OBJECTIVES:Continuous monitoring of meteorological variables and the chemistry of precipitation anddry deposition at several locations at the VMC Mansfield site.

METHODS:Several monitoring stations and programs were operated at the VMC Mansfield site inUnderhill in 1993:

1. Basic meteorolog~ (continuous temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction,standard deviation of wind direction, and precipitation amount) is monitored at the airquality monitoring station at the VMC Mansfield site at the Proctor Maple Research Center(PMRC) at 400 m. elevation. This station has remote (modem) access and has been incontinuous operation since June 1988. Data are updated continuously and are storedelectronically and as hard copy. Data are available from the VMC as spreadsheets (Lotus,Excel), and in Voyager format. Station supervision is by Tim Scherbatskoy and operatedby Joanne Cummings and Carl Waite. Additional meteorological data were collected atthe forest canopy research tower and in the Stevensville Brook watershed; these aredescribed in other reports.

2. The National Weather Service (NWS) under NOM supervises a second weatherstation at the WCAX- TV transmitter station near the nose of Mt. Mansfield (1205 m), oneof 45 NWS cooperative weather stations currently operating in Vermont. This station hasmonitored temperature (daily minimum, maximum and temperature at time of observation)and precipitation amount (d~ily rainfall, snowfall and snow depth on the ground) since1954. Data are collected and $tored by the National Climatic Data Center. The VMC doesnot directly support this statio ~,' , but has access t~ the data for this sta~ion and all othersin Vermont through the NWS. Data are now available from the VMC In Voyager formatfor the period 1954-1992, as p rt of the Vermont Coop Network meteorological database.

3. NADP LNTN (National Atniospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network)

maintains a site at the air q~ality monitoring station at PMRC (400m) for the weeklycollection of precipitation for c~emical analysis. Precipitation amount, pH and conductivityare measured locally, and th~ sample is then shipped to the NADP Central AnalyticalLaboratory in Illinois for anal)-1,sis of pH, conductivity, Ca, K, Mg, Na, NH4, NO3' CI, 8O4and PO4. This station has beefl operational since 1984, and is part of a national networkof over 200 stations including dine other in Vermont at Bennington. Data are available fromthe VMC in Voyager format \\ or in other forms from the NADP Central AnalyticalLaboratory. The site supervisdr is Tim 8cherbatskoy, and the site operator is JoanneCummings with cooperation frc\m 8umner Williams at PMRC.

34

4. DDIM (Dry Deposition Inferential Measurement) program was started in August 1992at the forest canopy research tower at the PMRC. This monitoring program uses filterpacktechnology to collect continuous weekly samples of dry deposition of sulfur (S02) andnitrogen (HN03 vapor), and also continuous meteorology including temperature, relativehumidity, wind speed and direction, surface wetness and precipitation amount. The goalof this program is to measure atmospheric concentrations of these species and modeltheir deposition rates. This station is one of 10 stations in the NOM network in theeastern US; the data collected are comparable to other dry deposition monitoringprograms in the US operated by the EPA. This equipment is located above the forestcanopy at 22 m. on the forest research tower. Station operation is by Joanne Cummingswith supervision by Tim Scherbatskoy. Filterpack and data analysis are conducted byNOM, with data returned to the VMC quarterly.

5. AIRMaN (Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network) is an event based

precipitation monitoring program established at the end of 1992 to provide high-resolutiondata on precipitation chemistry to support regional modeling efforts. There are 7 sites inthe network, located in the northeastern US. Except for being an event based samplingprogram, it follows the protocol and measures the variables of the NADP /NTN describedin (4) above; the sampler is located at the Air Quality site at PMRC (400 m). Station

operation is by Joanne Cummings with supervision by Tim Scherbatskoy. The AIRMoNstation was installed in December, 1992.

SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS:No major analyses of trends and relationships in these projects have been completed atthis time. The principle goal of these projects is to provide a high-quality, long-termdatabase on meteorological and chemical deposition for use by VMC cooperators andothers. Data are maintained as up-to-date as possible, and are generally available fromthe VMC in various forms. A major effort is underway to also make these data availableas Voyager files (see the Data Integration Project). In addition, periodic reports are madeavailable by the major sponsor of each program (e.g., NADP annual statistical

summaries). Overviews, representative data, and/or data summaries are presented in thepages that follow.

