NUS Libraries: Open Access Week 2017
Harmen van Paradijs
October 24, 2017
Illustratio
n in
spired
by th
e wo
rk of Jo
hn
Mayn
ard K
eyn
es
1
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Who is Springer Nature?
In May 2015
2
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
The Springer Nature journal portfolio3,000 journals publishing more than 340,000 articles per year
• More than 3,000 journals:
− 2,800 journals in the Research division, thereof 1,800 hybrid, 600 full OA, and 400 subscription journals
− 200 journals in the Professional division (incl. more B2B type publications)
• More than 344,000 articles p.a.:
− 55% in hybrid, 25% in subscription and 20% in OA journals
• 10 out of the Top 25 primary research journals by Impact Factor are Nature-branded journals
Hybrid55%
Subscrip-tion25%
Full OA20%
Number of 2016 articles by business model
344k articles
3
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
The OA market, then and now…
2000 2017
4
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Fully open access journals: key playersSpringer Nature is the clear market leader
Sources: Publisher web sites, CrossRef; excludes articles in hybrid journals; Springer Nature: ORG excl. Nature Communications 2012-14; Copernicus numbers for 2016 estimated
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
Taylor & Francis
OUP
Copernicus
Wiley
Elsevier
Frontiers
Hindawi
MDPI
PLOS
Springer Nature
Number of articles in fully OA journals in 2016
5
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
5
1.0
OA – The Basics
6
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
What is open access?
Open access is the free, unrestricted online access to scholarly research
http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm
7
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
The many facets of Open Access Publishing
‘Full’ Open Access
• Whole journal is
published Open Access
‘Green’ Open Access
• Self-archiving of
author manuscript on author website, institutional or
subject-based repositories
‘Gold’ Open Access
• Article freely
available from publisher website
‘Hybrid’ Open Access
• Article level Open
Access option in subscription journals
‘Delayed’ Open Access
• Articles made freely
available to non-subscribers after a certain period, usually
12 or 24 months
Author Payment
• Author/funder/institution
pays for publishing
Sponsored
• Journal sponsored by a
non-profit institution or organization
8
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Creative Commons Licenses
Source: http://copyright.ubc.ca/guidelines-and-resources/support-guides/creative-commons/
9
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
OA funds by world regionFunding concentrated in Europe
Source: Springer Nature OA funding & policy database
65
196 2 4
35
68
4 3
52
169
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Funders Instns Funders Instns Funders Instns Funders Instns Funders Instns Funders Instns
Europe North America Asia Australia andOceania
Africa International
# A
PC
fu
nd
s
Block grant / consortium fundonly only
Both institutional funds andblock grant / consortium fund
Institutional fund only
OA funders
10
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
79.6% 76.1%
61.2%
45.5%
18.6%
2.2%1.4%
1.4%
6.5%
5.9%
1.1%
0.0%
1.0%
5.7%
30.4%
0.4%
0.0%
1.0%
0.8% 2.9%
5.8%
2.8%
5.7% 21.1% 25.5%
3.6%12.7%
18.2%
10.6%
15.7%
7.3% 7.0%11.5% 9.8%
1.0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
China Japan United States Germany United Kingdom
Sources of APC funding for last OA publication
I used my own personal funds
Other*
Dedicated OA funds from institution
Funder/institution’s OA membership with the publisher
Funder OA block grant, distributed byinstitution
Dedicated OA funds from main research funder
Main grant funds
(275) (71) (209) (123) (102)
*“Other” includes categories “Dedicated open access funds from an organisation that is not my main research funder/institution”, “My co-author(s) funds (from their own funder, institutional or personal funding)”, and “Other”.
