Overview of Health Informatics
Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt, M.D., Ph.D.Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital
For Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Mahidol University
Oct 2, 2016 Except where citing other works
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A Few Words About Me...
2003 Doctor of Medicine (1st-Class Honors) Ramathibodi
2009 M.S. (Health Informatics) University of Minnesota
2011 Ph.D. (Health Informatics) University of Minnesota
Currently• Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol UniversityContacts
[email protected]/Nawananwww.tc.umn.edu/~theer002
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Session Outline
• Overview of Health Informatics– This presentation
• Overview of Health IT– Next presentation
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What Is “Informatics”
• French: informatique = the science and technology of information processing using computers (Greenes & Shortliffe, 1990)
• “[T]he discipline focused on the acquisition, storage, and use of information in a specific setting or domain” (Hersh, 2009)
• “[T]he science of information”(Bernstam et al, 2010)
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Medical Informatics
• “Ancient” term
• Being retired
• Future use discouraged by experts
• Only retained in titles of professional organizations
Main Problems
• Medical = Doctor? (e.g. not nursing?)
• Medical informatics vs. Clinical informatics
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Better Terms
• Biomedical informatics
• Health informatics
• Biomedical and Health informatics
A Few Subtleties
• Health informatics suggests the goal is “health”
• Health informatics vs Public health informatics
• Health informatics includes Bioinformatics?
• No clear winner between
Biomedical informatics vs. Health informatics
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But What Is M/B/H Informatics Anyway?
• Medical computing/computers in medicine?
• ‘[R]eferring to biomedical informatics as “computers in medicine” is like defining cardiology as “stethoscopes in medicine”.’ (Bernstam et al, 2010)
• “[T]he field concerned with the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including the information science and technology to support these tasks” (Greenes & Shortliffe, 1990)
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More Definitions of M/B/H Informatics
• “[T]he field that is concerned with the optimal use of information, often aided by the use of technology, to improve individual health, health care, public health, and biomedical research” (Hersh, 2009)
• “[T]he application of the science of information as data plus meaning to problems of biomedical interest” (Bernstam et al, 2010)
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Summary About M/B/H Informatics
• Focuses more on information, not technology
• Task-oriented view:
Collection Processing
Storage
Utilization
Communication/Dissemination/
Presentation
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Summary About M/B/H Informatics
• Areas under the domain of M/B/H informatics– Health service delivery (health care)
• Medical, dental, nursing, pharmacy, etc.
• IT management in health care organizations
– Public health• Policy & administration, epidemiology, environmental
health, health services research, etc.
– Individual patient/consumer’s health
– Education of health professionals
– Biomedical research (clinical trials, public health research, research in biomedical sciences)
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So....What Is Information?
Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) Pyramid
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
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Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data
Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom
Contextualization/Interpretation
Processing/Synthesis/
Organization
Judgment
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Example
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
DataContextualization/
Interpretation
Processing/Synthesis/
Organization
Judgment
100,000,000
I have 100,000,000 baht in my bank account
I am rich!!!!!
I should buy a BMW (and a BIG house)!
Form 3 groups, 3-4 people each. From your assigned problem,
identify/exemplify data, information, knowledge,
and wisdom
Class Exercise #1
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Class Exercise #1: Problem B
• Patient B is allergic to penicillin. He was recently prescribed amoxicillin for his sore throat.
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Class Exercise #1: Problem A
• Patient A has a blood pressure reading of 170/100 mmHg
• Data: 170/100
• Information: BP of Patient A = 170/100 mmHg
• Knowledge: Patient A has high blood pressure
• Wisdom:– Patient A needs to be investigated for cause of HT
– Patient A needs to be treated with anti-hypertensives
– Patient A needs to be referred to a cardiologist
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Class Exercise #1: Problem B
• Patient B is allergic to penicillin. He was recently prescribed amoxicillin for his sore throat.
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Class Exercise #1: Problem B
• Patient B is allergic to penicillin. He was recently prescribed amoxicillin for his sore throat.