35

1. Basic meteorology

Consolidation of the historic and current basic meteorology data from the VMC Mansfieldsite is completed, and consists of annual daily and hourly data for all variables. Inaddition, in 1993 routine quality assurance, maintenance and calibration programs wereinstituted. Monthly data summaries are produced routinely. These data are available inASCII text files, spreadsheets, and Voyager workbooks. Table 1 consists of partial

spreadsheets exhibiting the monthly means, maximums and minimum 1993 values formeteorological data at the Proctor Maple Research Lab.Figure 1 displays graphic representation of temperature and precipitation data for 1993at the PMRC.

Table 1: Basic Meteorology at PMRC; monthly mean, maximum and minimumvalues for 1993.

MBP MWD SWD MWS XWS XTMP NTMP MTMP MTMP2 GDD MDP MRH TRAIN

mb deg deg m/8 m/8 deg C d8g C deg C deg C deg C d8g C % mm========== ===== ========== ===== ===== ========== ========== ===== =====

JANUARY

MEANMAX

MIN

SUM

956973935

209307

124

3343

53.40

23.40

196

390

0.90

3426.20

1.40

-2.92

11.70

.14.60

.11.59

1.40

.2640

-705

5.80

-2200

-714580

2050

0.605.800.00

18.6

-12.28

1.60

-2830

6443

7810

4510

150000051.3

FEBRUARY

MEAN

MAX

MIN

SUM

950965929

215

338

110

30.98

50.40

21.80

2.073.30130

3.85

840

240

-6.90-1.20

-21.90

-1614

-3.90

-28.40

-11.55

-3.00

-2600

-11.51

-260

-2510

000000000

0

-1802

-790

-3260

5670

7830

3850

15.50

000

364

MARCH

MEANMAXMINSUM

948968925

207317122

33.24

56.10

16.90

1.95

4.90

1.00

331

6.70

1.70

1.70

17.30

.14.40

-631

9.30

.23.10

-210

1290

1820

-2.31

13.30

18.70

20812900.00644

-10.21

070

-2630

5333

no0

2600

13500.0043.9

APRIL

MEANMAXMINSUM

949963935

213

341

130

33.8352.602390

215

460

080

3.50

6.10

190

10.26

20.70

-1.00

249

1510

.390

6.26

17.50

-300

6381780-2.50

6.501750000195

.273

7.50

.103

55.62

8450

22.9

1800000

1095

MAY

MEANMAX

MIN

SUM

950963938

201287131

33.61

49.20

23.50

2.02

3.90

0.90

354

5.30

1.50

16.30

24.80

8.70

840

16.10

2.60

12.31

19.70

6.20

1235

19.60

6.40

1231

19.70

6.20

418.4

5539

7990

3150

3.14

1010

-3.10

20.30

0.0091 1

JUNE

MEAN

MAXMINSUM

948

956939

185

291

123

382652.802910

1 71

2.90

100

310520180

1979

27.901060

11.98

17.30

510

1576

2230

840

1589

2260

850

15.76

2230

8.40

472.9

804

1490

050

6178

7940

3760

16.80

000

978

36

1993 WEATHER DATA SUMMARY FOR PMRC AQ SITE. MONTHL Y MEAN, MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

MBP MWD SWD MWS XWS XTMP NTMP MTMP MTMP2 GDD MDP MRH TRAIN

mb d.g d.g m/. m/. d.g C d.g C d.g C d.g C d.g C d.g C % mm

JULY

MEAN

MAX

MIN

SUM

945954936

185300126

3757

5560

2830

1.55

250

110

2.93490180

2315

2980

1370

15.94

2290

1160

1931

2570

1270

1954

2570

12.90

1931

2570

1270

5985

1199

1730

740

6367

n70

4770

3300000

In2

AUGUST

MEANMAXMIN

SUM

959966951

158250123

3698

5430

2530

1.40200100

2.49

380

1.70

229028.201520

1517

1980

8.10

18.72

2370

11.80

19.04

2360

1190

1872

2370

1180

5804

1263

16.80

380

6935

8260

5580

40.90

000

1464

SEPTEMBER

MEAN

MAX

MIN

SUM

957968943

181

276

125

396358702760

1.65

2.40

1.10

285510150

16.31

2520

730

8.73

1920

-0.60

1251

2190

230

125222203.30

1251

2190

240

3753

7.361740-330

7189

8640

5690

2340

000

119

OCTOBER

MEAN

MAX

MIN

SUM

955968942

195

306

121

3260

46.60

2220

221

4.00

120

361

6.10

1.80

957

1990

090

23010.30-420

5.881420-120

5.93

15.10

-1 00

600

1420

010

1861

-055

800

-720

63.8387004610

1980000

NOVEMBER

MEAN

MAX

MIN

SUM

961

974

941

201344

138

30.42

41.40

23.00

225

5.20

1.10

3.757201.70

4.911370-7.10

-2.33

820

17.40

126

10.30

.11.90

1.30

1080

.12.20

2751030

0.00

825

-515

