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Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Medical Faculty, Medical University ± Sofia
Dr. Rumen Nikolov, PhD
Liquid
dosage forms
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Liquid dosage forms are prepared:
(1) by dissolving the active drugsubstance(s) in an aqueous ornonaqueous (e.g. alcohol, ether,glycerin) solvent, (2) by suspendingthe drug in appropriate medium, or
(3) by incorporating the drugsubstance into an oil or waterphases.
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Liquid dosage forms can be formulatedin different routes of administration :
Topical administration - lotions orsuspension applied to the skin, eye drops,
nasal drops, ear dropsOral administration (p.o.) - oralsuspension and solution
Parenteral administration -subcutaneous injection (s.c.),intramuscular injection (i.m.)
and intravenous administration (i.v.)
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S olution (solutio)
S olutions are prepared bydissolving a solid or liquid drugin distilled water (aqua destillata)
S olutions are intended fortopical, oral, and parenteraladministration. S olutions forlocal administration usually
called lotions
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S uspension (suspensio)
A suspension consist of adispersion of relatively coarseparticles, usually in aqueous vehicle.
S uspensions may be formulated fororal and topical administration.
Like solutions, oral suspensions areuseful in children and patients whocannot tolerate a solid dosage form.
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D rops (guttae)
D rops are solutions, tinctures
or mixtures of high-potentdrug substances
Drops are prescribed in smallquantity (10 30 g)
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D rops are intended to beadministered orally or externally(as eye drops, nasal drops and
ear drops).eye drops (collyrium) : Timolol
nasal (nose) drops : Olynth 0,1%ear drops : Furotalgin
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mulsion (emulsio)
Emulsions are two-phasesystems consist of liquid drugsubstances.
They are classfied as:oil-in-water emulsion (O/W)water- in-oil emulsion (W/O)Emulsions can be administered
topically, orally, and I.M.
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Liniment (linimentum)
Liniments are milk-like liquids
for topical administration.
Example:C armolis fluidNival
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Infusions and decoctions
Infusion (infusum) is a dilutesolution of the readily soluble
constituents of crude drugs (fromthe soft parts of plants).Fresh infusions are prepared by
macerating the drugs for a shortperiod of time (15 min) withboiling water.
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D ecoction (decoctum)D ecoctions is an extract of the
water-soluble and heat-stable
constituents of crude drugs (fromthe hard parts of plants) by boilingin water for 30 min, and cooling.
Infusions and decoctions are of short duration (no more than 3
days).
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Mixture (mixtura)
Mixtures contain two or moreactive drug substance, dissolved,suspended, or dispersed in asuitable liquid base.
S yrups are added as remedium
corrigens, in quantity of 20 % or30 % of the total volume.
Oral and topical administration
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Medical shampooS elected topical formulations
for the treatment of seborrheic
dermatitis are:Nizoral shampooS
elsun shampoo
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S terile dosage forms for injection
These forms contain solutions,powder or lyophilized powderready to be dissolve, suspensions,and emulsions. They are packaged
in ampoules, vials, plastic bags,one-point cut ampoules, andprefilled disposable syringes.
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10.a) S olutions can be prescribed intwo forms (short or enlarged).in short form the strength of a solution
is expressed as the quantity of solute insufficient solvent to make 100 ml(percentage strength)
Rp/ Sol. Natrii citratis 4% 150 g D.S. Take 1 tablespoon 3times daily.
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in enlarged form the total dose of
the active substance, the name of the solvent, and the total volume of the solution are filled in praescriptio
Rp/ Natrii citratis 6 g Aquae destillatae ad 150 g
M.D.S. Take 1 tablespoon3 times daily.
M.D
.S
. = Misce.D
a.S
igna.
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10.b)
Rp/ Sol. Iodi spirituosae 5% 100 g D.S. For external use.
11.) Rp./Fl. Tussiroli 140 ml
D. t .d. 1
S. Take 1 teaspoon3 times daily.
D .t.d. = D a tales doses
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12.)
Rp/ Infusi radicis Primulae 6 g/180 g Ephedrini hydrochloridi 300 mg Liquoris Ammonii anisati 3 g Natrii benzoatis 3 g Sirupi Althaeae ad 225 g
M. f. mixtura D.S. Take 1 tablespoon
3 times daily.
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12.) C alculation of the total dose
of each drug of the mixture:one tablespoon contains 15 ml (g)the total number of doses is equal
to the whole volume of mixture dividedby the volume of the one tablespoon:
225 g : 15 = 15the total dose of each drug substance
is equal to the total number of doses
multiplied by the single dose of the drug
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12.)
Ephedrini hydrochloridisingle dose = 20 mgtotal dose = 15 x 20 mg = 300 mg
Liquoris Ammonii anisatisingle dose = 200 mgtotal dose = 15 x 200 mg = 3 g
Natrii benzoatissingle dose = 200 mg
total dose = 15 x 200 mg = 3 g
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13.b) D rops
Rp/ Fl. Xylomethazolini 0,1% 10 ml D. t. d. 1 S. Put 2 drops into nose 4 times
daily.
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14.) S uspensions
Rp/ Fl. Cefuroxime 25 mg/5 ml D. t. d. 1
S. Take 2 ml every 12 hours.
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14.) C alculation of the single doseof C efuroxime axetil for a childwith body weight 10 kg:
-- D aily dose = 10 mg x 10 kg = 100 mg-- The daily dose is divided by 2 equal
applications: 100 mg/2 = 50 mg-- One ml (or 1 division) of suspension
contains 25 mg of C efuroxime orsingle dose = 100 mg/2 mg = 2 ml
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15.) Infusions and decoctions
Rp/ Decocti fol. Uvae ursi 10 g/200 g D. S. Take 1 tablespoon
3 times daily.
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16)
Rp/ Sol. Lydoli 5% 2 ml D. t. d. 10 in amp. S. One ampule S.C.
Pethidine ± INN (Lydol ® )(Meperidine - USA)
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17)
Rp/ Fl. Benzylpenicillini 500 000 UI
D. t. d. 20 S. One vial I.M. every 6 hours,
after dissolving in 5 ml distilled water.