SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - ENLIGHTENMENT
World History IISOL Review
Scientific Revolution
Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
Formulation of the scientific method
Expansion of scientific knowledge
Scientists
Copernicus – heliocentric theoryKepler – planetary motion (planets revolve
around the sun in elliptical orbits)Galileo – used telescope to support the
heliocentric theoryHarvey – circulation of blood
Heliocentric Theory
Absolutism
Definition – a monarch who has complete control over the country and people (centralization of power) + divine right (power to rule comes from God)
Peter the Great – westernization of RussiaLouis XIV – Palace of Versailles (symbol of
royal power)/Sun KingFrederick the Great – military power
Absolutism
Enlightenment
Definition – applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world
Results – stimulated religious tolerance + fueled democratic revolutions around the world (American Revolution, French Revolution, and Latin American Revolutions)
Thomas Hobbes
Wrote LeviathanState of nature – people are evilSocial Contract – people give up nature and
form governments to control them (absolute monarchs)
John Locke
Wrote Two Treatises on GovernmentPower to rule comes from the peopleMonarchs are not chosen by GodSocial Contract – people form governments to
protect their rights (life, liberty, and property)
Montesquieu
Wrote The Spirit of the LawsSeparation of powers Checks and balances
Rousseau
Wrote The Social ContractGovernment is a contract between people
and rulers General Will – majority rules
Voltaire
Separation of church and stateFreedom of speech