PRESENTED BY: ROUNAK GOYANKA
SEMINAR ON:
NANOWIRE BATTERY
GUIDED BY: PROF S.B.BODKHE
RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
• Primary vs secondary batteries• Standard modern batteries• Battery types• Advantages & Disadvantages of Li-ion • Silicon nanowire• Advantage• Disadvantage• Future scope• References
Primary vs. SecondaryBatteries
Primary batteries are disposable because their electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed.
Secondary batteries are rechargeable, because their electrochemical reaction can be reversed by applying a certain voltage to the battery in the opposite direction of the discharge.
Standard Modern Batteries
Zinc-Carbon: used in all inexpensive AA, C and D dry-cell batteries. The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an acidic paste between them that serves as the electrolyte. (disposable)
Alkaline: used in common Duracell and Energizer batteries, the electrodes are zinc and manganese-oxide, with an alkaline electrolyte. (disposable)
Lead-Acid: used in cars, the electrodes are lead and lead-oxide, with an acidic electrolyte. (rechargeable)
Battery types
NICKEL-CADMIUM(NiCd)
NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE(NiMH)
LITHIUM-ION(Li-ion)
RECHARGEABLE RECHARGEABLE RECHARGEABLE
MEMORY EFFECT NO MEMORY EFFECT NO MEMORY EFFECT
Lithium -Ion Battery Development
In the 1970’s, Lithium metal was used but its instability rendered it unsafe and impractical. Lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite are now used as the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.
The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly lower energy density than Lithium metal, but is much safer. Introduced by Sony in 1991.
Advantages of Using Li-Ion Batteries
POWER – High energy density means greater power in a smaller package.• 160% greater than NiMH
• 220% greater than NiCd
HIGHER VOLTAGE – a strong current allows it to power complex mechanical devices.
LONG SHELF-LIFE – only 5% discharge loss per month.• 10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd
Disadvantages of Li-Ion
EXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd. DELICATE -- battery temp must be monitored
from within (which raises the price), and sealed particularly well.
REGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ion batteries in bulk (which also raises the price). • Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material• UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III, 38.3)
“Nano” Science and Technology
1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometersThe attempt to manufacture and control objects at the atomic and molecular level (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9)
Silicon: an optimal anode material
Graphite energy density: 372 mA h/g
C6 LiC6
Silicon energy density: 4200 mA h/g
Si Li4.4Si
Silicon NW Anode
Structurally stable after many cycles 10 x energy density of current anodes Silicon film gets pulverized from volume changes. Si NW can accommodate volume change.
Experimental Technique NW growth on stainless steel by vapor-liquid-solid
(VLS) technique Crystalline Si Core-shell (core = crystalline Si, shell = amorphous Si)
Test current-voltage characteristics over many charge/discharge cycles using cyclic voltammetry
C
Si NW onStainless steel
Li metal
Electrolyte
V
14Experimental Results
Chan et. al., Nature Nanotech, 2007
Charge and discharge capacity per cycle
Dramatic (~10x) improvement in charging capacity over graphite!
15Experimental Results
Chan et. al., Nature Nanotech, 2007
Charge and discharge capacity per cycle
No decrease in capacity beyond first charge cycle!
16Experimental Results
Chan et. al., Nature Nanotech, 2007
Study of reaction dynamics:Near capacity charging at high reaction rates
17Experimental Results
Chan et. al., Nature Nanotech, 2007
Study of reaction dynamics:Near capacity charging at high reaction rates
Even one hour cycle time is much better than a fully charged graphite anode!