700

-2190

6332

9020

19.30

2840

0.00838

DECEMBER

MEANMAXMINSUM

957981937

204346141

32.08

50.40

2000

'79

3.70

090

319

770

150

-226

630

:650

-905

220

.3040

-562

4.10

.2320

-567

420

-23.50

050410000156

-1052

-040

-3090

6783

9430

3620

2540

000

589

LEGEND

MBP = mean barometric pressure

MWD = mean wind direction

SWD = standard wind deviation

MWS = mean wind speed

XWS = maximum wind speed

XTEMP = maximum temperature

NTEMP = minimum temperature

MTEMP = mean temperature (all values for day averaged)

MTEMP2 = mean temperature (max and min temp averaged)GOO = growing degree day

MOP = mean dew point

MRH = mean relative humidity

TRAIN = total rain

37

Figure 1: PMRC Monthly temperature and precipitation data for 1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-JANUARY1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-FEBRUARY1993

15,"0

0)~'0;

~

~t-

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -MARCH 1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -APRIL 1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC- MAY 1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-JUNE1993

~"0

G)

~

~

~

i~

38

Figure 1: PMRC Monthly temperature and precipitation data for 1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -JUL Y 1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -AUGUST 1993

1--- MAX TEMP ---MIN TE~P D PRECIP

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC.SEPTEMBER1993

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -OCTOBER 1993

1-- MAX TEMP ---MIN TEMP D ~

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC-NOVEMBER'~3

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATIONPMRC -DECEMBER' 993

39

2. National Weather Service data

Due to the time lag in obtaining data from the National Climatic Data Center, the 1993data from the Mt. Mansfield weather station will not be available until May 1994. Currentdata is complete through 1992. Representative data, as a Voyager view, are shown inFigure 2.

Figure 2: NWS Cooperating stations in Vermont: Voyager view showing the Vermontmap view and a time view for the Mt. Mansfield summit weather station.

VERMONT METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Contributors: National Weather ServiceCompiled: October 10, 1993 by Don Hay, Car1 Slenk and Ian Martin

This data set contains daily weather data from all National Weather Service cooperatingweather stations in Vermont for their entire period of record. The most recent data available isthrough December 1990, at which time there were 45 active stations. Due to the large size ofthis database, it is only available as a Voyager file and workbook, or as an ASCII file ofvariable (40 Mb) or fixed (90 Mb) length records. The only known problem with these data maybe an erroneous extreme value (easy to identify) for at least one station for temperature (e.g.,500 deg F) and precipitation (e.g., 1,000 inches).

Variables: Daily precipitation amount (inches), snowfall (inches), snow-depth (inches),maximum, minimum and time-of-observation temperature (deg. F), and numerous categoriesof weather conditions (sleet, blowing snow, lightning, dust, etc.).

40

Site

U

nder

hill

Ope

ratio

n S

AE

S-U

nive

r8ity

0!

V

c

Dat

e D

ate

Day

8O

n ot

tm

oday

r lO

Oda

yr

1229

9201

059)

7

0105

9)

0112

9)

701

129)

01

199)

7

0119

9)

0126

9)

701

269)

02

029)

7

0202

9)

0209

9)

702

099)

02

169)

7

0216

9)

022)

9)

702

2)9)

0)

029)

7

0)02

9)

0)09

9)

70)

099)

0)

169)

7

0)16

9)

0)2)

9)

70)

2)9)

0)

)09)

7

0))0

9)

0406

9)

704

069)

04

1)9)

7

041)

9)

0420

9)

704

209)

04

279)

7

0427

9)

0504

9)

705

049)

05

119)

7

0511

9)

0518

9)

705

189)

05

259)

7

0525

9)

0601

9)

706

019)

06

089)

7

0608

9)

0615

9)

706

159)

