Michelin Proprietary
USAF Presentation
“Near Zero Growth” Radial Tires
February 25, 2003
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY “NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Bias
Radial nylon
Radial NZG
Bias/ Radial/ NZG Radial Construction
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
What is NZG ??
Our R&D Efforts have developed a new Reinforcing Material :
Higher Modulus than Nylon(Growth limited to less than 3%)
Modulus stable with temperature (Maintains geometry at high temperature)
Michelin Proprietary
0 5 10 15 20
Elongation (%)
Force
NEW CORD
NYLON CORD
Working Point when Tyre Inflated at nominal pressure
“NZG” Casing and Belt Plies are made of high tensile cords
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY “NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Non inflated tyre : Nylon vs NZG Comparison
For a given tire size, because NZG grows less, it is designed to have a larger non-inflated diameter
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY “NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Inflation+ 8 % diameterCentrifugal force+ 4% diameter
Centrifugal force+ 2% diameter
Inflation+ 6 % diameter
Centrifugal force+ 1 % diameter
Inflation+ 2 % diameter
Tire growth vs. initial size: Bias / Radial / NZG RadialTire growth vs. initial size: Bias / Radial / NZG Radial
Michelin Proprietary
Features and Benefits of NZG Technology
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
Feature: High modulus reinforcing cords
Advantage:
Fewer casing plies can offer a significant tire mass savings compared to standard radial or bias - up to 20% seen in some programs
Benefits:
Increased fuel savings or load capacityReduced moment of inertia produces less wear at touchdown, extending overall wear lifeReduction in maintenance costs for tire changes and wheel buildups
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
Feature: High modulus reinforcing cords
Advantage:
Reduced stretch - growth of the tire is limited to less than 3%
Benefits:
Enhanced resistance to foreign object damageDelay between tire mounting and assembly leakage pressure check for the purpose of stabilizing tire growth is reduced to one hourReduction in maintenance costs for tire changes and wheel buildups
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
Feature: Modulus stable with temperature
Advantage:
Reduction of the cold flat spotting effect seen in nylon based tires
Benefits:
Improved operating conditions at very low temperatures
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
Feature: Reduced tension in the tread and sidewalls
Advantage:
Better resistance to abrasion and foreign object damageLess sensitivity of the sidewall to aging and cracking due to ozone attack
Benefits:
Reduced early removals and therefore increased LPTReduced maintenance time and costs
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
Feature: Tire retains the performance capabilities inherent to the radial ply construction
Advantage:
Improved overload capabilityTire is more resistant to cyclic fatigue
Benefits:
Overall improved reliability
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
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USAF Discussion ItemsUSAF Discussion Items
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
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Review of Cut SectionsReview of Cut Sections
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
- Q: - Q: Description of venting of the Description of venting of the 49x17.0R20 26PR NZG tire49x17.0R20 26PR NZG tire
- A: Tire is vented using same procedure - A: Tire is vented using same procedure as other radialsas other radials
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
- Q: - Q: Data on NZG tire temperature vs. Data on NZG tire temperature vs. pressure in comparison to a conventional pressure in comparison to a conventional radial and bias tireradial and bias tire
- A: Experience shows that the contained - A: Experience shows that the contained air temperature can be slightly higher or air temperature can be slightly higher or lower than the standard radial, but is always lower than the standard radial, but is always much lower than the equivalent bias tiremuch lower than the equivalent bias tire
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
- Q: - Q: Data on how the NZG loads a wheel in Data on how the NZG loads a wheel in comparison to a conventional radius and bias comparison to a conventional radius and bias tiretire
- Q: Relative loading differences between NZG - Q: Relative loading differences between NZG tires >40” diameter and tires <40” in comparison tires >40” diameter and tires <40” in comparison to conventional tiresto conventional tires
- Q: Review of data provided to the wheel - Q: Review of data provided to the wheel supplier (Messier-Bugatti)supplier (Messier-Bugatti)
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
Data from the Airbus A-340 ProgramData from the Airbus A-340 Program
Comparison of Mechanical Properties for Comparison of Mechanical Properties for the Bias, Radial, and NZG Radial the Bias, Radial, and NZG Radial
MLGTireMLGTire
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGYGrown Tire Static Load/DeflectionCurvesat the rated pressure 15.4 bar
barbarComparison between :54x21.0-23/36PR - Bias