Data from Springer Nature OA policy, funding and payments survey, Feb-March 2016
Authors’ sources of APC funding – survey dataMost Chinese and Japanese authors rely on main grant funding to pay APCs, while UK authors more likely to use block grant OA funding from their research funder or institutional APC funds
11
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
OA policies and funding from national research councilsNorthern Europe backing gold OA; North America and Australia favour self-archiving; China somewhere in-between
InternationalOA mandate and APC funding: European Commission, ERC, GRC, WHO
National research council policies
OA mandate + dedicated APC funding
No mandate, dedicated APC funding
OA mandate + APC funding via research grants
Green OA (self-archiving) mandate, no APC funding
National OA repository scheme
12
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
OA policies and funding from national research councilsNorthern Europe backing gold OA; North America and Australia favour self-archiving; China somewhere in-between
InternationalOA mandate and APC funding: European Commission, ERC, GRC, WHO
National research council policies
OA mandate + dedicated APC funding
No mandate, dedicated APC funding
OA mandate + APC funding via research grants
Green OA (self-archiving) mandate, no APC funding
National OA repository scheme
13
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Impact Factor journals: Open Access market share
Subscription Journals
87%
"Full" OA Journals: Author
Pays9%
"Full" OA Journals:
Sponsored4%
Number of Articles in Journal Citation Reports 2013
Subscription journals include:• ‘Hybrid‘ Journals (OA
articles: 2% of all articles)• ‘Delayed’ OA Journals (6%
of all articles)
Sources: Journal Citation Reports 2013;DOAJ; Laakso and Björk: Anatomy of open access publishing: a study oflongitudinal development and internal structure, BMC Medicine 2012
14
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Directory of Open Access Journals
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Number of journals
Source: retrieved on Oct 13, 2017 from doaj.org
15
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
The OA – HSS contradiction(s)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Paid
Free
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
SSCI SCIE
OA
Sub
There are many more HSS journals (vs BioMed or STEM),However, most are ‘free’/do not charge an APC.
Very few HSS journals are listed in SSCI/JCR, and a very small number are OA (and have an Impact Factor)
16
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
16
2.0
Author perceptions
17
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Author insights survey: attitudes towards open access
18
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Author insights survey: attitudes towards open access
19
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
19
2.0
The Benefits of OA publishing
20
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
• Immediate online access
• Increased visibility
• Citation advantage
• Accelerated science
• Collaboration
• Reproducibility
Find out more: http://preview.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/benefits
Open access: the benefits:
21
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Increased visibility/more downloads:
Source:http://image.slidesharecdn.com/creativecommonsapetalkjan2015-150224043812-conversion-gate02/95/why-the-wellcome-trust-supports-the-ccby-licence-9-638.jpg?cb=1424774413
22
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Citation Advantage
Sources: McKiernan et al: eLife 2016;5:e16800, https://sparceurope.org/what-we-do/open-access/sparc-europe-open-access-resources/open-access-citation-advantage-service-oaca//
23
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
23
3.0
Singapore
24
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Singapore: Article output growth
Number of articles published 2007-2016
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Thomson Reuters InCites.
Average Annual Growth Rate (CAGR): 9%
Global Average Annual Growth in Article Output
(CAGR)
North America 2.5%
Western Europe 3.4%
Asia-Pacific 8.0%
Middle East 9.3%
Latin America 7.0%
2564 OA articles were published in 2016 (16%)
25
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Singapore OA output per discipline (2016)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
26
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Top 10 journals where researchers from Singapore published
Source : Thomson Reuters InCites; 2012-2016
Articles Published in ISI-listed Journals 2012 to 2016
27
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
27
4.0
OA Books
28
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
OA BOOKS LANDSCAPE
Smaller players• UCL Press
• Open Book Publishers
• Ubiquity Press
Big players• InTech• De Gruyter• Springer Nature
* Major commercial publishers
Elsevier and Wiley still do not have OA books programmes.
Alternative business models
• Crowdfunding (unglue.it)• Consortia for libraries
(Knowledge Unlatched)• Freemium model
(OpenEditions)• Mixed funding (Luminos)
Retrospective OA• Brill
• Knowledge Unlatched
29
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
• The Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB)* lists 1,135 titles published in 2016.
• This is slightly less than compared with 2015 (1,137 titles), however, this could be due to an indexing backlog for titles published in 2016.
• As of Jun 2017, DOAB lists 326 books published 2017; this is again probably an underestimate due to indexing backlogs.
OA books market
725
1137 1135
326
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2014 2015 2016 2017 YTD
# O
A b
oo
ks
Year of publication
# OA books in DOAB (09/06/2017)
*Not all OA book publishers index their OA titles in DOAB, so this is not a full representation of OA book market.
Data from http://www.doabooks.org/doab (June 2017)
30
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
OA BOOKS OUTPUT (2016)Springer Nature ranks third in OA books output for 2016, although second if discounting Frontiers, which repackages journal content.
Publication totals taken from publishers’ own platforms where available (e.g. where OA and date filters present), or from DOAB / OAPEN library metadata. In some cases 2016 totals for publishers are provisional, as they may be behind in indexing content to DOAB/OAPEN.
8
9
10
13
14
15
16
16
16
21
22
24
25
26
27
57
71
144
270
282
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxford University Press
Bloomsbury Academic
University of Calgary Press
Manchester University Press
University of Michigan Press
Athabasca University Press
University of California Press
Punctum Books
UCL Press
Amsterdam University Press
Open Book Publishers
Ledizioni
Böhlau
Brill
Göttingen University Press
De Gruyter
MDPI
Springer Nature
Frontiers Media SA
InTech Open
OA books published 2016 Top 20 competitors by volume, data collected June 2017
NotesFrontiers and MDPI both repackage journal content as "books"
31
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
• We have identified 18 funders and 46 institutions which formally make funding available for OA books.
