executive council/ veto to minorities
Congress – rejected dominion status League – appreciated veto, reiterated
partitionJuly 1941 Viceroy’s executive
council enlarged 8/12 given to Indians Defence, Finance, Home with Britishers National Defense Council formed
End of 1940 Individual Satyagrahas
Delhi Chalo Vinoba Bhave 1st person followed by
Nehru
By May 1941 – 25000 convicted of Civil Disobedience
Dec 1941 Congress leaders released
Anxious to defend India Overrode Gandhi and Nehru’s objection
and CWC decided to go to Allied aid – full independence after war, substance of power transferred immediately
Gandhi designates Nehru as successorMarch 1942 Cripps Mission Stafford cripps – left wind labourite and
leader of house of commons Reverses suffered by Britain and Japan
threat imminent Pressure from Allies Indian nationalists agree to support if
substance power transferred immediately
Nehru and Maulana Azad – Oficial Negotiators
Proposal: Dominion status/ constituent assembly/province not willing could constituate a separate dominion
Talks failed (Page 206)
July 14,1942 Gandhi Called for British withdrawal and non violent non cooperation movement against Japanese invasion
Aug 8, 1942 INC session Gowalia Tank, Bombay
Quit India Resolution ratified Do or Die
Aug 9, 1942 All senior leaders arrested in a Sweep
Public passive resistance, Gets violent at places
Government suppression severe Usha Sharma – Ran a radio
Feb 1943 Gandhi goes on Fast against government repression
Mar 23,1943 Pakistan Day celebrated by League
1943 Famine Southwest Bengal – 1.5 to 3 million dead
Rajgopal Chari Formula
Page 213
Desai Liaqat pact Page 214
Put leaque and congress on equal footing
May 1945 Europe war ends but Japanese threat on India still there
Churchill keen to reach a constitutional solution
Lord Wavell sent to negotiateJune 1945 Wavell Plan, Shimla Page 215
League wanted to be representative of all Muslims and congress objected to being designated a Hindu Party
Wavell announced a breakthrough – giving the League a Veto – this would have far reaching consequences in the elections of 1945-46
It failed to break constitutional deadlockJune 1945-Feb 1946
Upsurges Negotiations involving govt, congress, muslim league ending in freedom or partition
Sporadic localized often militant violances
July 1945 Labor party came to power, Clement Atlee PM, Patrick Lawrence Secretary
Aug 1945 Election to Central & Provincial legislatures announced
Sep 1945 Constituent Assembly would be convened & Govt would work according to spirits of cripps plan
Announced by government
Sep 1945 INC Session Bombay Strong resolution in support of INA Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Asi
Ali, Nehru, Katju – Defense of the convicts
Nov 1945 INA trials In redfort of Prem Kumar Sehgal, Gulbaksh Singh DHillon,Shah Nawaz Khan
Election Results Congress 52/102 Muslim League 30 reserved seats
May 1946 Cabinet Mission Page 226Feb 20,1947 Atlee’s Statement Page 233June 3,1947 Mountbatten Plan Page 235June 18,1947 India Independence
Act Page 236
ReformsSati Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Bengal Regulation 1829
Female Infanticide Bengal regulation 1795,1804 – tantamount to murder Act 1870 – child to be registered
Widow Remarriage Brahmo Samaj Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar – Hindu Widow Remarriage Act,
1856 Widow Remarriage Association – Pundit Vishnu Sashtri, 1850 Satya Prakash – Karsondas Mulji, 1852 Indian Women’s University, Bombay 1916– D K karve – he
married a widow in 1893, became president of Widow Remarriage Association
Child Marriage Native Marriage Act/ Civil marriage Act, 1872 Age of Consent Act, 1891 – prohibit marriageof girls < 12 – B M
Malabari Sarda Act, 1930 – Marriageable age 18 and 14 for boys and girls Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1978, age increased 18 to 21, 14 to
18Women Education Calcutta Female Juvenile Society 1819, Calcutta Missionaries
Bethune School – JED Bethune in 1849, Calcutta Pundit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar – 35 girls’ schools Bengal Charles Wood’s dispatch 1845 – stress on women education Women’s Medical Service – 1914, training as nurses Indian Women’s University – 1916, Karve Lady Hardinge Medical College, 1916, Delhi Sarojini Naidu – Congress President 1925, Governor of United
