Periodic TablePeriodic Table
A Closer LookA Closer Look
History of the Periodic TableHistory of the Periodic Table
Mendeleev arranged Mendeleev arranged the elements into the the elements into the world’s 1world’s 1stst periodic periodic tabletable Increasing atomic Increasing atomic
massmass Atomic mass was Atomic mass was
known by comparing known by comparing the amounts of the amounts of elements that reacted elements that reacted with each otherwith each other
Modern Periodic TableModern Periodic Table
Not identical to Not identical to Mendeleev’s table – Mendeleev’s table – he didn’t know about he didn’t know about protons and electronsprotons and electrons
Increasing atomic Increasing atomic number instead of number instead of massmass Number of protonsNumber of protons Number of electronsNumber of electrons
GroupsGroups
Columns on the tableColumns on the table Same number of Same number of
valence electronsvalence electrons Similar chemical Similar chemical
propertiesproperties Similar physical Similar physical
propertiesproperties
More reactive as you More reactive as you go down in a groupgo down in a group Group 1 – Alkali metals
Stored in oil so they won’t react with the air
Valence ElectronsValence Electrons
Outermost electronsOutermost electrons They participate in all They participate in all
chemical bondschemical bonds Every atom “wants” Every atom “wants”
eight valence eight valence electronselectrons
Noble gases already Noble gases already have eight valence have eight valence electrons – least electrons – least reactive elementsreactive elements
GroupsGroups
Numbered left to rightNumbered left to right Group 1 – alkali metalsGroup 1 – alkali metals Group 2 – alkaline earth metalsGroup 2 – alkaline earth metals Groups 3 to 12 – transition Groups 3 to 12 – transition
metalsmetals Groups 13 to 16 – metals, Groups 13 to 16 – metals,
metalloids, & nonmetalsmetalloids, & nonmetals Group 17 – halogensGroup 17 – halogens Group 18 – noble gasesGroup 18 – noble gases
Group 3Group 3
ScandiumScandium
YttriumYttrium
LanthanumLanthanum
ActiniumActinium
PeriodsPeriods
Horizontal rowsHorizontal rows The two at the bottom The two at the bottom
are part of rows 6 & 7are part of rows 6 & 7 Same number of Same number of
energy levelsenergy levels Properties change in Properties change in
the same way across the same way across each row (periodic each row (periodic law)law)
Period 3Period 3
LithiumLithium BerylliumBeryllium BoronBoron CarbonCarbon NitrogenNitrogen OxygenOxygen FluorineFluorine Neon Neon
General CategoriesGeneral Categories
MetalsMetals ShinyShiny
ConductorsConductors
DuctileDuctile
Malleable Malleable
NonmetalsNonmetals DullDull
InsultatorsInsultators
BrittleBrittle
MetalloidsMetalloids Properties of bothProperties of both
Placement on the Periodic TablePlacement on the Periodic Table
Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
Period 4, Group 1 contains K, which is potassium
Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals
ShinyShiny
ConductorsConductors
DuctileDuctile
Malleable Malleable
Metallic ElementsMetallic Elements
Metallic properties Metallic properties increase as you increase as you move down and to move down and to the leftthe left
Most metallic Most metallic elements are in elements are in group 1group 1
Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals
Group 1Group 1LiLiNaNaKKRbRbCsCsFrFr
Very reactiveVery reactive Easily lose one Easily lose one
valence electronvalence electron The further out the The further out the
electron is from the electron is from the nucleus the easier it is nucleus the easier it is to lose itto lose it
Reactivity increases Reactivity increases as you go down in the as you go down in the groupgroup
Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals
Group 2Group 2BeBeMgMgCaCaSrSrBaBaRaRa
Properties of Alkaline Earth MetalsProperties of Alkaline Earth Metals
Less reactive than Less reactive than alkali metalsalkali metalsDon’t reactive as Don’t reactive as
violently with waterviolently with waterNeed more energy Need more energy
to begin their to begin their reactionsreactions
Lose two valence Lose two valence electronselectrons
Transition MetalsTransition MetalsGroups 3 to 12Groups 3 to 12AKA “heavy metals”AKA “heavy metals”
Large nucleiLarge nucleiForm colored compoundsForm colored compounds
AlloysAlloys
Homogeneous mixture of metalsHomogeneous mixture of metals Mix together metals to get the exact properties you Mix together metals to get the exact properties you
wantwant
Instruments, jewelry, construction, etc.Instruments, jewelry, construction, etc.
Sterling silver, brass, bronze, steelSterling silver, brass, bronze, steel
Coinage MetalsCoinage Metals
Resistant to Resistant to corrosioncorrosion
ExpensiveExpensiveFound in pure formFound in pure formThree – Three –
CopperCopperSilverSilverGoldGold
Rare Earth MetalsRare Earth Metals
Long Periodic TableLong Periodic Table
This is too long for practical use, so we pull the two rows out and put them at the bottom of the table.
Transuranium ElementsTransuranium Elements
Elements past Elements past uraniumuraniumAtomic numbers Atomic numbers
higher than 92higher than 92
RadioactiveRadioactive
Very short half livesVery short half livesNot found in natureNot found in nature
Created in laboratoriesCreated in laboratories
RadioactivityRadioactivity
One element turning into another elementOne element turning into another elementHalf life = how fast the element changesHalf life = how fast the element changes
MetalloidsMetalloidsThis line separates the metals from the nonmetals on the periodic table
These are the metalloids•B•Si•Ge• As•Sb•Te•Po
SemiconductorsSemiconductors
MetalloidsMetalloidsOnly let electricity Only let electricity
through in one through in one directiondirection
Used in modern Used in modern electronics electronics Cell phonesCell phonesVideo gamesVideo gamesComputer chipsComputer chips
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Historically Historically believed to be believed to be created only by created only by living organismsliving organisms
Contain carbon, Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfurnitrogen and sulfur
Chocolate
Nonmetallic ElementsNonmetallic Elements
InsultatorsInsultators
Brittle Brittle
DullDull
HalogensHalogens
Group 17Group 17FFClClBrBr II
““Salt forming”Salt forming”Most reactive Most reactive
nonmetalsnonmetals
Reactivity of HalogensReactivity of Halogens
Combine with Combine with metals to form metals to form compounds called compounds called saltssaltsSodium chlorideSodium chlorideMagnesium iodideMagnesium iodide
Fluorine is the Fluorine is the most reactive most reactive element on Earthelement on Earth
Noble GasesNoble Gases
Group 18Group 18HeHeNeNeArAr
Eight valence Eight valence electrons, so electrons, so they don’t react they don’t react with anythingwith anything
KrKrXeXeRnRn