06

229)

7

0622

9)

0629

9)

7

NA

DP

/NT

N

PR

EC

IPIT

AT

ION

C

HE

MIS

TR

Y

Dat

e D

ate

On

ott

1229

9201

0593

0105

9301

1293

0112

9301

1993

0119

9301

2693

0126

9302

0293

0202

9302

0993

0209

9302

1693

0216

9302

2393

0223

9303

0293

0302

9303

0993

0309

9303

1693

0316

9303

2393

0323

9303

3093

0330

9304

0693

0406

9304

1393

0413

9304

2093

0420

9304

2793

0427

9305

0493

0504

9305

1193

0511

9305

1893

0518

9305

2593

0525

9306

0193

0601

9306

0893

0608

9306

1593

0615

9306

2293

0622

9306

2993

Indl

cate

s m

lssl

ng

data

Tab

le

2:

NA

DP

/NT

N

Sem

i-ann

ual

sum

mar

y st

atis

tics

-

Dat

a fr

om

the

NA

DP

st

atio

n ar

e av

aila

ble

for

each

2-

mon

th

perio

d,

and

as a

sem

i-ann

ual

~b-

Fle

~~

F

V

Che

c:

Ca

1.02

'.08

1.03 .01

.0'

.1'

.01

.03

.03

.07

.13

.02

1.08

'.02

'.05

.11

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0.10

0.05

0.12

0.03

0.10

0.12

0.01

30.

010

0.00

40.

006

0.00

80.

024

0.00

50.

004

0.00

90.

017

0.02

20.

006

0.01

40.

008

0.02

70.

027

0.02

6

0.02

3

0.00

90.

022

0.00

70.

017

0.01

8K9er

D\O

nt/U

SG

S

1.09

71.

025

1.02

0.0

28.0

25.1

86.0

18.0

.2.0

58.0

81.1

09.0

.11.

037

1.05

.'.1

..'.1

08.!.

078

0.08

8

O.O

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016

0.01

30.

035

0.0.

1Ha

Site

N

o

Fun

ding 0.

090.

100.

050.

120.

090.

10<

0.02

0.13

0.20

0.64

0.26

0.08

0.11

0.20

0.01

0.30

0.31

0.32

0.22

0.38

0.04

0.31

0.54

NH

4N

O3

al9/

L

1.23

0.92

1.94

2.32

1.67

5.91

0.26

5.15

4.35

6.46

4.38

2.82

1.02

1.10

0.81

1.76

1.57

1.40

1.04

1.72

0.72

1.13

1.67

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80U

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S

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lect

or

Ral

n S

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Col

l La

b La

b N

ote.

Vol

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epth

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type

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0.18

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188

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Figure 3: NADP program data: Voyager view showing map view for the easternUnited States and a time view of data for the VMC station in Underhill.

NADP PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY AVERAGES

Contributors: National Atmospheric Deposition Program I National Trends Network

Compiled: September 11 , 1992 by Lantern Corp.

This data set contains monthly averaged data from all U.S. NADP/NTN stations (206 sites in47 states) from July 1978 through February 1992. There may be in the data at least oneerroneous very extreme (easy to identify as erroneous) value for some variables; there are no

other known problems.

Variables: Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH4, NO3, CI, SO4, H, conductivity, cation/anion ratio, volume,precip amount, # days, # valid samples, date on, date off, and data completeness.

42

4. Dry Degosition Inferential Measurement System

All meteorological data (on tape) and filter packs are sent to NOAA-ATDD weekly. Dataare generally returned to the VMC quarterly, although this was slow in occurring in 1993.

Quality assurance checks of monitoring equipment on the tower are made weekly, andan annual site audit is done by NOAA-ATDD staff. Missing meteorological data (due to

equipment malfunction) can be supplied from the VMC meteorological measurements alsotaken at the tip of the tower. A summary of the modeled deposition flux data is currentlyavailable and presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4: DDIM station dry deposition data in graphic form

Dry Deposition of S and N

Inferential Measurement. Weekly Samples. VMC Forest Tower

~~

NE---0>E

NNNNNNNNN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~N~~~~~~O~00~~~~~0~~~N~N~-~-~N~N-N-N-N-~-~N~N~N-N~-N N-~-~-~-~ ~-OO~~0~~~NN N ~ ~ ~ ~~~~OOOO ~

date

43

5. Atmosgheric Inferential Research Monitoring NetworkData reports are now being generated for this project and are available through theNADP / AIRMoN network. Table 3 displays a portion of this summary for 1993.