• Data: Penicillin, amoxicillin, sore throat
• Information:– Patient B has penicillin allergy
– Patient B was prescribed amoxicillin for his sore throat
• Knowledge:– Patient B may have allergic reaction to his prescription
• Wisdom:– Patient B should not take amoxicillin!!!
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Class Exercise #1: Problem C• Patient C’s plain film X-ray
• Data:
• Information:– Patient C’s plain film X-ray is as seen in the image
– There is a break in the continuity of the periosteum of Patient C’s left radius and ulna
• Knowledge:– Patient C has fractures of left radius and ulna
• Wisdom:– Patient C’s fractures need to be properly treated
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture
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Back to Earlier Definitions of Informatics
M/B/H Informatics is...
• “[T]he field that is concerned with the optimal use of information, often aided by the use of technology, to improve individual health, health care, public health, and biomedical research” (Hersh, 2009)
• “[T]he application of the science of information as data plus meaning to problems of biomedical interest” (Bernstam et al, 2010)
Informatics focuses on “I”, not “T”
What is
“Biomedical Informatics”?
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
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Biomedical Informatics
Biomedical informatics (BMI) is the
interdisciplinary field that studies
and pursues the effective uses of
biomedical data, information, and
knowledge for scientific inquiry,
problem solving, and decision
making, motivated by efforts to
improve human health.
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
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Biomedical Informatics:Corollaries to the Definition
1. BMI develops, studies and applies theories, methods and processesfor the generation, storage, retrieval, use, and sharing of biomedical data, information, and knowledge.
2. BMI builds on computing, communication and information sciences and technologies and their application in biomedicine.
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
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3. BMI investigates and supports reasoning, modeling, simulation, experimentation and translation across the spectrum from molecules to populations, dealing with a variety of biological systems, bridging basic and clinical research and practice, and the healthcare enterprise.
4. BMI, recognizing that people are the ultimate users of biomedical information, draws upon the social and behavioral sciences to inform the design and evaluation of technical solutions and the evolution of complex economic, ethical, social, educational, and organizational systems.
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics:Corollaries to the Definition
Basic Research
Applied Research
And Practice
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
BioinformaticsClinical
Informatics
Imaging
Informatics
Public Health
Informatics
Biomedical Informatics ≠ Bioinformatics
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
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Interdisciplinary Nature ofBiomedical Informatics
Biomedical
Informatics
Cognitive Science
& Decision Making
Management
Sciences
Clinical
SciencesBasic Biomedical
Sciences
Epidemiology
And Statistics
Bioengineering
Computer
Science
(hardware)
Computer
Science
(software)
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics
Textbook
(4th edition)Springer Verlag - 2013
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association
(http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Basic Research
Applied Research
And Practice
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Imaging
Informatics
Clinical
InformaticsBioinformatics
Public Health
Informatics
Molecular and
Cellular
Processes
Tissues and
Organs
Individuals
(Patients)
Populations
And Society
Biomedical Informatics ≠ Health Informatics
Health Informatics
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Basic Research
Applied Research
And Practice
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Imaging
Informatics
Clinical
InformaticsBioinformatics
Public Health
Informatics
Molecular and
Cellular
Processes
Tissues and
Organs
Individuals
(Patients)
Populations
And SocietyContinuum with “Fuzzy” Boundaries
Biomolecular
Imaging
Consumer
Health
Pharmaco-
genomics
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Basic Research
Applied Research
And Practice
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Imaging
Informatics
Clinical
InformaticsBioinformatics
Public Health
Informatics
Molecular and
Cellular
Processes
Tissues and
Organs
Individuals
(Patients)
Populations
And SocietyContinuum with “Fuzzy” Boundaries
Clinical
Translational
Science
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Applied
Informatics
Clinical or
Biomedical
Domain of
Interest
Contributes to….
Draws upon….
Computer
Science
Draw upon….
