SISTEM SARAF(NERVOUS SYSTEM)
DR. HJ. ABDUL RASHID HJ. SAID.CONSULTANT PSYCHIATRISTHOSPITAL TUANKU FAUZIAH
CONTENTS Anatomi Sistem Saraf
Sistem Saraf Pusat (CNS)(otak dan saraf tunjang)
Sistem Saraf Periferi (PNS)# sensori (afferent)# motor (efferent)
@ somatic motor nervous system@ autonomic * simpatetik
* parasimpatetik
Coronal Section
Sagital section
FUNGSI SISTEM SARAF Input sensori Integrasi Homeostasis Mental activity conciousness, memory,
thinking etc. Control of muscles, organs and glands
Functions of Nervous System Gathers information - sensory
Transmits the information - sensory
Processes the information - integrative
Sends information - motor function
Neuron Basic functional unit of the Nervous System
Cell Body Single Axon Dendrites
Multiple Sclerosis
CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURON - multipolar- bipolar- unipolar
NEUROGLIA - Astrocytes- Ependymal cells- Microglia- Oligodendrocytes- Schwann cells
Types of Neuron (Function) Sensory neurons - Afferent
Motor neurons - Efferent
Interneuron - Connect sensory and motor neuron and carry impulses between them.
Cells of the nervous system
Astrocytes
Microglia
Organization of the Nervous Tissue Gray matter (cortex) groups of neuron cell
bodies and their dendrites. Clusters of gray matter located deeper in the brain are called nuclei.
In the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a cluster of neuron cell bodies ganglion (a swelling or knot).
Bundles of paralled axons with their myelinesheaths are whitish in colour white matter
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL AND NEURAL PATHWAY
Action potential Resting membrane potential Impulse Stimulus Polarization Depolarization Repolarization
The nerve impulses. Italian scientist Luigi Galvani found that
nerve tissue display electrical activity nerve impulse a flow of electrical charges along the cell membranes of a neuron.
Electrical activity is due to movement of ions ( potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+) across the cell membrane.
The nerve impulses. The movement of these ions is affected by
their ability to pass through the cell membrane (Sodium and Potassium Pump)
The electrical charge different between inside and outside cell POTENTIAL.
RESTING POTENTIAL
RESTING POTENTIAL As a result of resting potential the neuron is
said to be POLARIZED.
A STIMULUS is a change in the environment that may be insufficient/sufficient strength to initiate an impulse. (ALL or NONE LAW)
The ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse is known as -EXCITABILITY
THE MOVING IMPULSE
REPOLARIZATION
NERVE CONDUCTION MYELIN SHEATH.
WITHOUT MYELIN SHEATH
One way conduction/propagation
ALL or NONE Law.
The Synapse
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS SYNAPTIC CLEFT
BRAIN WAVES Brain waves summation of the electrical
activity of the brain. Measured by Electroencephalogram
(EEG) 4 basic waves alpha
- beta- theta- delta
EEG graph of Epilepsy
Diseases Related to Lack of Neurotransmitter
Dopamine - Parkinson Disease
Acetylcholine Dementia (Nyanyuk)
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) -Epilepsy
Meninges 3 lapisan utama
i. Dura mater ii. Arachnoid mater iii. Pia mater
MENINGITIS INFEKSI SELAPUT LAPISAN OTAK KETIGA-TIGA LAPISAN TERLIBAT JIKA TISU OTAK TERLIBAT -
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
Peralatan yang digunakan Plain radiography (sinaran x)
Computerised Tomography Scan (CT Scan).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
CRANIAL NERVES
Disease of Cranial Nerve Bells Palsy 7th Nerve Palsy.
Commonly due to viral infection.
CEREBELLUM
Fungsi Cerebellum Involved in balance and muscle
coordination. To compare the intended action with what
is occurring and modify the action to eliminate the difference.
If damaged muscles tone decreases and fine motor movements become very clumpsy.
THE SPINAL CORD
SPINAL CORD A communication link between the brain
and peripheral nervous system. 42 45 cm. 31 spinal nerves that emerge from the
spinal cord. AXONS BUNDLED TOGETHER NERVE Each spinal nerve consists dorsal root and
ventral root
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS).
All the nervous system outside the spinal cord and brain.
Can be divided into 2 division:-1. Sensory division2. Motor Division
a. Somaticb. Autonomic
The Somatic Nervous System Regulates activities that are under
concious control movement of skeletal muscles.
Many nerves within this system are part of reflexes and can act automatically eg. Knee reflex
The Spinal Reflex Patella Reflex
Autonomic Nervous System Regulates activities that are automatic or
involuntary. Not under concious control. Striking a balance or maintaining
homeostasis of the body. Further divided into 2 sympathetic
(activates) and parasympathetic (retards).