Transcript
Page 1: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� �

� �

��

� � � � � � ��� � � �� �

� � � � �� �

�� ��

� � � �

���

� ��� � ��

� �� ���� ������������ !"#$%! &'�( )*+�,-./0)* ,-1 23�456789:;<2 . = >?@ ABC%D%EF. = >?@ GH IF. = >?@

>?)�JKL* ,-MNO PQ�!RS1�TUV�W#) +�XYZ84![\]^_� ! `]^ab.%E cEd !ef$)�ghij$�kl)* m* no�!,-�p qrij$nstuL**h � �� � ����1 vwxy������p,-nJKL*

z{|} }~����}�

����|}�����}������

��� ���

� �

� � �

�����q1��:2�%n�N.�)�+�Pij$�� � !��n ����

�]uLi j! � 1����!� ��� 9¡¢£!¤ a ¥$ai�� ¦

§�9aG¨©#!ª«. -Pi�qp¤ a¬$uL��in ­!®sa��p¯

1°�±²a³´�ri µ¶ ·|a¸¹$ºj.+»K*i:2�%1 ¼N��p½

� 1 y h �

�����$vwxy�����i+�,-

��� �

� � �

� � � � �

� �

��

���� ��

��

��

Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi

Snow and Ice Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and

204

Kouichi Nishimura and Takao Kameda

;

: Blowing snow observations were carried out at Mizuho Station, Antarc-

tica from Sept. to Nov. . A blowing snow observation system including snow

particle counters (SPC) which can sense not only the number of snow particles but also

their diameters, was situated on a m tower. All instruments worked properly and

the data obtained revealed profiles of mass flux and particle size distributions as a

function of the friction velocity. Since the SPC is found to be useful to evaluate

precipitation as well, it was set at Dome Fuji Station from Feb. to Jan. , and

measurements of snowfall as well as blowing snow were undertaken.

:

m

SPC : . m . m . m . m

: m . m . m : .

m . m

SPC

no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, - .

Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido - .

Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Vol.

Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record), Vol. , Special Issue, ,

National Institute of Polar Research

Blowing snow measurements at Mizuho Station

and Dome Fuji Station, Antarctica

Scientific Note

Abstract

+ ,

+

,

2*/*

,**1 ++ 1 ,**2 , ,0

,***

-*

,**, ,**-

,*** 3 ++-*

. 3 0 - + + * * ,- ,/ + * * , , - *

+ *

,**, , ,**- +

, 3/* ,+2+

+0/ *3* 2/*1

/, ,*. ,+/ ,**2/, ,*. ,+/ ,**2

,**2

+

+ ,

Page 2: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

���� ����� � ������

� �

� � �

� �

� � �

� � �

� � �

� � � � ��

� �� � � �

� �

� � �� � � � �

� �

� �

� � �

� � � �

� � �

� � �

� � �

� � � �

� � �

� � �

� � �

� �

� � �� � � � ��

� �� ���� !��" #�$�%& '(���)*� +,-.�/

0� 123 ! 4 5678�.��9:;�<9=!�

'=(>?@=��ABC�����2DE?% F 7GHIJ�K + L

M !N�OP!��(Q&; �RS5T�?% U(VWHXY��

Z�[\]^" �;F 7GHIJ� L"� _% `a*�Rb� ��cN� L

+7GHIJ�� �( � de ��Z 2 �U?;f% >b_%gh

! di (j� k =(l�2 BC�� m" n�ob>�� _��pq; d

�r!S C s �K�� (t =l:% u F 7GHIJ+ L � n

� �� ( 3 =l:% >b_% "v *�%& �R:;w

�?%�2Jx�y�z8I.^{|}� = �~Jz2

�R:;� �?% _r_>?U� (� �

�A7GHIJ"� *���= F 7GHIJ" �%&�([\]^�R� L

���2@� 3�=l:%

�=( '����� � �; �5T�?%����� rU

����� =��� ������ "��*� ������ � �A

�pq; L�� 23 !�Y� �� g � 2 �U?% �� �

" <*�� ��Z� ( ��=� �? �� L�R:; ���

�?� �@S7GHIJ2 L���Z��?� >� ( �������

�(/ =f!�2 �?U�7GHIJ��� ( K�"�C�� � fC!�

�����( � � RS �l�����

� �; �5T�?% (��� !� 2�2S RS�

rU �^}  �¡¢=�� ���2 #_;�� �(k £

¤¥ �¦§��" � }¨�2©ª�? ������>?@=

+ �RS5T�?;��

��gm���cN(« �¬*Rb� }¨��ª �?% �Jx�y�z8

I.^{|}� ( �?­? �K��ª �?% >�b

®j� �¯ �°|±�( rU �K�� ²23 = i �RS ³�

OP!��2DE?% ´ µ MZ (K�

��?­?ª �?% >?� � j� �°|±�(K�� ²"3 �_%

¶u �· �?%¦¸� Z (K� � �ª �? ¹�

-�}���� �±|\]|º��=» �?% >��r }¨�rU ?