Contribute to...
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Decision
Science
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Applied
Informatics
Clinical or
Biomedical
Domain of
Interest
Contributes to….
Draws upon….
Draw upon….
Contribute to...
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Cognitive
Science
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Applied
Informatics
Clinical or
Biomedical
Domain of
Interest
Contributes to….
Draws upon….
Draw upon….
Contribute to...
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Information
Sciences
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Applied
Informatics
Clinical or
Biomedical
Domain of
Interest
Contributes to….
Draws upon….
Draw upon….
Contribute to...
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Management
Sciences
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Applied
Informatics
Clinical or
Biomedical
Domain of
Interest
Contributes to….
Draws upon….
Draw upon….
Contribute to...
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Other
Component
Sciences
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
Applied
Informatics
Clinical or
Biomedical
Domain of
Interest
Contributes to….
Draws upon….
Draw upon….
Contribute to...
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Education of BiomedicalInformatics Researchers
Basic Research
Applied Research
Biomedical Informatics Methods,
Techniques, and Theories
BioinformaticsImaging
Informatics
Clinical
Informatics
Public Health
Informatics
Education
and
Experience
at Both
Levels
Contributions
Expected
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
An Envisioned Cycle That Ties Patient Care with Knowledge Creation and Dissemination
Providers
Caring for
Patients
Electronic
Health
RecordsRegional
and
National
Public
Health and
Disease
Registries
Biomedical
and
Clinical
Research
Information,
Decision-Support,
and Order-Entry
Systems
Creation of
Protocols,
Guidelines,
and
Educational
Materials
Standards
for
Prevention
and
Treatment
A “Learning Healthcare
System”Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association
(http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
BMI and HIT
Biomedical Informatics
Training, Research and
Development
• Academia
• Research Institutes
• Corporate Research Labs
Clinical Systems Companies
Academic Medical Centers
Biomedical Research
Community
PEOPLE
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Hospitals, Health
Systems, Practices,
Healthcare Industry
BMI and HIT
Biomedical Informatics
Training, Research and
Development
• Academia
• Research Institutes
• Corporate Research Labs
Clinical Systems Companies
Academic Medical Centers
Biomedical Research
Community
IDEAS
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
Hospitals, Health
Systems, Practices,
Healthcare Industry
BMI and HIT
Biomedical Informatics
Training, Research and
Development
• Academia
• Research Institutes
• Corporate Research Labs
Clinical Systems Companies
Academic Medical Centers
Biomedical Research
Community Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
SOFTWARE
Hospitals, Health
Systems, Practices,
Healthcare Industry
BMI and HIT
Biomedical Informatics
Training, Research and
Development
• Academia
• Research Institutes
• Corporate Research Labs
Clinical Systems Companies
Academic Medical Centers
Hospitals, Health
Systems, Practices,
Healthcare Industry
Biomedical Research
Community Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
METHODS
Biomedical Informatics
Training, Research and
Development
• Academia
• Research Institutes
• Corporate Research Labs
Clinical Systems Companies
Academic Medical Centers
Hospitals, Health
Systems, Practices,
Healthcare IndustrySynergies
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
BMI and HIT
Reproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association (http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
BMI and HIT
AMIA:
The Professional
Home for Biomedical
and Health InformaticsReproduced/Adapted from American Medical Informatics Association
(http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics)
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M/B/H Informatics and Other Fields
Biomedical/Health
Informatics
Computer & Information
Science
Engineering
Cognitive & Decision
Science
Social Sciences
(Psychology, Sociology, Linguistics,
Law & Ethics)
Statistics & Research Methods
Medical Sciences &
Public Health
Management
Library Science,
Information Retrieval,
KM
And More!
