OBJECTIVES:Continuous monitoring of meteorological variables and the chemistry of precipitation anddry deposition at several locations at the VMC Mansfield site.
METHODS:Several monitoring stations and programs were operated at the VMC Mansfield site inUnderhill in 1993:
1. Basic meteorolog~ (continuous temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction,standard deviation of wind direction, and precipitation amount) is monitored at the airquality monitoring station at the VMC Mansfield site at the Proctor Maple Research Center(PMRC) at 400 m. elevation. This station has remote (modem) access and has been incontinuous operation since June 1988. Data are updated continuously and are storedelectronically and as hard copy. Data are available from the VMC as spreadsheets (Lotus,Excel), and in Voyager format. Station supervision is by Tim Scherbatskoy and operatedby Joanne Cummings and Carl Waite. Additional meteorological data were collected atthe forest canopy research tower and in the Stevensville Brook watershed; these aredescribed in other reports.
2. The National Weather Service (NWS) under NOM supervises a second weatherstation at the WCAX- TV transmitter station near the nose of Mt. Mansfield (1205 m), oneof 45 NWS cooperative weather stations currently operating in Vermont. This station hasmonitored temperature (daily minimum, maximum and temperature at time of observation)and precipitation amount (d~ily rainfall, snowfall and snow depth on the ground) since1954. Data are collected and $tored by the National Climatic Data Center. The VMC doesnot directly support this statio ~,' , but has access t~ the data for this sta~ion and all othersin Vermont through the NWS. Data are now available from the VMC In Voyager formatfor the period 1954-1992, as p rt of the Vermont Coop Network meteorological database.
3. NADP LNTN (National Atniospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network)
maintains a site at the air q~ality monitoring station at PMRC (400m) for the weeklycollection of precipitation for c~emical analysis. Precipitation amount, pH and conductivityare measured locally, and th~ sample is then shipped to the NADP Central AnalyticalLaboratory in Illinois for anal)-1,sis of pH, conductivity, Ca, K, Mg, Na, NH4, NO3' CI, 8O4and PO4. This station has beefl operational since 1984, and is part of a national networkof over 200 stations including dine other in Vermont at Bennington. Data are available fromthe VMC in Voyager format \\ or in other forms from the NADP Central AnalyticalLaboratory. The site supervisdr is Tim 8cherbatskoy, and the site operator is JoanneCummings with cooperation frc\m 8umner Williams at PMRC.
34
4. DDIM (Dry Deposition Inferential Measurement) program was started in August 1992at the forest canopy research tower at the PMRC. This monitoring program uses filterpacktechnology to collect continuous weekly samples of dry deposition of sulfur (S02) andnitrogen (HN03 vapor), and also continuous meteorology including temperature, relativehumidity, wind speed and direction, surface wetness and precipitation amount. The goalof this program is to measure atmospheric concentrations of these species and modeltheir deposition rates. This station is one of 10 stations in the NOM network in theeastern US; the data collected are comparable to other dry deposition monitoringprograms in the US operated by the EPA. This equipment is located above the forestcanopy at 22 m. on the forest research tower. Station operation is by Joanne Cummingswith supervision by Tim Scherbatskoy. Filterpack and data analysis are conducted byNOM, with data returned to the VMC quarterly.
5. AIRMaN (Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network) is an event based
precipitation monitoring program established at the end of 1992 to provide high-resolutiondata on precipitation chemistry to support regional modeling efforts. There are 7 sites inthe network, located in the northeastern US. Except for being an event based samplingprogram, it follows the protocol and measures the variables of the NADP /NTN describedin (4) above; the sampler is located at the Air Quality site at PMRC (400 m). Station
operation is by Joanne Cummings with supervision by Tim Scherbatskoy. The AIRMoNstation was installed in December, 1992.
SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS:No major analyses of trends and relationships in these projects have been completed atthis time. The principle goal of these projects is to provide a high-quality, long-termdatabase on meteorological and chemical deposition for use by VMC cooperators andothers. Data are maintained as up-to-date as possible, and are generally available fromthe VMC in various forms. A major effort is underway to also make these data availableas Voyager files (see the Data Integration Project). In addition, periodic reports are madeavailable by the major sponsor of each program (e.g., NADP annual statistical
summaries). Overviews, representative data, and/or data summaries are presented in thepages that follow.