Province 1947-49 All India Women’s Conference – 1920
Legislative Measures in Free India
Special Marriage Act, 1954 – intercaste/religious marriages Hindu Marriage Act,1955 –abolished bigamy, dissolution
marriage on special grounds Hindu Succession Act,1956 – discrimination w.r.t inheritance
abolished Hindu adoption and Maintenance Act – enhanced status of
women in matters of adoption Maternities Benefits Act,1961 – amended to included women
not covered under ESI Act 1948 Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 – no discrimation in payment Factories(Amendment) Act – establishment of crèches where 30
women are employed Supression of Immoral Traffic Act in Women and Girls Act,1956
– Renamed to Immoral Traffic Act,1986
Dowry Prohibition Act,1961 1987 – Act – glorification of sati a cognisible offence
Caste 1932-All India Harijan Sangh – Gandhi All India Schedule Caste Federation – Ambedkar Jyotiba Phule All India Depressed Classes Association – other leaders Government of India Act,1935 – special representation Self Respect Movement – EV Ramaswamy Naiker Maharajah of Kolhapur – Encouraged anti – Brahmin movement Sri Narayan Guru & Sahadaran in Kerala
Brahmo Samajh Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Gift to Monotheist, 1809/Atmiya Sabha,1814/Precepts of Jeasus,1820
1818 – Anti Sati movement resulted in Bengal regulation 1829 1817 – Supported David Hare’s efforts to setup Hindu College,
Calcutta 1825 – Setup Vedanta College 1828 – Brahmo Samaj Found 1833 – Death 1842 – Maharishi Debedranath tagore joined Brahmo Samaj –
he was founder of Tatvabodhini sabha 1858 – Kesab Chandra Sen made acharya of Brahmo Samaj 1865 – Kesab dismissed from acharyaship – radical views on
caste system and support for inter caste marriage 1866 – Kesab founded Brahmo Samaj of India/ Debendranath –
Adi Brahmo Samaj 1878 – Kesab got his 13 year old daughter married to a
maharaja – Split and formation of new Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
Prarthna Sabha 1863- Kesab Chandra SenYoung Bengal Movement 1826-31 – Henry Vivian DorazioBal Shastri Jambekar Reform Hinduism/ attack Brahmin orthodoxy /darpan, 1832Students Literary and Scientific Societies
Gyan Prasarak Mandalis 1848 – organize lecture on scientific topics and popular
questionsParam Hansa Mandalis 1849 – one god/break caste rule/women education and widow
remarriage
Satyasodhak Samaj Jyotiba Phule Sarvajanik, Satyadharma,Gulamgin
Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lakahitawadi’
Rationalism and attach on hindu orthodoxy
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar HumanismServants of India Society 1905 – Gopal Krishna Gokhle
Train missionaries to serve india by constitutional means 1915 – died / took over by Srinivasa Sashtri
Social Service League Gokhle follower Narayan Manohar Joshi Secure for masses beter conditions of life and job
1920 - Also found AITUC Ramkrishna Mission Objective – 1)band of nmonks to spread universal message of
Vedanta 2)lay principles to carry preaching, philanthropic and charitable work looking upon all men as veritable menifestations of divine
Objective 1 – Ramkrishna Paramhans found Ramkrishna Math Objective 2 – Vivekananda (Narendranath Datta 1862 to 1902)
found Ramkrishna Mission, 1897
Arya Samaj 1875 – Arya Samaj first unit at Bombay, later headquarter shifted to Lahore
Dayanand Saraswati or Mulsankar (1824 – 83). Received education of Vedanta from blind teacher Swami Virajnanda in Mathura
Criticised puranas and hindu orthodoxy Samaj Fixed marriageable age at 25 for boys and 16 for girls Caste system – not by birth but by occupation Inter caste marriages encouraged 1886 – Dayanand Anglo Vedic school established at lahore 1902 – Swami Shraddhanand start Gurukul at Hardwar Dayanand criticized hindu escapist attitude of Maya Encouraged Vedic Study and Vedic Purity – Call for revival of
vedic study and not times After death work carried by Lala Lajpat Rai, Swami Shradhanand,
Lala Hansraj, Pundit Gurudatt 1920 – In zeal to protect hindu society – shuddi – communal
tensionSeva Sadan 1885 – B M Malabari Parsi – women education, medical and
welfareDeva Samaj 1887 – Shiv Narayan Agnihotri in Lahore – eternity of
