Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet
Prashant Kumar Singh
Dept. of CSEIIT Bombay
October 2013
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 1 / 31
Contents
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Learning and Interactivity
3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books
4 Interactivity in ePub: Created Book
5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 2 / 31
Current Section
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Learning and Interactivity
3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books
4 Interactivity in ePub: Created Book
5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 3 / 31
Introduction
Era of Science and Technology
Technology and education
Smart classroomse-learningDigital booksCourse Management Systems (Moodle)Online Courses (Coursera and NPTEL)
Learning by e-books: Possible shortcomings
more chances of distractionNo interactive demonstrationsVerbal symbols do not leave a concrete experience
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 4 / 31
Introduction
Era of Science and Technology
Technology and education
Smart classroomse-learningDigital booksCourse Management Systems (Moodle)Online Courses (Coursera and NPTEL)
Learning by e-books: Possible shortcomings
more chances of distractionNo interactive demonstrationsVerbal symbols do not leave a concrete experience
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 4 / 31
Introduction
Era of Science and Technology
Technology and education
Smart classroomse-learningDigital booksCourse Management Systems (Moodle)Online Courses (Coursera and NPTEL)
Learning by e-books: Possible shortcomings
more chances of distractionNo interactive demonstrationsVerbal symbols do not leave a concrete experience
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 4 / 31
Motivation
To overcome the mentioned limitations of e-books
Interactive e-books
enables reader to communicate with e-booksembedded interactive multimedia, so interesting to readlearning at your own pacelearning not just by watchingbetter learning environment
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 5 / 31
Motivation
To overcome the mentioned limitations of e-books
Interactive e-books
enables reader to communicate with e-booksembedded interactive multimedia, so interesting to readlearning at your own pacelearning not just by watchingbetter learning environment
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 5 / 31
Current Section
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Learning and Interactivity
3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books
4 Interactivity in ePub: Created Book
5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 6 / 31
Learning
Learning
Learning Hypothesis
Passive Learning Hypothesis: Content same, Learning sameActive Learning Hypothesis: Way of teaching
Cone of Experience
Forgetting Curve
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 7 / 31
Learning
Learning
Learning Hypothesis
Passive Learning Hypothesis: Content same, Learning sameActive Learning Hypothesis: Way of teaching
Cone of Experience
Forgetting Curve
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 7 / 31
Learning
Learning
Learning Hypothesis
Passive Learning Hypothesis: Content same, Learning sameActive Learning Hypothesis: Way of teaching
Cone of Experience
Forgetting Curve
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 7 / 31
Cone of Experience
Figure: Cone of experience
Cone of Experience
Edgar Dale: ’Audio visualmethods in teaching 1946’
Studied various audio-visualmedia
Describes concreteness ofaudio-visual media
Lower layer and upper layer
Three regions
Symbolic region: Knowledgethat comes by listening or seeing
Iconic region: Knowledge bymotion pictures like television
Enactive region: Knowledgethat comes through action
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 8 / 31
Forgetting Curve
Figure: Forgetting Curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus, a Germanpsychologist
explains how fast the process offorgetting takes place
relation between memory andtime
exponential loss in information(Red Curve)
effect of revision (Green Lines)
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 9 / 31
Effect of Interactivity: An Experiment by Evans andGibbons
Aim
To investigate the impact of interactivity on students
Environment
Year: 2007No of students 33 (22 male and 11 female)Undergraduate students at a university in Londonbackground in physicsTopic Taught: Working of a Bicycle Pump
Method
Two sub groups, random selection, I and NI Grouptwo quizzes to solveMemory Test(2 question): How Bicycle pump worksTransfer Test(3 question) What could be done to make pump moreeffective, to make it move air more rapidlyOne hour duration
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 10 / 31
Effect of Interactivity: An Experiment by Evans andGibbons
Aim
To investigate the impact of interactivity on students
Environment
Year: 2007No of students 33 (22 male and 11 female)Undergraduate students at a university in Londonbackground in physicsTopic Taught: Working of a Bicycle Pump
Method
Two sub groups, random selection, I and NI Grouptwo quizzes to solveMemory Test(2 question): How Bicycle pump worksTransfer Test(3 question) What could be done to make pump moreeffective, to make it move air more rapidlyOne hour duration
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 10 / 31
Effect of Interactivity: An Experiment by Evans andGibbons
Aim
To investigate the impact of interactivity on students
Environment
Year: 2007No of students 33 (22 male and 11 female)Undergraduate students at a university in Londonbackground in physicsTopic Taught: Working of a Bicycle Pump
Method
Two sub groups, random selection, I and NI Grouptwo quizzes to solveMemory Test(2 question): How Bicycle pump worksTransfer Test(3 question) What could be done to make pump moreeffective, to make it move air more rapidlyOne hour duration
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 10 / 31
Non Interactive Group
Figure: Demonstration for NonInteractive Group
17 students
Screen contained diagram of apump with a little description ofsix up stages and six downstages
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 11 / 31
Interactive Group
Figure: Demonstration forInteractive Group
16 students
Screen displays a diagram of apump with a next button
When presses repeatedly, screenshows various stages
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 12 / 31
Observations
1 Marks
Transfer Test Mean
I Group 2.5 (out of 6)
NI Group 1.8 (out of 6)
2 Time taken
Mean Test time
I Group 785.5 seconds
NI Group 1160.8 seconds
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 13 / 31
Observations...
