Plasmodium Plasmodium falciparumfalciparum
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MalariaMalaria Plasmodium falciparum biologyPlasmodium falciparum biology toxinstoxins VaccinesVaccines MosquitoesMosquitoes
What is What is Plasmodium Plasmodium falciparumfalciparum??
ProtozoaProtozoa MalariaMalaria
http://www.traveldoctor.info/diseases/1.html
ImpactImpact
300 million acute 300 million acute illnessillness
100 million deaths100 million deaths A child in Africa A child in Africa
dies every 30 dies every 30 secondsseconds
http://mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/015/372/RBMInfosheet_1.htm
Most vulnerable Most vulnerable populationpopulation
http://www.lakareutangranser.se/default.asp?mall=1&ArtikelID=165&UrvKat=43&Kategori=
Symptoms of infectionSymptoms of infection Characteristic Characteristic
fever 2-3 day cyclefever 2-3 day cyclecold stagecold stagehot stagehot stage
sweating stagesweating stage AnemiaAnemia Renal failureRenal failure SeizuresSeizures comacoma
Diagnosis Diagnosis
SymptomsSymptoms Microscopy Microscopy PCRPCR ELISAELISA
http://mosquito.who.int/docs/hbsm_diagnosis.htm
TreatmentTreatment
ChloroquineChloroquine most most common and common and effective drug used effective drug used to treat malariato treat malaria
Causes nausea, Causes nausea, blurred vision, and blurred vision, and in some cases in some cases neurological neurological dysfunction and dysfunction and seizures seizures
http://www.globalphar.com/chl_pic.php
Roll Back MalariaRoll Back Malaria
Insecticide treated Insecticide treated netsnets
Indoor residual Indoor residual sprayingspraying
IntermittentIntermittent
preventativespreventatives Prompt treatment Prompt treatment
http://www.rbm.who.int/cgi-bin/rbm/rbmportal/custom/rbm/home.do
Mosquitofish Mosquitofish
http://www.clevelandaquariumsociety.org/mosquitofish.jpg
Life cycle of Life cycle of Plasmodium Plasmodium FalciparumFalciparum
http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm
Sporozoits in the liverSporozoits in the liver
Pores Pores Kupffer cellsKupffer cells ReproductionReproduction
http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm
Sporozoits in the bloodSporozoits in the blood
http://astuasbalas.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_astuasbalas_archive.html
Gametocyte developmentGametocyte development
Sexual Sexual commitmentcommitment
Sequestered in Sequestered in bonesbones
Resistance to Resistance to quininequinine
LongevityLongevity
http://www.bepast.org/dataman.pl?c=lib&dir=docs/photos/malaria
““Female” gametocyteFemale” gametocyte
Gametocyte InfectivityGametocyte Infectivity
Temp dropTemp drop Red blood cells Red blood cells
lysed lysed Xanthurenic Xanthurenic
acid and acid and exflagellationexflagellation
eye coloreye color
http://lozere.org/perso/malaria/parasit.htm
GametogenisisGametogenisis
Rapid morphological changesRapid morphological changes
http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Plasmodium01.htmlPlasmodium01.html
““male” gametocytemale” gametocyte
OokinetsOokinets 2 divisions2 divisions Anatomy of a mosquito midgutAnatomy of a mosquito midgut
http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/news/encounter/
OocystsOocysts
Sporozoit Sporozoit buddingbudding
Number of Number of sporozoits per sporozoits per oocystoocyst
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/plasmodium.html
Sporozoits Sporozoits
MigrationMigration
http://www.malarlife.dfl.org.za/malaria%20virus%20photos.htm
Mosquito bites person…Mosquito bites person…
http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm
PathogenicityPathogenicity
http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5757/outputRegister/lowhtml
Toxins Toxins
ResistanceResistance HemozinHemozin TNF-alpha IL-TNF-alpha IL-
1 and IFN-1 and IFN-gammagamma
http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-malaria.html
Tumor Necrosis factorTumor Necrosis factor
http://www.farm.kuleuven.ac.be/anafar/lab/protein/tnf.htm
Toxicity and Toxicity and pathogenicity pathogenicity
Proteins and cell membranesProteins and cell membranes
RosettingRosetting
Five receptorsFive receptors ImmuneImmune
system evasion?system evasion?
Antigenic VariationAntigenic Variation
Opportunities Opportunities abound abound
http://www.lovetoparty.co.nz/images/SURPRISE.jpg
CrossoverCrossover
http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/crossover.jpg
VarVar Family Family
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dir/labs/lmvr/mgs.htm
Research About MalariaResearch About Malaria
PO phosphoriboproteinPO phosphoriboprotein
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15322057
VaccinesVaccines
New New treatmenttreatment
Acquired Acquired immunityimmunity
challengeschallenges
http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/vacc2.html
Prevention of Liver stage Prevention of Liver stage infectioninfection
http://www.med.nyu.edu/parasitology/faculty/ufrevert.html
Vaccinating mosquitoesVaccinating mosquitoes
http://www.bigthings.ca/manitoba/pictures/1mos1.jpg
Paratransgenesis Paratransgenesis
http://www.mbl.edu/Astrobiology/Riley/image/E.coli.gif
http://www.invivo.fiocruz.br/celula/imagens/bacillus.jpg
Engineering mosquitoesEngineering mosquitoes
3 stages3 stages
AgAper AgAper promoterpromoter
vitellogenin vitellogenin promoterpromoter
salvitory salvitory promoterspromoters
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/21/3809/FIG2
Other ways to reduce Other ways to reduce infectioninfection
http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/bees/
http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm
Future challenges Future challenges
FundingFunding ResearchResearch DistributionDistribution Funding Funding
ConclusionConclusion
"I have not failed. I've just found "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." 10,000 ways that won't work." Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison
Sources Sources
See notes section for a list of See notes section for a list of references arranged by slide references arranged by slide number.number.