Table 3: AIRMoN program data: representative data for a portion of 1993

(May -June)

PRELIMINARY PRINT(IJT NADPIAIRMoN CENTRAL ANALYTICAL LAB~AT~Y .ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY

DATE: 03/16/94

sAMPLe LAB DATE TIME DATE TIME

ID TYPE ON ON Off OffFIELD LAB FIELD LAB

COND. CONDo PM PM

("ICRQ4MOS/CM)

CA MGC<*CENTRATI<*S(MICR~QUIVALENTS/LITER)

K NA NH4 NO3 CL 504 PO4

M0658l VT99 I/ 05'993 '0050520930930 .50 .08 .'0 .'3 3.3 10.5M0659l VT99 I/ 0520930930052'930915 .65 .33 .10 .'7 '2.8 1'.5M0660l VT99 I/ 05219309'50525930925 3.69 '.32 .28 .26 16.1 23.2M06nl VT99 I/ 052593 0925 052893 0905 17.32 4.36 1.07 1.04 33.8 36.3M0673l VT99 I/ 052893 0905 05Z993 0910 6.29 1.40 1.30 2. '7 61.0 63.1M0674l VT99 I/ 05Z993 091005309309'5 '0.98 3.87 2.40 1.48 24.9 9.2M0675l VT99 I/ 0530930915060'930920 2.05 .66 1.02 .39 6.7 '3.9M0688l VT99 I/ 060193 0920 060293 0920 1.90 .58 .77 .91 8.3 4.2M0689l VT99 I/ 060293 0920 060693 0915 1.05 .25 .59 .52 4.4 13.2

.8

.61.72.04.52.51.11.41.1

.DO

.DO

.DO

.DO

.00

.00

.00

.00

.DO

10.014.035.026.054.0

7.019.06.0

10.0

44

15.629.4~.153.998.114.824.818.714.2

10.614.832.425.154.3

6.719.28.4

11.5

4.584.504.204.374.055.304.424.804.55

4.624.514.'54.424.015.804.424.814.61

FUNDING:

1. Basic meteorology: The weather station is maintained with funds from the VMC basebudget, the University of Vermont, and the vr Dept. of Environmental Conservation (DEC); thisamounts to approximately $2,500 for utilities, maintenance and data management. During its firsttwo years this station was funded and operated by EPRI as part of the Operational EvaluationNetwork.

2. National Weather Service: Data collection and station operations are supported by theNOM National Weather Service and \/I£AX- TV. VMC activity and funding was used for initialacquisition of the data (approximately $600) and data processing (approximately $1,500).Involvement of University students seeking research experience has reduced costs of datamanagement. Access to future updates of the data is anticipated to be provided at no charge bythe Vermont State Climatologist.

3. NADP/NTN: The overall program is funded by several federal agencies; operation of the VMCstation is supported by the US Geological Survey ($3,700). Chemical analysis and datamanagement are supported by the USGS, at a cost of about $5,000 per year.

4. DDIM: The overall program as well as the VMC station at the forest research tower issupported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOM). Site operations andlogistical support cost about $1,000 per year; data management, sampling equipment andchemical analysis are paid for by NOM at a cost of $10,000 per year.

5. AlRIVk>N: This program is also suppor1ed by NOM. Annual costs for analysis andcoordination for the VMC station in the network are about $22,000 for operation, plus $4,000 forlocal field technical and logistical suppor1.

FUTURE PLANS:

All of these stations will continue to operate in 1994. Updates for the Mt. Mansfield weatherstation (as well as all other National Weather Service Vermont stations) will be obtained in Mayof 1994.

The State of Vermont Air Pollution Control Division will be adding a station at the Proctor MapleResearch Center. The PMRC field station will continue operation for at least one year as acalibration for the APCD station, and while we work out plans for data acquisition through APCD.

The VMC will purchase NOM data from the summit station on Mt. Mansfield to update our data(1991 -1993). Tim Scherbatskoy will acquire and format the data. This will become part of thecomplete VT meteorological database containing data for all cooperative NV\IS stations, through1993, formatted for Voyager.

The VMC Data Manager (new position, starting in June 1994), will receive processed data fromall VMC meteorological stations to reformat for VMC and individuals user's needs.

45