% �(¶ ¦§��e 2ª �? µ M K� ¦¸ ¼ ¦½

� ���� =�����

� �

� �� � � �

� � �

� ��� �

� �� �

� � � �

�� � �� � � � �

� � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � �� �

�� � � !" # �

��

� �

� $ � ��

%& � � ' '

' � ( ) * �

� � � + � ,

- � . / 0 � �

1 � �

2 3 4 5

6 � 7 89 �

' �:; � ; <

=� � � � � ' �

8 >�

� ?

� � @ � � �:A

B C� �

� �� D @ �

-�E F GH �

0 I

�H � � � � � �

� �

205

Budd

Schmidt

SPC Dover King

and Turner Mann . SPC

SPC

. mm

SPC m

km . S, . E,

m a.s.l. m s

m s

m Kobayashi

Takahashi

m

SPC . m, . m, . m, . m

. m . m

DA- , Kaijo Denki m, . m, . m

SPC

HMP . m . m

Hz m

m m

et al

+300

+311

+33-

+331 ,***

,*** ,**,

,**-

, ,/

* / + -,

/*

,/* 1* ., 0 .. +2 3 ,,-*

,*** +*

+/ +310

-* +312

+32/

+ -* .

3 0 - + + * * ,

* *+ * ,

0** ,/ + * * ,

,.- - * + *

+** ,*

- +

,

m

Page 3: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

�� � � ��

� �� �

��� ��

����� ������������� !"# !$�%�"&'()*+�� ,-./0/12 3456��2

� � � � �

� � 78� 9 7 �8

� �

� � �

� � �

� � �

: � � �8

� � � �

� �

;< =<>? �@ A B CD�E� FGHIJ ���

����K L M ;NO M ;�NPQRS�� ��TGUVK

WIX@CYZ[�C D�\]K^ �_`[TG�aSb�K cd�e[�

f �K M ;NO ;�NPQ�ghXi��j��klm� �/1A

n oQ�p���m� ���q rs4'!nt[� Au� FG�vwxI

yl vw/1C n_zlA��C{|n}~ /1���A��q rs4'!

u���l �CSNl /1K��I �WIe�lC D���K��NI �

��{|NO����lWI�TGC ;cdu��[Qol �� �f � �It

[����q rs4'!���A��C�O�l�F M ; ;

K �hI �mdn��Q �� ���q rs4'!��r� (

�2�nR¡�TGIyl

¢ f �K�_m I,-./0/12�kb�p���/1A £1d�¤¥n

t� £1d K \Z�t�¦§¤ �kb¨~O��

©©I A K D�E�/1� ªF�«v¬k­®¯ªFIyl

K ,-./0/12�° K�� ��±²n�³´µPlA[�C f n�l¶b

·¸IKp¹� º»¼�/1F½

� �

� �

� �

� � �

��� �

� �

206

m A:

SPC A : . m, A : . m B:

B : . m, B : . m C:

cm cm

C

C

m SPC

. m

m s

m s

LT,

LT SPC

m

Mann .

Fig. . Blowing snow measurement system at Mizuho Station. A: Snow particle

counter (SPC) (A : . m, A : . m), B: Ultra-sonic anemometer (B :

. m, B : . m), C: Net-type blowing snow collector.

u

u u w

u w et al

-*+ - + , + *

+ + * , * ,

+* -* +*

,*** 3 -* ++ +2 /*

,*

, ++ +, +/ -

* */ +*

/

+-

, ,

++ +- *3-* +*** +.

*2-* *3**

- +

+

,***

-

++ - + , + * +

+ * , * ,

+

Page 4: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� � � � � �� �

���� �������������

�� �� ����� !"#$ �� %&' ( ) * *+,%-./012 %�34567 !"#$%8�49:;<=4>?