soul/supremacy of guru/ need for good action Deva Shastra
Dharma Sabha 1830 – Radha Kant Dab – Orthodox society – status quo in hindu matters
Counter Brahmo SamajBharat Dharma Mahamandala
Defend Orthodox Hinduism against Arya samajist, ramkrishna mission, theosophists
1902 founded at Varanasi Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya important figure
Radhaswami Movement 1861 – Tulsi Ram or Shiv Dayal Saheb founded the movement Believe in one supreme being/supremacy of guru/company of
pious people/simple social lifeSri narayan Guru Dharma Pripalan Movement
1902 - SNDP Movement Right of admission to schools/recruitment fo govt
services/temple entryand political representation for backward castes
Vokkaliga Sangha 1905 – Anti Brahmin Movement in Mysore
Justics Mvement CN Muriladhar, T M nair, P thyagaraj – non Brahmin representation in legislature and jobs
Self Respect Movement E V ramaswamy Naicker – renounce Brahmin religionArravi ppuram Movement 1888 – Narayan Guru installed a siva idol in aravippuram in
KeralaTemple entry Movement 1924 – Vaikon Satyagraha – K P Keshava – open temples and
roads to untouchables 1931 – Subramaniyam Tirumambu led a group of 16 volumteers
to Guruvayur 1936 – Maharaja of Travancore threw open all temples to all
hindus 1938 – C Rajgopalchari govt took actions in Madras
Indian Social Conference Founded by M G ranade and Raghunath Rao in 1887 in Madras ‘Pledge Movement’ against child marriage Inter caste marriage, opposed polygamy
Wahabi /Wallimullah Shah Walimullah (1702 – 62) – inspired this revivalist approach against western influence on Indian muslims
Shah Abdul Aziz / Syed Ahmed Barelvi – carried forward the teachings
Darul-ul-harb to Darul-ul-Islam through Jihad Directed against Punjab but post 1849 annexation to british 1870 – fizzled out
Titu Mir Mir Nithar Ali – disciple of Syed Ahmed Raebarelvi – founder of Wahabi Movement
Organized muslim pesants against hindu landlords and british indigo planters
1931 – killed in actionFaraizi Movement Founded by hazi Shariat Allah
Emphasis on Islamic pillars of faith Eradication of social innovations among muslims 1840 – became revolutionary under dudu mian – haji’s son Target hindu landlords and even police 1862 – dudu mian died
Ahmadiya Movement 1889 – Founded my Mir Gulam Ahmed Muslim version of Brahmo Samaj – humanism and anti jihad
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan & Aligarh Movement
1875 – Mohmeddan anglo oriental college, Aligarh Wanted to aligh the teachings of the quaran with modern
nationalism Allow govt. partonate to simulate growth in Indian Muslims
through education and employment opportunities Social reforms in muslim society In his Zeal to promote muslim interest got played up in british
handsDeoband School 1866 – Qasim Nanatovi & Rashid Ahmed Gangohi
Moral and religious regenation of muslims – revivalist movement
1888 – issues fatwa against Syed Ahmed’s organization United
Patritic Association & Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Association Supported Congress Shibli Numani – Favoured inclusion of English and sciences –
founded Nadwatlal Ulema and Darul Ulum in Lucknow in 1894-96 – believed in cooperation of Hindus and Muslims as a state
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha
Parsi reformist movement Dadabhai Naroji, Naoroji Furdonji, K R Cama, S S Bengalee Rast Goftar – Newspaper Women education/ uplift women/ purdah
Sikh Reform Singh Sabha founded in 1873 Amritsar– counter proselytisation by Christians and hindus/ modern education to Sikhs (khalsa schools established)
Akali movement was an offshoot of Singh Sabha Movement – to make sikh gurudwara free from control of Udasi Mahants
1921 – Non cooperation non violent protests 1922 – Sikh Gurudwara Act – Control of sikh given to sikh
masses through the Siromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee
Theosophical Movement Blvatsky, Olcott inspired by Indian cultures 1875 – Theosophical Society founded in US 1882 – Shifted to Adayar Promoted hindu culture etc 1907 – Olcott dies, annie besat becomes president 1898 – Central Hindu College founded in Calcutta – both hindu
and western sciences taught 1916 – benarus hindu university founded