A RUMINANT is a mammal that eats and digests plant-based food
such as grass. Ruminating mammals
include cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, bison, yaks, water buffalo,
deer, camels, alpacas, llamas, wildebeest, antelope, prong
horn, and nilgai. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin
word ruminaire which means
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria
Long papilla
Lamina propria
Short papilla
Submucosa
Muscularisexterna
RUMEN
Muscularismucosa
Lamina propria
Short foldSubmucosa
Long fold
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Muscularisexterna
Short fold
RETICULUM
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Primary laminae
Lamina propria
Muscularisexterna
Secondary papilla
Muscularismucosa & muscularisexterna
Lamina propria
OMASUM
A MONOGASTRIC organism has a simple single-chambered stomach,
compared with a ruminant organism, like a cow, goat, or sheep, which has a four-
chambered complex stomach. Examples of monogastric animals
include omnivores such as humans, rats,
and pigs, carnivores such as dogs and cats, and herbivores such
The stomach has three layers of muscle: an outer longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer, and an inner
oblique layer. The inner lining consists of four layers: the serosa, the muscularis, the submucosa, and the mucosa. The mucosa is
densely packed with gastric glands, which contain cells that produce digestive enzymes, hydrochloric
acid, and mucus.