�� %���@ABC�DEFGHI;JK�3%&'

L � � �

� �

� � M �

NOPQR2S�T�4>U7V� TT2 /�� %WX��2 /YZ[\]^2

S� _`a3 / �FGHI�N TI/Wbc�`d%e�fgh?�

207

m . m

SPC

m

ln

. m

Fig. . Time series of wind speed at m height and the horizontal mass flux of snow at . m

height from to November . Sudden increase and decrease indicated by arrows

are due to changes of SPC height by hand during the flux profile measurements.

Fig. . Comparison between the wind speed at m height and friction velocity

calculated using the eddy correlation method.

u zU

z

U z

z

*

/*

- * */ ,*** ++ +, +/

+

,

0 - +*

, - * */+, +/ ,***

- +

,

-

k

k

Page 5: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� � � �

� � � �

� �

� � � �

� � � � � � � � � �

� � � �

��� ����

��������� �� !"#$%&' ( ) * *

���������%�$+, !"#$%&'

� �� � �

� �

� � �

-./ 01%23456/7 �� 8%9:;<=<

#>%?@A4BC&DEFGH/IJK!"#$%AEG6L MN8 %?@�$

EOP�QKRSETU V %������� !"#$%&'EWHK%XV 8Y

L Z%��[\]^45_L`a!"#$7b 8Y.KZ XcdL

4-e?@�fK���������%�$+,E !"#$ dg

h8% ij�4k6/V 4Wl `a!"#$4m6 %no47

� �

208

. m

: . ms

: . ms : . ms : . ms : . ms

:

: : : :

Nemoto and Nishimura, m

SPC

. m s

SPC . ms .

ms . ms

Fig. . Horizontal mass flux at . m height plotted against the friction velocity

from to November .

u

Fig. . Specific horizontal particle flux of snow as a function of height

parameterized for di erent friction velocities. u . ms ,

. ms , . ms , . ms , . ms .

u

+

+ + + +

+

+ + + +

+

+ +

* */ ,*** ++ +, +/

* /0* -2 * -- * ,2 * ,+

,**+ +

- .

* ,

* /0 * ,+

/ / * ,+

. * */+, +/ ,***

/# * /0

* -2 * -- * ,2 * ,+

.

/

Page 6: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� ��

����� �����������

���������� �!"# $%&' ( �)* +,(-./01�2�345,

� �

209

SPC . msu

Fig. . Particle diameter distributions measured with the SPC at u . ms .

The solid lines indicate approximations obtained by the two-parameter

gamma probability density function.

+

+

* --

0 * --

0

Page 7: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� � � � �

� � � � �

� �

���� ��

��� �����

� �

� �

� �

� � � �

� �

� � �

� ��

� �� � �� � ���� �

� � � ��

� � �

� �

� �

�� ����� !"�#$%&'(�)*+,- ./)�012��345 6

)7��89�:;< =>

?@A�)B.C>D= EFGHI���$J=KLM�N=OPQB.C $?RS

TUV�W XYZ �� [�\]^_`�aC EFGHI^OPbC

\L�012��cd$J=OPbC 7-e=fgbKLh$QB ./)5EFGHI

�\L^ +i ����`Q9jkbC6$ 7-\L�jk^012��cl

$J=OPbC6$^ami)C

n � =>,B(o�)-W !"�!p��� q�aC �r����

�!p� +i �st=u9��QB.C^ ���cd=v.w�.!"

e= �r�!" �xyCz4^{|=lL9*C W !"�!p����r=

}b~����=>,B��)C6$^�i)B.C

66� �!p �����/����bC ��� ������

�obC���� �aC ~��������$���[)�) $

���)C-y ������=�yi)C 6DQB�y-~�����n =}b

>D=(o����9U�bC ��� $��!p �012��M�$QBn

�210

a: . ms , b: . ms , c: . ms , d: . ms , e: : . ms .

