Aqidah and Contemporary Issues
Assoc. Prof Dr. Shukri AhmadCenter for General Studies
Content OutlineDefinition
History of the emergence of aqidah
Aqidah schools of thought
Ideologies in modern periodAqidah and its relation with Islamic
EducationAqidah and its internal challenges in
MalaysiaAqidah and its external challenges in
Malaysia
Definition
Definition
knowledge
Aqidah
Education
DefinitionO Islamic theology (Arabic: عقيدة, ʿAqīdah,
plural Arabic: عقائد, ʿaqāʾid) is a branch of Islamic studies describing the beliefs of the Islamic faith.
O Any religious belief system, or creed, can be considered an example of ʿaqīdah. However, this term has taken a significant technical usage in Islamic history and theology.
O Literally, the word ʿaqīdah is derived from the triconsonantal root ʿqd (ʿaqada), which means "to tie" or "knot".
O Muslims enumerate their creed to include the Six articles of belief (called arkān al-īmān). There is a consensus on the elements of this creed across all spectrums as they are clearly articulated in the Qurʾān.
O While some Muslim groups may hold different beliefs regarding the attributes of God or the purpose of angels, there are no disputes concerning the existence of God, that he has sent his revelation via messengers, and that man will be held to account and rewarded or punished in the afterlife.
Six articles of belief (called arkān al-īmān
Belief in God (Allāh), the one and only one worthy of all
worship (tawhid).
Belief in the Angels (malāʾika).
Belief in the Books (kutub) sent by Allah[1] (including
the Qurʾān, Gospel and Torah/Tanakh).
Belief in all the Messengers (rusul) sent by Allah
(including Muḥammad, Jesus, Moses, Abraham,
Noah, and Adam)
Belief in the Day of Judgment (yawm al-qiyāmah) and in the
Resurrection (life after death).
Belief in Destiny (Fate) (qadar).
Terms used in Akidah
AkidahTauhidIman
The advantages of Aqidah
Clear Aqidah
Nature Aqidah
Constant Aqidah
Aqidah based on
reasonable evidence
Middle Aqidah
The Essential Element of Aqidah
Knowing Allah as a
creator (ma’rifah
Allah)
Oneness of Allah
(Tauhidul Allah)
Sanctify of Allah (tanzih
Allah)
The sources of AqidahAl-Quran Al-SunnahIntellect or aqal
The Contents of Muslim Theology
Theodicy (ilahiyyah) Eschatology (samiyyat)Anthropology (af’al al-’Ibad) apophatic theology (sifatul Allah) comparative religion.
Education?
peopleKnowled
geHabitsskill
Teaching and
learning process
Definition of EducationO Education in its general sense is a form of learning
in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research.
O Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidacts.
O Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational.
O Education is commonly divided into stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college, university or apprenticeship.
EducationO Etymologically, the word "education"
is derived from the Latin ēducātiō ("A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from ēdūcō ("I educate, I train") which is related to the homonym ēdūcō ("I laid forth, I take out; I raise up, I erect") from ē- ("from, out of") and dūcō ("I lead, I conduct"). [3]
The concept of knowledge
Knowledge is a
familiarity with
someone or something, which can include
facts,
information, descriptions,
or skills acquired through
experience or
education.
O It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.
O It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicitly (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic.
O In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief." However, no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, though there are numerous theories to explain it
Knowledge in IslamO Knowledge (Arabic: علم, ʿilm) is given great
significance. "The Knowing" (al-ʿAlīm) is one of the 99 names reflecting distinct attributes of God.
O The Qur'an asserts that knowledge comes from God (2:239) and the various hadith encourage the acquisition of knowledge.
O The prophet Muhammad is reported to have said "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave" and "Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets". Islamic scholars, theologians and jurists are often given the title alim, meaning "knowledgable".
Relationship between aqidah and education
akidah education
Tawheed?Believe about
“There is only one Supreme Lord of universe, He is Omnipotent,
Omnipresent and the Sustainer of the
world and of mankind”.
Basic Characteristics of Islamic Ideology in the period of Prophet
Simplicity, Rationalism
and Practicalism
Unity of Matter and
Spirit
A Complete Way of Life
Balance between
Individual and Society
Universality and
Humanism
Permanence And Change
Complete Record of
Teaching and Preserved
Disputations among Sahabah after the death of Rasulullah
Disputes among the followers of Ali r.a
Disputes which took place among muslims after the death of Othman ibn Affan r.a
The successor of the Prophet s.a.w
Place to bury the body of Prophet s.a.w
The Emergence of Shi’ites and Khawarij groups: The Theory of Salvation
Shi’ites
(Charismatic leader)
Khawarij
Community possessing
certain Charismata.
The Theory of Salvation
O Shi’itesO (Charismatic leader) Leader who, endowed with more
than human qualities which is to be a gift of GodO Khawarij
O Community is possessing certain Charismata.O A man can attain salvation by being a member of this
community. The Islamic community is the people of paradise. Those who broke the ruled should be excluded from it and should be killed
O Claims that Ali, Othman, Muawiyyah had sinned and they had forfeited the privileges that went with members of the community.
O A duty of Muslim to kill them.