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Areas of Popular Interests (Selected)• Health IT applications & implementation
– Electronic Health Records (EHRs)– Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE)– Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs)– Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS)– Other hospital IT (nursing, pharmacy, lab, etc.)– Personal Health Records (PHRs)– Telemedicine & Telehealth
• eHealth, mHealth, Health Information Exchange (HIE)• Health IT adoption and use, public policy• People & organizational (POI), ethical-legal-social (ELSI)• Consumer health• Knowledge representation & discovery, NLP• Standards & Interoperability• Workforce building & education
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Roles of People in M/B/H Informatics• IT Executives
– Chief Information Officer (CIO)– Chief Medical Information Officer (CMIO)– Chief Nursing Information Officer (CNIO)– Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
• System analysts, designers, developers, implementers, engineers, project managers, trainers
• Clinicians with informatics background (super-users, change agents, business analysts)
• Specialists in specific areas– HIE specialists, security & privacy specialists– Health information management specialists, medical
records personnel• Policy makers & policy analysts• Academicians (educators, researchers, innovators)
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Levels of M/B/H Informatics Training• Informatics contents in professional education
– Initial training (core/electives)– Residency & fellowship training– Continuing education
• Certificate programs/Short courses• Bachelor’s degree in informatics or related fields
– Degree in M/B/H informatics: usually in Europe– Degree in computer science/ICT with M/B/H informatics focus
• Master’s and doctoral degrees in informatics– U.S., Europe, Australia, New Zealand– Thailand (Master’s)
• Ramkhamhaeng University• Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University• (Future) Ramathibodi-Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University
• Clinical informatics fellowships (U.S.)• Postdoctoral fellowships (e.g. NLM)
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Informatics Workforce in Thailand
• In other countries, 1 IT staff is employed per about 50-70 non-IT staffs (Hersh, 2008)
• No available data about Thailand but...– Only a handful of “informaticians” available
(both formally trained and otherwise)– Many clinicians (and executives) who got interested in
IT (but many focus on the “technology” not “information” and so would usually jump up and down on the new technologies but would not be a good IT manager or executive)
– Most computer science/ICT graduates lack exposure to or understanding about healthcare
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Professional Societies in M/B/H Informatics
• International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA)– MEDINFO
• American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA)– AMIA Annual Symposium
• Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)– HIMSS Annual Conference & Exhibition
– HIMSS Asia Pac
• American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)
• Thai Medical Informatics Association (TMI)– TMI Annual Conference
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“Bible” of Biomedical/Health Informatics
Shortliffe EH, Cimino JJ, editors. Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2006. 1037 p.
http://www.amazon.com/Biomedical-Informatics-Computer-Applications-Biomedicine/dp/0387289860/
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Useful Online Resources
• Societies amia.org imia.org himss.org tmi.or.th
• U.S. Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) www.hhs.gov/healthit
• Handbook of Biomedical Informatics en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Handbook_of_Biomedical_Informatics
• Blogs– Life as a healthcare CIO geekdoctor.blogspot.com
– Informatics Professor informaticsprofessor.blogspot.com
– TMI www.tmi.or.th/index.php?Itemid=46
– Thai Informatician gotoknow.org/blog/thethaiinformatician
• Twitter: twitter.com/nawanan/health-informatics
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Journals in the Field (Selected)
• Healthcare Informatics www.healthcare-informatics.com
• Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA) www.jamia.org
• International Journal of Medical Informatics (IJMI)
• Journal of Biomedical Informatics (JBI)
• Methods of Information in Medicine
• BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
• Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR)
• Yearbook of Medical Informatics
• Occasionally, Health Affairs, New Engl J Med, & JAMA
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References
• Bernstam EV, Smith JW, Johnson TR. What is biomedical informatics? J Biomed Inform. 2010 Feb;43(1):104-10.
• Greenes RA, Shortliffe EH. Medical informatics. An emerging academic discipline and institutional priority. JAMA. 1990 Feb 23;263(8):1114-1120.
• Hersh W. A stimulus to define informatics and health information technology. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2009;9:24.
• Hersh W. Health and biomedical informatics: opportunities and challenges for a twenty-first century profession and its education. Yearb Med Inform. 2008:157-164.