35
1. Basic meteorology
Consolidation of the historic and current basic meteorology data from the VMC Mansfieldsite is completed, and consists of annual daily and hourly data for all variables. Inaddition, in 1993 routine quality assurance, maintenance and calibration programs wereinstituted. Monthly data summaries are produced routinely. These data are available inASCII text files, spreadsheets, and Voyager workbooks. Table 1 consists of partial
spreadsheets exhibiting the monthly means, maximums and minimum 1993 values formeteorological data at the Proctor Maple Research Lab.Figure 1 displays graphic representation of temperature and precipitation data for 1993at the PMRC.
Table 1: Basic Meteorology at PMRC; monthly mean, maximum and minimumvalues for 1993.
MBP MWD SWD MWS XWS XTMP NTMP MTMP MTMP2 GDD MDP MRH TRAIN
mb deg deg m/8 m/8 deg C d8g C deg C deg C deg C d8g C % mm========== ===== ========== ===== ===== ========== ========== ===== =====
JANUARY
MEANMAX
MIN
SUM
956973935
209307
124
3343
53.40
23.40
196
390
0.90
3426.20
1.40
-2.92
11.70
.14.60
.11.59
1.40
.2640
-705
5.80
-2200
-714580
2050
0.605.800.00
18.6
-12.28
1.60
-2830
6443
7810
4510
150000051.3
FEBRUARY
MEAN
MAX
MIN
SUM
950965929
215
338
110
30.98
50.40
21.80
2.073.30130
3.85
840
240
-6.90-1.20
-21.90
-1614
-3.90
-28.40
-11.55
-3.00
-2600
-11.51
-260
-2510
000000000
0
-1802
-790
-3260
5670
7830
3850
15.50
000
364
MARCH
MEANMAXMINSUM
948968925
207317122
33.24
56.10
16.90
1.95
4.90
1.00
331
6.70
1.70
1.70
17.30
.14.40
-631
9.30
.23.10
-210
1290
1820
-2.31
13.30
18.70
20812900.00644
-10.21
070
-2630
5333
no0
2600
13500.0043.9
APRIL
MEANMAXMINSUM
949963935
213
341
130
33.8352.602390
215
460
080
3.50
6.10
190
10.26
20.70
-1.00
249
1510
.390
6.26
17.50
-300
6381780-2.50
6.501750000195
.273
7.50
.103
55.62
8450
22.9
1800000
1095
MAY
MEANMAX
MIN
SUM
950963938
201287131
33.61
49.20
23.50
2.02
3.90
0.90
354
5.30
1.50
16.30
24.80
8.70
840
16.10
2.60
12.31
19.70
6.20
1235
19.60
6.40
1231
19.70
6.20
418.4
5539
7990
3150
3.14
1010
-3.10
20.30
0.0091 1
JUNE
MEAN
MAXMINSUM
948
956939
185
291
123
382652.802910
1 71
2.90
100
310520180
1979
27.901060
11.98
17.30
510
1576
2230
840
1589
2260
850
15.76
2230
8.40
472.9
804
1490
050
6178
7940
3760
16.80
000
978
36
1993 WEATHER DATA SUMMARY FOR PMRC AQ SITE. MONTHL Y MEAN, MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
MBP MWD SWD MWS XWS XTMP NTMP MTMP MTMP2 GDD MDP MRH TRAIN
mb d.g d.g m/. m/. d.g C d.g C d.g C d.g C d.g C d.g C % mm
JULY
MEAN
MAX
MIN
SUM
945954936
185300126
3757
5560
2830
1.55
250
110
2.93490180
2315
2980
1370
15.94
2290
1160
1931
2570
1270
1954
2570
12.90
1931
2570
1270
5985
1199
1730
740
6367
n70
4770
3300000
In2
AUGUST
MEANMAXMIN
SUM
959966951
158250123
3698
5430
2530
1.40200100
2.49
380
1.70
229028.201520
1517
1980
8.10
18.72
2370
11.80
19.04
2360
1190
1872
2370
1180
5804
1263
16.80
380
6935
8260
5580
40.90
000
1464
SEPTEMBER
MEAN
MAX
MIN
SUM
957968943
181
276
125
396358702760
1.65
2.40
1.10
285510150
16.31
2520
730
8.73
1920
-0.60
1251
2190
230
125222203.30
1251
2190
240
3753
7.361740-330
7189
8640
5690
2340
000
119
OCTOBER
MEAN
MAX
MIN
SUM
955968942
195
306
121
3260
46.60
2220
221
4.00
120
361
6.10
1.80
957
1990
090
23010.30-420
5.881420-120
5.93
15.10
-1 00
600
1420
010
1861
-055
800
-720
63.8387004610
1980000
NOVEMBER