Graphite
18
Technological Comparison
Technology Power density
Energy density
Lifetime Efficiency
Fuel cells Low/moderate
High Low/moderate
Moderate
Supercapacitors Very high Low High High
Nanogenerators Very low Unlimited Unknown Low
Li-ion w/ graphite
Moderate Moderate Moderate High
Li-ion w/ Si NW Moderate High Under investigation
High
Fuel Cells:
Smithsonian Institution, 2008
19
Technological ComparisonSupercapacitors:
Maxwell Technologies, 2009
Technology Power density
Energy density
Lifetime Efficiency
Fuel cells Low/moderate
High Low/moderate
Moderate
Supercapacitors
Very high Low High High
Nanogenerators Very low Unlimited Unknown Low
Li-ion w/ graphite
Moderate Moderate Moderate High
Li-ion w/ Si NW Moderate High Under investigation
High
20
Technological Comparison
Piezoelectric nanogenerators: Wang, ZL, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2008
Technology Power density
Energy density
Lifetime Efficiency
Fuel cells Low/moderate
High Low/moderate
Moderate
Supercapacitors Very high Low High High
Nanogenerators
Very low Unlimited Unknown Low
Li-ion w/ graphite
Moderate Moderate Moderate High
Li-ion w/ Si NW Moderate High Under investigation
High
21
Technological Comparison Energy and power density
Only fuel cells and batteries can be primary power supply Among those, Si NW batteries are optimal
Lifetime and efficiency Batteries last about as long as typical electronic components Energy efficiency of electrochemical devices is generally high
Technology Power density
Energy density
Lifetime Efficiency
Fuel cells Low/moderate
High Low/moderate
Moderate
Supercapacitors
Very high Low High High
Nanogenerators
Very low Unlimited Unknown Low
Li-ion w/ graphite
Moderate Moderate Moderate High
Li-ion w/ Si NW Moderate High Under investigation
High
22Economics of
Nanowire Batteries Silicon is abundant and cheap
Leverage extensive silicon production infrastructure Don’t need high purity (expensive) Si Nanowire growth substrate is also current
collector Leads to simpler/easier battery design/manufacture
(one step synthesis) Nanowire growth is mature and
scalable technique J.-G. Zhang et al., “Large-Scale Production of Si-
Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Applications” (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)
9 sq. mi. factory = batteries for 100,000 cars/day
23Lifetime Issues
Initial capacity loss after first cycle (17%) Cause still unknown?
Capacity stable at ~3500 Ah/kg for 20 cycles Can’t yet maintain theoretical 4200 Ah/kg
Crystalline-Amorphous Core-Shell Nanowires (2009) Energy Density: ~1000 Ah/kg (3x)
90% retention, 100 cycles Power Density: ~6800 A/kg (20x)
Why Are Nanowires Batteries Not Being Implemented?
Nanowire are not being heavily manufactured because they are still in the development stage and are only produced in the laboratory.
Until production has been streamlined, made easier and faster, they will not be heavily manufactured for commercial purposes.
Advantages
The small NW diameter allows for better accommodation of the large volume changes without the initiation of fracture that can occur in bulk or micron-sized materials.
NWs have direct 1D electronic pathways allowing for efficient charge transport.
In nanowire electrodes the carriers can move efficiently down the length of each wire.
Nanowires can be grown directly on the metallic current collector.
Protects from explosions. High storage capacity(4200mAh).
Disadvantage
NWs must be assembled into a composite containing conducting carbon and binders to maintain good electronic conduction throughout.
It is expensive. Only anodes are manufactured by nanowires.
Future scope
In future, ordinary batteries will be replaced by Nanowire based batteries completely.
By the use of Nanowire batteries in future, we can have devices having high battery life.
By invention of some new mechanism and technology , we can get Nanowire batteries have more than 10times the ordinary battery.
References Porous Doped Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Anode
with Long Cycle Life Mingyuan Ge, Jiepeng Rong, Xin Fang, and Chongwu Zhou
C. K. Chan, R. Huggins, Y. Cui and co-workers Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 (2008)
Nanowire Batteries for Next Generation Electronics Candace K. Chan, Stephen T. Connor, Yuan Yang, Ching-Mei Hsu, Robert A. Huggins, and Yi Cui
Electrochemical Nanowire Devices for Energy Storage Liqiang Mai, Qiulong Wei, Xiaocong Tian, Yunlong Zhao, and Qinyou An IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology Toronto, Canada, August 18-21, 2014 High-Rate Lithium-ion Battery Anodes Based on Silicon-Coated Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers Steven A. Klankowski, Gaind P. Pandey, Brett A. Cruden, Jianwei Liu, Judy Wu, Ronald A. Rojeski and Jun Li, Member, IEEE