• Dedicated OA books funding is concentrated in North America and Europe.
• Many of these OA books funders are national research councils.
• However, funding for OA books and chapters is sometimes also available via department funds and other less formal routes.
Data from Springer Nature OA funding and policy database (04/10/2017).
Research funders providing OA books funding include:• Austrian Science Fund (FWF) – up to €18,000• Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
(NWO) – up to €6,000 (ending Jan 2018)• Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)• Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social
Sciences• Wellcome Trust (and also Wellcome Library OA fund)• Research Councils UK (RCUK)
2
16
28
16
2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Africa
Europe
North America
Europe
North America
Inst
itu
tio
nal
fun
ds
OA
fun
der
s
OA monograph funding sources worldwide - institutional funds and OA funders
Funders
32
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Published under two imprints:
- SpringerOpen
- Palgrave OA Books
All book types accepted:
• Monographs
• Edited volumes
• Proceedings
• SpringerBriefs
All ebook versions are made OA:
• PDF, ePUB
BPC (Book Processing Charge)
• covers all the costs of commissioning, production, dissemination and promotion and the release of the book under a CC BY licence
Open access books at Springer Nature
33
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
• OA by the chapter offers authors another route to widening the dissemination of their research
• On publication, the OA chapter is free to access under a Creative Commons license
• OA chapters are available from both SpringerLink and the Directory of Open Access Books
Open access chaptersBack cover indicates OA chapter
34
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
• We use the industry “gold standard” Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 License as default
• Authors retain copyright for their work
• Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and alter, transform, or build upon the material, including for commercial use, as long as the author(s) are credited
• CC BY is the licence preferred by many funders
• Alternative Creative Commons licencesare available on request
Open access licensing and copyright retention
35
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Professional and rigorous peer-review process
• All open access content adheres to the high standards expected of all Springer Nature titles
• Reviewers are not informed that the book will be published OA so this does not affect their judgment
• OA books undergo the same rigorous peer-review process, copyediting and proofreading services as all our books and journals
• OA books selected for inclusion in the NCBI Bookshelf undergo an additional round of peer-review by the Bookshelf committee
High standards
36
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
We can:
• Provide personal information on the open access funds available to you.
• Direct you to the correct open access funding coordinator at your institution/ funding body.
• Provide advice about compliance with funders’ and institutions’ open access policies.
• Supply you with the information and advice required to complete an open access funding application.
Open access funding support service
Public list of OA funding sources and links to funder/institutional OA policies:https://www.springeropen.com/about/oa-funding-and-policy-support/funding-for-oa-booksPersonal funding and policy advice by email:[email protected]
37
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
• We have published 388 Open Access books so far.
• Most of our publications are in Humanities and Social Sciences, followed by Physical Sciences/Engineering and Business Economics/Political Sciences.
What we’ve published so far: Snapshot
715
26
27
29
37
57
76
113
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Human Sciences
Physical Sciences/Engineering
Business Economics/PoliticalSciences
Mathematics/ComputerSciences
Life Sciences
Apress
German Language Science
Biomedicine
Clinical Medicine
Healthcare
OA books publications all time to date by subject
38
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
• The OA books team will deposit books in the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB) and may submit relevant titles for consideration by PMC’s NCBI Bookshelf. Wellcome Trust titles are automatically included in Bookshelf.
• SpringerOpen books are also included in Web of Science and Scopus
• All SpringerOpen books are automatically included in Springer eBook Collections
Visibility and impact
39
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Increased downloads
7780
36728
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
All non-OA Books [14527] OA Books [176]
average downloads – 2015 & 2016
OA books achieve 7x more downloads on SpringerLink compared to non-OA books
40
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
- Publishing Editor contacts Associate Professor Arul Chib (of NTU) to discuss possible book projects
- Arul mentions he is working on a book to come out of the IDRC funded project
- Publishing editor mentions the Open Access book option at Springer
(First!) Singapore OA title
2012
2013
2014
2015
- Proposal received, which is peer-reviewed. Contract signed.