MEAN
MAX
MIN
SUM
961
974
941
201344
138
30.42
41.40
23.00
225
5.20
1.10
3.757201.70
4.911370-7.10
-2.33
820
17.40
126
10.30
.11.90
1.30
1080
.12.20
2751030
0.00
825
-515
700
-2190
6332
9020
19.30
2840
0.00838
DECEMBER
MEANMAXMINSUM
957981937
204346141
32.08
50.40
2000
'79
3.70
090
319
770
150
-226
630
:650
-905
220
.3040
-562
4.10
.2320
-567
420
-23.50
050410000156
-1052
-040
-3090
6783
9430
3620
2540
000
589
LEGEND
MBP = mean barometric pressure
MWD = mean wind direction
SWD = standard wind deviation
MWS = mean wind speed
XWS = maximum wind speed
XTEMP = maximum temperature
NTEMP = minimum temperature
MTEMP = mean temperature (all values for day averaged)
MTEMP2 = mean temperature (max and min temp averaged)GOO = growing degree day
MOP = mean dew point
MRH = mean relative humidity
TRAIN = total rain
37
Figure 1: PMRC Monthly temperature and precipitation data for 1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-JANUARY1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-FEBRUARY1993
15,"0
0)~'0;
~
~t-
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -MARCH 1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -APRIL 1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC- MAY 1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-JUNE1993
~"0
G)
~
~
~
i~
38
Figure 1: PMRC Monthly temperature and precipitation data for 1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -JUL Y 1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -AUGUST 1993
1--- MAX TEMP ---MIN TE~P D PRECIP
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC.SEPTEMBER1993
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -OCTOBER 1993
1-- MAX TEMP ---MIN TEMP D ~
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-NOVEMBER'~3
MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -DECEMBER' 993
39
2. National Weather Service data
Due to the time lag in obtaining data from the National Climatic Data Center, the 1993data from the Mt. Mansfield weather station will not be available until May 1994. Currentdata is complete through 1992. Representative data, as a Voyager view, are shown inFigure 2.
Figure 2: NWS Cooperating stations in Vermont: Voyager view showing the Vermontmap view and a time view for the Mt. Mansfield summit weather station.
VERMONT METEOROLOGICAL DATA
Contributors: National Weather ServiceCompiled: October 10, 1993 by Don Hay, Car1 Slenk and Ian Martin
This data set contains daily weather data from all National Weather Service cooperatingweather stations in Vermont for their entire period of record. The most recent data available isthrough December 1990, at which time there were 45 active stations. Due to the large size ofthis database, it is only available as a Voyager file and workbook, or as an ASCII file ofvariable (40 Mb) or fixed (90 Mb) length records. The only known problem with these data maybe an erroneous extreme value (easy to identify) for at least one station for temperature (e.g.,500 deg F) and precipitation (e.g., 1,000 inches).
Variables: Daily precipitation amount (inches), snowfall (inches), snow-depth (inches),maximum, minimum and time-of-observation temperature (deg. F), and numerous categoriesof weather conditions (sleet, blowing snow, lightning, dust, etc.).
40
Site
U
nder
hill
Ope
ratio
n S
AE
S-U
nive
r8ity
0!