. m

Rasmussen ., ; Takeuchi, ; White and Moula,

saltation layer

. m . m

SPC . m

m m

m

Budd, ; Schmidt,

exp

shape parameter

scale parameter

u

Fig. . Profiles of the shape parameter plotted as a function of the friction velocity.

a: u . ms , b: . ms , c: . ms , d: . ms , e: . ms .

et al

d df d

d

d

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+

,

* /0 * -2 * -- * ,2 * ,+

* ,

+32/ +32* +33+

* + * -

0 + * *0

/* ./*

+**

+300 +32+

-

0

1

1* /0 * -2 * -- * ,2 * ,+

1

a

a

a

a

m m

m

bb a

a b

ab

ab

a ab

Page 8: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� � �

� � � �

� � � � �� � � �

�� � � �

�� ������� ���������

�� ��� ! �"#$%

� �

� �

� � & ' � & '

� � � �

& '� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� � & '

& ' &

' �

& '

� �()* +,�-.*/0�$%12�3#4�567�89(:;<6 =>7

�2?@ABC$%9D: E 8F+:.G�HIJ#�KL�M�D NO� 1PQ

�C� R1ST U�VW+HIJ#�XY�Z�=>OC�[�1\8� �D N]

� 8F �70^+ �_`� OPa:�1 �/b

GcdFe* 8F �70^�f.G=>7 [� R/Tgh6+ +"W�Z�XY

:� �KL+ + ig�"W6jk:�1 [e+lmnop1q

WO E rs9t0u� �v1w$6+C8b*�1xy�z{Fe� E �()

*� ! + HIJ#�=>O|}:� ��_`+~J1XY:���bG=>C

�1� 8F�T��e�/0�CT ��6M��9��� �1\8� )8) i

g�"W�C�� �� ��!+�� �PQ�C�

E +���Y{G��1Sb*KL� !$%9(: ���� lmnop1���

qW7 �"W�_`9��� ���o9M��7$%1�dFe 6

+�*���$%�C� [e+�� ��f.�� �� !1=>7*d6 "#1�

���7��lmnop1XY:��)�7� *COCT � �"W6+

�� ��� +�� ��$%��������)G)�0 [�_`9 :��

9S�� C"W 6>e¡v ig�"W�¢n£:e¡ �¤ �� �Q

¥¦§1¨©�C�[�1(ªWe*

[�/0C�� �6���� lmnop�"#$% E «��� !$% E

+ ~J� ¬� ����­®¯`9z :�[�6 �° ±8F² ±³�´µ

¶3�69·-¨©�)*���m¸¹�lmº£»¼½ �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� � �

� � ��

� � �

� �

� � � � � �

� �

211

: . ms

: . ms : . ms : . ms

: : : :

Schmidt Dover

. ms . m

m

m

. m m . m

. m . m

SPC m

Nemoto and Nishimura,

d u

Fig. . Profiles of the mean particle diameter d plotted as a function of the friction

velocity. u . ms , . ms , . ms , . ms .

u

d

+

+ + +

+ + + +

+

* /0* -2 * -- * ,2

2

1

. / +32+ +33-

+ ,

* ,+ * */

0 2

+

2*

3

3 0 ,0* - +

* + * *,

/

0

,**.

2* /0 * -2 * -- * ,2

2 ab

ab

a

a

a

a

a

m

m

Page 9: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� ��

���� ��

��� ��������������� �� �

� ��

! � �

� �� !

!

� !

� !

� !

! !

� � � �

! �

�"#$%&'( ��

)*+,-�� �./��0��12 34567& �8 98 �0��:;

<�=/>?&@��� A B>� C D E� C D E��FG

HI7JK,-�L �� � M NOPQ ��8�RSG �8��8T

UVMWT?Q�0�&XY��� Z[�OP\]MA � ^�0�_`a�b ��

�cdMA �@e ?fg"#T�f��hP�:��i * 0�_`jk

MlQGmnfo&pqQGrs��Gf/ B>�rsMtuvQ�12 ��w&

x ?yz�{f rs�����& |}�~���aQGf/ ^�

��?�f���� �����??:�cd&�R &=/ A >?&� �?�

� ��:Q�� ����������&rs���:�?����� ��OPQ�

� HIJK,-���� �8�0�

���

212

SPC . m

Nishimura and Nemoto,

SPC

m, . m SPC

SPC . m

cm m

Fig. . Snow particle size distributions in blowing snow . to . m above ground

when snow precipitation was also observed.

-

* *, 3

,**/

3 ,**, , +* ,**- + ,*

/* + / +

+*

++ + /

+** ,** /*

+,

-

3 * *, 3 03

m�

Page 10: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

� ��

� �

������ �����������

�� �������������� !"#$%&'�

�� ��������� ()* + , - + , -

�� ��������� ()*./(01

213

SPC

SPC

SPC

Fig. . Snow particle counter (SPC) set at Dome Fuji Station.