- Manuscript is peer-reviewed and put into production
- book is published and launched at SIRC conference
41
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
- 47k downloads to date
- 7 citations
- 65 social media mentions (Altmetrics)
Results
42
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
- Book proposal/publication with a bulk of 1000 copies: Curaj et al, European higher Education at the Crossroads (2012)
- More books were expected from Bologna Process Researchers’ Conference
- Springer editor informed them of OA book possibility (2013)
- Funds spent on buying 1000 copies bulk purchase is redirected to OA book processing charge
- Latest book (The European Higher Education Area) reached over 280,000 downloads since publication in 2015
Another example:
43
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
43
5.0
Beyond Open Access
44
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
“making research more transparent, more collaborative and more efficient”*
From Open Access to Open Research
*Source: Wikipedia, adapted
• Beyond open access• Not just journals, books too!• Broader than “open science”• Inclusive of HSS• Open data• Collaboration tools• Open peer review
45
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
Successful Open Access?
Support from governments
and institutions who back open
access
Funders who fund APCs
Authors who are willing to
publish via open access
A publisher providing
authors with a wide range of
attractive publishing
options
46
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
46
The story behind the image
John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)
John Maynard Keynes was a British economist who revolutionised the theory and practice of macroeconomics, reformed economics and had a profound influence on economic policy. This illustration represents the Keynesian model which shows that in a monetary economy it is possible to have periods of high unemployment unless governments use active monetary and fiscal policy to stimulate aggregate demand.
Thank you
Questions?
47
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
FULLY OPEN ACCESS JOURNALSThe volume of articles published in fully OA journals indexed in the JCR grew by 12.5% from 2014 to 2015
1,173 1,206
2014 2015
# Titles
182 204
2014 2015
tho
usa
nd
s
# Articles
2,411
2,907
2014 2015
tho
usa
nd
s
# Citations
+2.8%+12.5%
+20.6%
Complete JCR Database (incl. additions and cessations)
Graph produced by Springer Nature, data from 2014 and 2015 JCR. Note that "OA" shows articles published in fully OA journals only.
48
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
FULLY OA JOURNALS VS. HYBRID AND SUBSCRIPTIONGrowth in article volume is higher in fully OA journals than in hybrids/ subscription titles
Complete JCR Database (incl. additions and cessations)
175 197
1,151 1,186
2014 2015
tho
usa
nd
s
# Articles in STM journals
OA Non OA
+12.6%
6 7
102 106
2014 2015th
ou
san
ds
# Articles in HSS journals
OA Non OA
+3.0%
+4.3%
+3.7%
+4.1%
+11%
Graph produced by Springer Nature, data from 2014 and 2015 JCR.Note that "OA" shows articles published in fully OA journals, while “Non OA” includes all articles published in hybrid and subscription titles, including some OA articles published in hybrids.
49
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
PUBLICATIONS IN FULLY OA JOURNALS BY DISCIPLINE (STEM)Publication in fully OA journals is more common in the life and health sciences
Graph produced by Springer Nature, data from 2014 JCR, journals publishing in STEM discipline only. Note that some journals may have multiple disciplinary categories, and so their article content will appear in multiple categories within this graph.
3.94%
5.19%
5.21%
5.58%
8.47%
9.54%
11.11%
14.96%
15.04%
16.60%
74.56%
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00%
Computer Science (1769)
Chemistry (10480)
Materials Science (6439)
Engineering (12641)
Physics (15769)
Earth & Environmental Sciences (8708)
Mathematics & Statistics (6002)
Medicine (55434)
Agricultural & Biological Sciences (20054)
Biomedicine (41895)
Multidisciplinary Sciences (36448)
JOU
RN
AL
DIS
CIP
LIN
E
JCR 2014: % articles published in fully OA journals by journal discipline (STEM)
(n) = total articles in fully OA journals
50
NUS OA Week 2017/ 241017
PUBLICATIONS IN FULLY OA JOURNALS BY DISCIPLINE (HSS)Publication in fully OA journals is most common in Education, Religion & Philosophy, and Psychology
Graph produced by Springer Nature, data from 2014 JCR, journals publishing in HSS discipline only. Note that some journals may have multiple disciplinary categories, and so their article content will appear in multiple categories within this graph.
1.26%
1.47%
1.48%
1.79%
2.44%
5.26%
6.71%
7.94%
8.05%
8.32%
0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 7.00% 8.00% 9.00%
Political Science & International Studies (102)
Law & Criminology (85)
Business & Management (283)
History (88)
Economics & Finance (473)
Language & Linguisitics (240)
Social Sciences (3462)
Psychology (2945)
Religion & Philosophy (159)
Education (1150)
JOU
RN
AL
DIS
CIP
LIN
E
JCR 2014: % articles published in fully OA journals by journal discipline (HSS)
(n) = total articles in fully OA journals