V
c
Dat
e D
ate
Day
8O
n ot
tm
oday
r lO
Oda
yr
1229
9201
059)
7
0105
9)
0112
9)
701
129)
01
199)
7
0119
9)
0126
9)
701
269)
02
029)
7
0202
9)
0209
9)
702
099)
02
169)
7
0216
9)
022)
9)
702
2)9)
0)
029)
7
0)02
9)
0)09
9)
70)
099)
0)
169)
7
0)16
9)
0)2)
9)
70)
2)9)
0)
)09)
7
0))0
9)
0406
9)
704
069)
04
1)9)
7
041)
9)
0420
9)
704
209)
04
279)
7
0427
9)
0504
9)
705
049)
05
119)
7
0511
9)
0518
9)
705
189)
05
259)
7
0525
9)
0601
9)
706
019)
06
089)
7
0608
9)
0615
9)
706
159)
06
229)
7
0622
9)
0629
9)
7
NA
DP
/NT
N
PR
EC
IPIT
AT
ION
C
HE
MIS
TR
Y
Dat
e D
ate
On
ott
1229
9201
0593
0105
9301
1293
0112
9301
1993
0119
9301
2693
0126
9302
0293
0202
9302
0993
0209
9302
1693
0216
9302
2393
0223
9303
0293
0302
9303
0993
0309
9303
1693
0316
9303
2393
0323
9303
3093
0330
9304
0693
0406
9304
1393
0413
9304
2093
0420
9304
2793
0427
9305
0493
0504
9305
1193
0511
9305
1893
0518
9305
2593
0525
9306
0193
0601
9306
0893
0608
9306
1593
0615
9306
2293
0622
9306
2993
Indl
cate
s m
lssl
ng
data
Tab
le
2:
NA
DP
/NT
N
Sem
i-ann
ual
sum
mar
y st
atis
tics
-
Dat
a fr
om
the
NA
DP
st
atio
n ar
e av
aila
ble
for
each
2-
mon
th
perio
d,
and
as a
sem
i-ann
ual
~b-
Fle
~~
F
V
Che
c:
Ca
1.02
'.08
1.03 .01
.0'
.1'
.01
.03
.03
.07
.13
.02
1.08
'.02
'.05
.11
.!.13
0.10
0.05
0.12
0.03
0.10
0.12
0.01
30.
010
0.00
40.
006
0.00
80.
024
0.00
50.
004
0.00
90.
017
0.02
20.
006
0.01
40.
008
0.02
70.
027
0.02
6
0.02
3
0.00
90.
022
0.00
70.
017
0.01
8K9er
D\O
nt/U
SG
S
1.09
71.
025
1.02
0.0
28.0
25.1
86.0
18.0
.2.0
58.0
81.1
09.0
.11.
037
1.05
.'.1
..'.1
08.!.
078
0.08
8
O.O
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016
0.01
30.
035
0.0.
1Ha
Site
N
o
Fun
ding 0.
090.
100.
050.
120.
090.
10<
0.02
0.13
0.20
0.64
0.26
0.08
0.11
0.20
0.01
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.22
0.38
0.04
0.31
0.54
NH
4N
O3
al9/
L
1.23
0.92
1.94
2.32
1.67
5.91
0.26
5.15
4.35
6.46
4.38
2.82
1.02
1.10
0.81
1.76
1.57
1.40
1.04
1.72
0.72
1.13
1.67
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cc
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0)
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CC
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9)2
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Figure 3: NADP program data: Voyager view showing map view for the easternUnited States and a time view of data for the VMC station in Underhill.
NADP PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY AVERAGES
Contributors: National Atmospheric Deposition Program I National Trends Network
Compiled: September 11 , 1992 by Lantern Corp.
This data set contains monthly averaged data from all U.S. NADP/NTN stations (206 sites in47 states) from July 1978 through February 1992. There may be in the data at least oneerroneous very extreme (easy to identify as erroneous) value for some variables; there are no
other known problems.
Variables: Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH4, NO3, CI, SO4, H, conductivity, cation/anion ratio, volume,precip amount, # days, # valid samples, date on, date off, and data completeness.
42
4. Dry Degosition Inferential Measurement System
All meteorological data (on tape) and filter packs are sent to NOAA-ATDD weekly. Dataare generally returned to the VMC quarterly, although this was slow in occurring in 1993.
Quality assurance checks of monitoring equipment on the tower are made weekly, andan annual site audit is done by NOAA-ATDD staff. Missing meteorological data (due to
equipment malfunction) can be supplied from the VMC meteorological measurements alsotaken at the tip of the tower. A summary of the modeled deposition flux data is currentlyavailable and presented in Figure 4.
Figure 4: DDIM station dry deposition data in graphic form
Dry Deposition of S and N
Inferential Measurement. Weekly Samples. VMC Forest Tower
~~
NE---0>E
NNNNNNNNN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~N~~~~~~O~00~~~~~0~~~N~N~-~-~N~N-N-N-N-~-~N~N~N-N~-N N-~-~-~-~ ~-OO~~0~~~NN N ~ ~ ~ ~~~~OOOO ~
date
43
5. Atmosgheric Inferential Research Monitoring NetworkData reports are now being generated for this project and are available through theNADP / AIRMoN network. Table 3 displays a portion of this summary for 1993.