Fig. . Recording of the SPC at Dome Fuji Station from February to January .

Fig. . SPC recording and the air temperature Dome Fuji Station.

,**- , +0 ,**. + 2

+*

++ +0 ,**- 2 ,**.

+,

+*

++

+,

Page 11: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

���� ���

�� ��

��� ��������������� !"# $%�&'()*+��,

-./0�1��2" 34567���� $89:;<�=�:>?�8�@.A

BCD7�9EF/0G

HI��34567���� �JKL M�NO�P"QRS�TS��CUV/0,

W" X L YZ X L � !� X L YZ

X L � 9�[\C2G �] ^�_� �`a�bcC

dc� 9ef��gh9�Jij'�`aCkZ0,W" !lm&�

n8Co/Yp�qrst��uvwxqIyCkZ0�z{C|YG

IW }~�����:Z0� � �����3������1���2G^9Cn

&���U��P"��/0,:G }dP"��I��8��.@����BC���

�Rl��I���IQR��9 ��Sw¡¢"�1£¤I¥�¦4�IG9t§/0

G

¨©����������934567�����R QRM��2�p,� ª «

¬­ª «®¯�°M�NO�PG±²I³´a*:�lµ!�� ^�¶*W·"�,

¸�¹º»�%¼!½

� �

� �

214

Budd, W.F. ( ): The drifting of non-uniform snow particles. ed. by M. J. Rubin. Washington, D. C.,

Amer. Geophys. Union, (Antarct. Res. Ser., ).

Dover, S.E. ( ): Numerical modeling of blowing snow. Doctor thesis, Deparment of Applied Mathemat-

ical Studies, University of Leeds, England, p.

King, J.C. and Turner, J. ( ): Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology. New York, Cambridge Univ.

Press, p.

Kobayashi, S. ( ): Snow transport by katabatic winds in Mizuho Camp area, East Antarctica. J. Meteorol.

Soc. Jpn., , .

Mann, G.W., Anderson, P.S. and Mobbs, S.D. ( ): Profile measurements of blowing snow at Halley,

Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., (D ), .

Nemoto, M. and Nishimura, K. ( ): Direct measurement of shear stress during snow saltation. Boundary

Layer Meteorol., , .

Nemoto, M. and Nishimura, K. ( ): Numerical simulation of snow saltation and suspension in a turbulent

boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., , D , doi: . / JD .

Nishimura, K. and Nemoto, M. ( ): Blowing snow at Mizuho station, Antarctica. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A,

, .

Rasmussen, K.R., S rensen, M. and Willetts, B.B. ( ): Measurement of saltation and wind strength on

beaches. Proc. International Workshop on the Physics of Blown Sand, ed. by O.E. Barndor -Nielsen,

Denmark, University of Aarhus, (Vol. ).

Schmidt, R.A. ( ): A system that measures blowing snow. USDA Forest Service Research Paper,

, p.

Schmidt, R.A. ( ): Estimates of Threshold Windspeed from Particle Sizes in Blowing Snow. Cold Reg.

Sci. Technol., , .

SPC C

C

LT LT . kg m LT

LT . kg m SPC .

kg m . kg m

SPC

RM-

,

,

, ,

+300/3 1* 3

+33-,-1

+331.*3

+312+-* +-3

,***+3 ,..3+ ,./*2

,**++.3 +1*

,**.+2,*0 +* +*,3 ,**. **.0/1

,**/+0.1 +00,

+32/#

-*+ -,/ ,+311

2*+32+

+21 +3-

.*

0*

++ , +*./ ++ - *3/* * 2/ +, ,1 *2-/

+, ,2 *2*/ * 0+ + ,

* /-

.+

.-

/0

+*/

+**

+*3

-0-

+3.

.

� �

Page 12: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

����������� �������

��

215

Takahashi, S. ( ): Characteristics of drifting snow at Mizuho station, Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., , .

Takeuchi, M. ( ): Vertical profile and horizontal increase of drift-snow transport. J. Glaciol., , .

White, B.R. and Mounla, H. ( ): An experimental study of Froude number e ect on wind-tunnel sal-

tation. Aeolian Grain Transport : Mechanics, ed. by O.E. Barndor -Nielson and B.B. Willetts. Wien,

Springer-Verlag, (Acta Mech., Suppl. ).

+32/ 1+ 1/+32* .2+ .3,

+33+ #+ #

+./ +/1 +

0,0


Recommended