1400x530R23/36PR - Nylon Radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Radial Nylon
Radial NZGBias
Vertical Deflection (mm)
Ve
rtic
al L
oad
(kN
)
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
LONGITUDINAL STIFFNESSComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Longitudinal deflection (mm)
Lon
gitu
din
al L
oad
(d
aN
)
radial nylon; 9.9bar; 10000daN
radial NZG; 9.9bar; 10000daN
bias; 9.9bar; 10000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
LONGITUDINAL STIFFNESSComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Longitudinal deflection (mm)
Lon
gitu
din
al l
oad
(da
N)
radial nylon; 9.9bar; 20000daN
radial NZG; 9.9bar; 20000daN
bias; 9.9bar; 20000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
LATERAL STIFFNESSComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 50 100 150
Lateral deflection (mm)
La
tera
l Loa
d (
da
N)
radial nylon; 9.9bar; 10000daN
radial NZG; 9.9bar; 10000daN
bias; 9.9bar; 10000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
LATERAL STIFFNESSComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Lateral deflection (mm)
La
tera
l loa
d (
daN
)
radial nylon; 9.9bar; 20000daN
radial NZG; 9.9bar; 20000daN
Bias; 9.9bar; 20000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYTORSIONALSTIFFNESSComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Torsion Angle (°)
To
rsio
n to
rque
(m
.da
N)
Bias ; 9.9b ; 20000daN
Radial Nylon ; 9.9b ; 20000daN
Radial NZG ; 9.9b ; 20000daN
Bias ; 9.9b ; 30000daN
Radial Nylon ; 9.9b ; 30000daN
Radial NZG ; 9.9b ; 30000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Cornering forceComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Yaw angle (°)
Co
rne
ring
forc
e (
da
N)
Radial NZG ; 14.0b ; 10000daN
Radial nylon ; 14.0b ; 10000daN
Bias ; 14.0b ; 10000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYCornering force
Comparison between1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 1 2 3 4 5
Yaw angle (°)
Co
rne
ring
forc
e (
da
N)
Radial NZG ; 14.0b ; 20000daN
Radial nylon ; 14.0b ; 20000daN
GY ; 14.0b ; 20000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Drag forceComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Yaw angle (°)
Dra
g fo
rce
(d
aN
)
Radial NZG ; 9.9b ; 10000daN
Radial nylon ; 9.9b ; 10000daN
Bias ; 9.9b ; 10000daN
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Drag forceComparison between
1400x530R23/36PR - nylon radial1400x530R23/40PR - NZG radial
54x51.0-23/36PR - bias
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Yaw angle (°)
Dra
g fo
rce
(d
aN
)
Radial NZG ; 9.9b ; 20000daN
Radial nylon ; 9.9b ; 20000daN
Bias ; 9.9b ; 20000daN
Michelin Proprietary
Data from the Falcon 2000 ProgramData from the Falcon 2000 Program
Comparison of Mechanical Properties for Comparison of Mechanical Properties for Radial and NZG Radial MLG TireRadial and NZG Radial MLG Tire
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYLoad vs Deflection Comparison
26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Deflection (mm)
Lo
ad
(K
N)
NZG Radial Nylon Radial
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYLongitudinal Stiffness Comparison
26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi b / 3760 daN
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deplacement (mm)
Lo
ng
itu
din
al F
orc
e (
Da
N)
Nylon Radial NZG Radial
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYLateral Forces Comparison 26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph
@ 190 psi / 2820 daN
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Deplacement (mm)
Lat
eral
Fo
rce
(daN
)
Nylon Radial NZG Radial
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYCornering Forces Comparison
26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi / 3760 daN
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yaw Angle (°)
Co
rner
ing
Fo
rces
(d
aN)
Nylon Radial NZG Radial
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYSelf Alignment Torque Comparison
26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph@ 190 psi / 3760 daN
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yaw Angle (°)
Se
lf A
lign
me
nt
To
rqu
e (
m.d
aN
)
Nylon Radial NZG Radial
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYDrag Forces Comparison26x6.6R14/14PR/225 mph
@ 190 psi / 3760 daN
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yaw Angle (°)
Dra
g F
orc
e (d
aN)
Nylon Radial NZG Radial
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Data given to Messier-Bugatti for the KC-Data given to Messier-Bugatti for the KC-135/C-5 Program135/C-5 Program
Comparison of Rim Pressure Distributions Comparison of Rim Pressure Distributions for the Bias and NZG Tirefor the Bias and NZG Tire
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
As requested by Messier-Bugatti, Michelin has generated rim contact reactions data with finiteelement analysis for the 49x17R20 ( Radial ) and 49x17 type VII ( Bias ), main landing tire of theKC-135. Rim contact reactions have been generated for the following models and conditions :
Tires Models InflationPressure (bars)
Vertical Load Z (daN) Lateral Load Y (daN)
Unloaded 11.7 ( 169 psi ) 0 0Vertical Loading 11.7 17615 ( 39600 lbs ) 0Vertical Loading 11.7 24910 ( 56000 lbs ) 0Lateral Loading 11.7 24910 4895 ( 11000 lbs )
Table I - Description of tires models and calculation conditions.