Table 3: AIRMoN program data: representative data for a portion of 1993
(May -June)
PRELIMINARY PRINT(IJT NADPIAIRMoN CENTRAL ANALYTICAL LAB~AT~Y .ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY
DATE: 03/16/94
sAMPLe LAB DATE TIME DATE TIME
ID TYPE ON ON Off OffFIELD LAB FIELD LAB
COND. CONDo PM PM
("ICRQ4MOS/CM)
CA MGC<*CENTRATI<*S(MICR~QUIVALENTS/LITER)
K NA NH4 NO3 CL 504 PO4
M0658l VT99 I/ 05'993 '0050520930930 .50 .08 .'0 .'3 3.3 10.5M0659l VT99 I/ 0520930930052'930915 .65 .33 .10 .'7 '2.8 1'.5M0660l VT99 I/ 05219309'50525930925 3.69 '.32 .28 .26 16.1 23.2M06nl VT99 I/ 052593 0925 052893 0905 17.32 4.36 1.07 1.04 33.8 36.3M0673l VT99 I/ 052893 0905 05Z993 0910 6.29 1.40 1.30 2. '7 61.0 63.1M0674l VT99 I/ 05Z993 091005309309'5 '0.98 3.87 2.40 1.48 24.9 9.2M0675l VT99 I/ 0530930915060'930920 2.05 .66 1.02 .39 6.7 '3.9M0688l VT99 I/ 060193 0920 060293 0920 1.90 .58 .77 .91 8.3 4.2M0689l VT99 I/ 060293 0920 060693 0915 1.05 .25 .59 .52 4.4 13.2
.8
.61.72.04.52.51.11.41.1
.DO
.DO
.DO
.DO
.00
.00
.00
.00
.DO
10.014.035.026.054.0
7.019.06.0
10.0
44
15.629.4~.153.998.114.824.818.714.2
10.614.832.425.154.3
6.719.28.4
11.5
4.584.504.204.374.055.304.424.804.55
4.624.514.'54.424.015.804.424.814.61
FUNDING:
1. Basic meteorology: The weather station is maintained with funds from the VMC basebudget, the University of Vermont, and the vr Dept. of Environmental Conservation (DEC); thisamounts to approximately $2,500 for utilities, maintenance and data management. During its firsttwo years this station was funded and operated by EPRI as part of the Operational EvaluationNetwork.
2. National Weather Service: Data collection and station operations are supported by theNOM National Weather Service and \/I£AX- TV. VMC activity and funding was used for initialacquisition of the data (approximately $600) and data processing (approximately $1,500).Involvement of University students seeking research experience has reduced costs of datamanagement. Access to future updates of the data is anticipated to be provided at no charge bythe Vermont State Climatologist.
3. NADP/NTN: The overall program is funded by several federal agencies; operation of the VMCstation is supported by the US Geological Survey ($3,700). Chemical analysis and datamanagement are supported by the USGS, at a cost of about $5,000 per year.
4. DDIM: The overall program as well as the VMC station at the forest research tower issupported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOM). Site operations andlogistical support cost about $1,000 per year; data management, sampling equipment andchemical analysis are paid for by NOM at a cost of $10,000 per year.
5. AlRIVk>N: This program is also suppor1ed by NOM. Annual costs for analysis andcoordination for the VMC station in the network are about $22,000 for operation, plus $4,000 forlocal field technical and logistical suppor1.
FUTURE PLANS:
All of these stations will continue to operate in 1994. Updates for the Mt. Mansfield weatherstation (as well as all other National Weather Service Vermont stations) will be obtained in Mayof 1994.
The State of Vermont Air Pollution Control Division will be adding a station at the Proctor MapleResearch Center. The PMRC field station will continue operation for at least one year as acalibration for the APCD station, and while we work out plans for data acquisition through APCD.
The VMC will purchase NOM data from the summit station on Mt. Mansfield to update our data(1991 -1993). Tim Scherbatskoy will acquire and format the data. This will become part of thecomplete VT meteorological database containing data for all cooperative NV\IS stations, through1993, formatted for Voyager.
The VMC Data Manager (new position, starting in June 1994), will receive processed data fromall VMC meteorological stations to reformat for VMC and individuals user's needs.
45