Figure: Time spent on learning andtime spent on test
Graph shows interactive grouptook more time for lesson, buttook less time for Test ascompared to non interactivegroup
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 14 / 31
Similar Work
Saswan Nusir et al. also performed a similar experiment.
Aim : Effect of effect of Multimedia programs on children learning
Grade-1 children were selected
Two groups, Traditional Group: 122 students, Multimedia group: 123students
Simple mathematics concept was taught(Fraction)
Test was organized to check the effect.
Mean Scores: Traditional: 8.05 while Multimedia Group: 8.47
Cartoon characters were used to teach
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 15 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Animations in Learning
Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle
1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration
2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text
3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time
4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds
5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animationand Text)
6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it isredundant
7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31
Current Section
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Learning and Interactivity
3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books
4 Interactivity in ePub: Created Book
5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 17 / 31
Interactivity in e-books
Technology and e-books
Lack of interactive features
chalk and talk method
Features of interactive e-books
Support for audio and video contentSupport for SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)Support for in-book quizzingSupport for reflowability of contentBetter educational environmentInteresting to read
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 18 / 31
Spoken Tutorials
Video lectures with audio narration of slides
Audio can be dubbed in any Language
Small size videos
Benefits of Spoken tutorial
People with poor English will be able to learnNarration in Indian accent makes it easy to understandLearning at a speed that suits you better
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 19 / 31
ePub
ePub
open standard e-book formatFree and OpenSupports interactive featuresfile extension .epub
Version of ePub
Version 2.0.1
Reflowability of content.
Version 3
Current versionYear 2011Support for audio and videoSupport for MathMLSupport for CSS3Support for HTML5Support for SVG
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 20 / 31
Structure of ePub
Zip archiveOne file with two directories(OEPBS and META-INF)
Figure: Directory Structure of ePub
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 21 / 31
Structure of ePub...
mimetype: identifies a file over internet
META-INF Directory
contains container.xmlcontainer.xml contains path of content.opf
OEPBS Directory
Contains all data filescontent.opfcontent.opf contains all meta-data, address and mimetype of all datafilesorder of coverpage and chapters in final books
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 22 / 31
Current Section
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Learning and Interactivity
3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books
4 Interactivity in ePub: Created Book
5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 23 / 31
Interactivity in ePub: Created Book
Use of HTML5 CSS and JavaScript.JavaScript can be used to create quizzes
Figure: A book having embedded video
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 24 / 31
Interactivity in ePub: Created Book...
With the help of JavaScript, we can create in-book quizzes.
Figure: A book having quiz
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 25 / 31
Authoring tools for e-books
iBooks Author
Organization : AppleYear : 2012License : ProprietaryAnyone having a Mac can create interactive e-books with help ofiBooks Author
Pubbsoft
online tool for creating animated books for i-pad and i-Phonefree to useInterface based on drag and dropNo programming required, designed for non technical users
Sigil
Open-sourceAllows WYSIWYG editing for ePub ebook
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 26 / 31
Authoring tools for e-books
iBooks Author
Organization : AppleYear : 2012License : ProprietaryAnyone having a Mac can create interactive e-books with help ofiBooks Author
Pubbsoft
online tool for creating animated books for i-pad and i-Phonefree to useInterface based on drag and dropNo programming required, designed for non technical users
Sigil
Open-sourceAllows WYSIWYG editing for ePub ebook
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 26 / 31
Authoring tools for e-books
iBooks Author
Organization : AppleYear : 2012License : ProprietaryAnyone having a Mac can create interactive e-books with help ofiBooks Author
Pubbsoft
online tool for creating animated books for i-pad and i-Phonefree to useInterface based on drag and dropNo programming required, designed for non technical users
Sigil
Open-sourceAllows WYSIWYG editing for ePub ebook
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 26 / 31
Current Section
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Learning and Interactivity
3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books
4 Interactivity in ePub: Created Book
5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 27 / 31
Problem Statement and Solution Strategy
Problem Statement
Searching other possible ways of making books interactiveCreating a tool to automate the process of creating interactive e-books
Solution Strategy
HTML5 and JavaScript will be exploredAn automation tool will be created, that takes text and interactivemedia as input and produces an interactive e-book
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 28 / 31
Conclusion
Interactivity in e-books:
recent concept in education
can be a revolutionary idea
ePub has the capability of bringing interactivity
ePub: still in development phase
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 29 / 31
References
C. Evans and N. J. Gibbons, The interactivity effect in multimedialearning, Computers & Education, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1147 1160,2007.
R. Mayer and R. Moreno, Animation as an aid to multimedia learning,Educational Psychology Review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 8799, 2002.
M. A.-K. SAWSAN NUSIR, IZZAT ALSMADI and F. SHARADGAH,Studying the impact of using multimedia interactive programs onchildrens ability to learn basic math skills, E-Learning and DigitalMedia,, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 305319, 2013.
Wikipedia, Epub wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EPUB&oldid=570516078
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 30 / 31
Thank You
Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 31 / 31