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 1 – Rim contact pressures of inflated unloaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsRadial red / Bias green
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 2 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 17615 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green
Left side
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 3 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 17615 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green
Left side
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 4 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 24910 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green
Left side
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 5 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 24910 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green
Left side
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Left side Right side
Direction of lateral deflection
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 6 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green
Right side
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 7 - Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 0°Radial Red / Bias green
Left side
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 8 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green
Right side
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Figure 9 – Rim contact pressures of inflated loaded tiresInflation pressure = 11.7 barsVertical Load = 24910 daN ; Lateral load = 4895 daN Meridian 180°Radial Red / Bias green
Left side
Michelin Proprietary
- Q: - Q: Data on how landing gear loads might Data on how landing gear loads might be affected by NZG in comparison to a be affected by NZG in comparison to a conventional radial and bias tireconventional radial and bias tire
- A: The NZG forces are slightly higher - A: The NZG forces are slightly higher than a standard radial because it is stiffer, than a standard radial because it is stiffer, but are about the same as a bias tirebut are about the same as a bias tire
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
- Q: - Q: Data on carcass life (number of Data on carcass life (number of retreads) compared to a conventional retreads) compared to a conventional radial and bias tireradial and bias tire
- A: Retread experience on the NZG is - A: Retread experience on the NZG is minimal, but the carcass life is expected to minimal, but the carcass life is expected to be the same as other retreadable tiresbe the same as other retreadable tires
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
- Q: - Q: Updated design status of the Updated design status of the 49x17.0R20/26PR NZG and location of 49x17.0R20/26PR NZG and location of manufacturemanufacture
- A: Two designs will be tested to the final - A: Two designs will be tested to the final specification. The maximum weight will be specification. The maximum weight will be either 156 or 161 pounds. The protector ply will either 156 or 161 pounds. The protector ply will be nylon, and the skid depth will be 0.51 inch. be nylon, and the skid depth will be 0.51 inch. Estimated LCC index is 800.Estimated LCC index is 800.
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
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NZG FOD Resistance DemonstrationNZG FOD Resistance Demonstration
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
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Concorde Tire RequirementsConcorde Tire Requirements
Tire must survive specific damage at Tire must survive specific damage at high speedhigh speed Tire must then demonstrate residual Tire must then demonstrate residual strength during normal operationstrength during normal operation
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Test on trailer in Almeria - Low speed
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Bias/NZG Tire Test at 20 km/h in Almeria
Bias/NZG Tire Test at 20 km/h in Almeria
“NZG” TECHNOLOGYFOD resistance of Bias/NZG Radial
BIAS
NZG
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY“ NZG” FOD Resistance Demonstration High speed test on dynamometerin Ladoux
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY “NZG” TECHNOLOGYFOD Resistance Demonstration
After roll on blade at 324 km/h
Bias Tire blow out after roll on blade
NZG Tread band cut, no pressure loss, no debrisThen, completes 3 cycle test (no pressure loss, no debris)i.e 2 (taxi + take-off + landing + taxi) + 1 (taxi + overload continued take-off + landing + taxi)
BIAS
NZG radial
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FOD Resistance Demonstration NZG - After roll on blade at 383 km/h
FOD Resistance Demonstration NZG - After roll on blade at 383 km/h
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
NZG “damaged” tire
Tire then successfully completed 3 mission cycle tests according to Concorde specification.
Michelin Proprietary
“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Current experience :Fully certified on Concorde (MLG)Fully certified on Falcon 2000/20/50 (MLG)
Certification in progress on A340-500/600 (MLG) - approval estimated 3/03Certification in progress on A330/A340 (MLG)Certification in progress on F16 Blocks 40 and 30 (MLG)Certification in progress on KC-135 (MLG) / C-5 (MLG/NLG)Certification in progress on B777-200LR/300ER (MLG)Certification in progress on Falcon 900 and 2000EX (MLG)Certification in progress on A319/320/321 (NLG)Certification in progress on Cessna Sovereign and Citation X (MLG)
Proposed on Falcon F7X (MLG)Proposed on A380 (MLG)
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“NZG” TECHNOLOGY
Thank You!
Questions?