The IndividualInterpersonal Influence and
Group Behavior
Organizational Processes
•Skills & Abilities•Perception•Personality•Attitudes•Values
Group behavior and work teamsIntergroup conflict and negotiationsOrganizational power and politicsCommunication
LeadershipCommunicationsDecision makingReward SystemJob Design
THE ORGANIZATION’S ENVIRONMENTTHE ORGANIZATION’S ENVIRONMENT
INDIVIDUALBEHAVIOR IN THE
ORGANIZATION
First law of human behavior: “People are different. What one
person considers a golden opportunity another considers a threat.”
Caveat
Perception Perception is the process by which
individuals make sense of their world. Individuals organize and interpret
information from their environments using perceptual filters personality, psychology, experience,
preferences, beliefs-based differences Objective vs. perceived realities
Perception People perceive the world uniquely Differences in perceptions can
cause problems Communication Conflict Motivation Judgment Decision Making
Social Perception
How we gather information about the social world--about peoples’ behavior, moods, motives, and traits
Similar to object perception, but People are more dynamic than
objects We’re trying to figure out intentions,
motives, and causes of behavior
Attribution
Why did they do that?
internal causes traits skills abilities
external causes situational constraints
How do we determine cause? (Kelley)
Consensus - how do others behave
Consistency - this person on other occasions
Distinctiveness - this person in other situations
Errors/Biasesin Social Perception
Selective perception notice stimuli which are salient due to
our interests, background, experiences Closure
tendency to fill in the gaps when information is missing
Assume what we don’t know is consistent with what we do know
Errors/Biasesin Social Perception
Halo Effects Impression on one dimension affects
impression of unrelated dimension Contrast Stereotyping
A person has beliefs about a class of stimulus objects and generalizes those beliefs to encounters with members of that class of objects.
Primacy/Recency effects Disproportionately high weight is given to the
first/last information obtained about a stimulus
First Impressions Influences what subsequent information we
notice and how it is interpreted “Fill-in” information consistent with first
impression Anchoring
Failure to adjust for subsequent information Confirmation Bias
Seek out information & perceive stimuli in ways that confirm expectations
Discount contradictory information Self fulfilling prophecy (2-way) Recency—availability bias
Errors/Biasesin Social Perception
Actor-observer difference (aka “the fundamental attribution error”) Actors attribute their behavior to
external causes Observer attribute actors’ behavior to
internal cause
Errors/Biasesin Social Perception
Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to attribute others' bad
performance to internal causes & Attribute their good performance to
external causes
Errors/Biasesin Social Perception
Self-serving bias attribute successes to ourselves - internal attribute failures to the environment –
external
Guard against specific biases Stereotypes
Be aware that stereotyping can occur with very little information, remain open to new information
Recognize that stereotypes rarely apply to a specific individual
Fundamental attribution error? Primacy/recency? Halo? Confirmation?