Topics for discussionO The concept of education and knowledge in IslamO The concept of Aqeedah at the time of the Prophet O Aqeedah at the time of the companions O Ilm al-Kalam and its development O The Muslim sects and Mutakallim discussions in the
early period of IslamO Shia O Khawarij O MurjiahO JabariyyahO MuktazilahO Ahl Sunnah wa al-Jamaah
History of the Emergence of Aqidah schools of Thought
Akidah in the time of ProphetAkidah in the time of SahabahAkidah during the time of Ummayyad periodAkidah during the period of Abbasid
KhawarijO Faith has relationships with all memberships
in a believing community.O Anyone who is unfaithful to that community
cannot be a believer and cannot enter paradise
O Quran according to Kharijsm. Membership in the community depends upon following the laws of the Quran, anyone violates Quran, forfeits his membership
O Imam can be from anybody “even from Ethiopian slave”
Murji’ism
Sinners are accepted as
Muslims
Faith does not include works
Ali is the last in merit
Paradise is assured
QadariyyahFounder=Ma’abad al-Juhani and ghailan al-Dimasyqi.
One group- Good actions are from
Allah, but evil actions from
man.
Second group- good and bad
actions are from man
JabbariyyahO Good and bad
actions are from Allah.
O People seem like feathers that flying in the air without any power.
Muktazilah
Al-Tauhid
Al-Adl
Al-Wa’d wa al-Waiid
Al-Manzilah baina al-
Manzilatain
Al-Amr bi al-Ma’ruf wa
al.Nahy an al-Munkar
Ahl Sunnah wa al-Jamaah
Khalaf
Al-Asyariyyah
Maturidiyyah
Salaf
Hanbaliyah Ibn Taimiyyah
20 attributes of Allah
Distribution of laws?
Ilm kalam
syariat
Nature logic
Content of Tauhid DiscourseApproach
of Ash’airah
environment
Approach of Ibn
Taimiyyahenvironme
nt
Asya’irah (20 attributes)
O Abul al-Hasan Ali ibn Ismail al-Ash'ari descendants of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari.
O Al-Ash'ari was born in 260 and died in H/873 M 324 H/935 M [1]
O Al-Ash'ari was born in Basra, but spent a lot of his life in Baghdad. Since his childhood, he has studied in a famous Mu'tazilah, namely Al-Jubba'l, learning the teachings of the Mu'tazilah from within.
Salafiyyah (Tauhid Uluhiyyah)
O Ibn Taymiyyah al Harrani (born: 22nd January 1263/661 H. Died 1328/728 H.
O Lived during the time that Mongol invaded Baghdad, moved to Damascus in 1258 which at that time was ruled by the Mamluk government based in Egypt.
O Worked hard against Sufism and Sufis order.
Tauhid according to salafiyyah Tauhid
ar-Rububiy
yah
Tauhid al-
Uluhiyyah
Asma’ wa al-
Sifat
Rububiyyah
Wujud Qidam Baqa’ Qudrah
Uluhiyyah
Mukhalafatuhu lil
Hawadith
Qiyamuhu bi nafsih
Wahdaniyyah
sifat Wajib
Tulisan Arab Maksud Sifat Sifat
MustahilTulisan Arab Maksud
Wujud وجود Ada Nafsiah A'dam عدم TiadaQidam قدم Sedia Salbiah Huduth حدوث BaharuBaqa بقاء Kekal Salbiah Fana فناء Akan
binasa
Mukhalafatuhu lilhawadith
مخالفته للحوادث
berbeza dengan semua makhluk ciptaanNya
SalbiahMumathalatuhu lilhawadith
مماثلته للحوادث
Menyamai atau bersamaan bagi-Nya dengan suatu yang baru
Qiamuhu binafsih
قيامه بنفسه
Berdiri-Nya dengan sendiri
Salbiah Qiamuhu bighairih
قيامه بغيره
Berdiri-Nya dengan yang lain
Wahdaniat وحدانية
Esa Allah Ta'ala pada dzat,pada sifat dan pada perbuatan
Salbiah Ta'addud تعدد Berbilang-bilang
Sifat Allahوجود
قدم
بقاءمخالفته للحوادث
قيامه
بنفسه
وحدانية
Qudrat قدرة Berkuasa Ma'ani Ajzun عجز Lemah
Iradat إرادةBerkehendak menentukan
Ma'ani Karahah كراههBenci iaitu tidak menentukan
Ilmu علم Mengetahui Ma'ani Jahlun جهل Bodoh
Hayat حياة Hidup Ma'ani Al-Maut الموت Mati
Sama' سمع Mendengar Ma'ani As-
Summu الصم Pekak
Basar بصر Melihat Ma'ani Al-Umyu العمي Buta
Kalam م كال Berkata-kata Ma'ani Al-
Bukmu البكم Bisu
Sifat Allahقدرة إرا
دة
علم
حياة
سمع
بصر
كال م
Kaunuhu qaadiran قادرا كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang berkuasa
Ma'nawiyah
Kaunuhu ajizan
كونه عاجزا
Keadaan-Nya yang lemah
Kaunuhu muriidan مريدا كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang berkehendak menentukan
Ma'nawiyah
Kaunuhu kaarihan كارها كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang benci iaitu tidak menentukan
Kaunuhu 'aliman عالما كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang mengetahui
Ma'nawiyah
Kaunuhu jahilan جاهال كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang bodoh
Kaunuhu hayyan حيا كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang hidup
Ma'nawiyah
Kaunuhu mayitan ميتا كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang mati
Kaunuhu sami'an
كونه سميعا
Keadaan-Nya yang mendengar
Ma'nawiyah
Kaunuhu asamma أصم كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang pekak
Kaunuhu basiiran بصيرا كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang melihat
Ma'nawiyah
Kaunuhu a'maa أعمى كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang buta
Kaunuhu mutakalliman
كونه متكلما
Keadaan-Nya yang berkata-kata
Ma'nawiyah
Kaunuhu abkam أبكم كونه
Keadaan-Nya yang kelu
Sifat Allahكونه
قادرا
كونه مريدا
كونه
عالما
كونه حيا
كونه
سميعا
كونه بصيرا
كونه
متكلما