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Spanish II Semester I Grammar Review1.1 Gustar, Reflexive Pronouns
In English, it is correct to construct a sentence that has the subject "liking" a direct object.
In Spanish, this never occurs. In Spanish, a different construction is used.
English: I like the room.
Spanish: The room is pleasing to me.
English: We like the books.
Spanish: The books are pleasing to us.
The first thing you need to notice is that both versions really mean the same thing. They are
merely different expressions of the same idea.
Idea: My feelings with regard to the book are positive.
English Way: I like the book.
Spanish Way: The book is pleasing to me.
The second thing to notice is that in English, the subject of the sentence is the person (I,
we) while in Spanish the subject of the sentence is the object (room, books).
The room is pleasing to me.
Subject: The room
I like the room.
Subject: I
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Finally notice that while the English sentence has a direct object, the Spanish sentence has
an indirect object.
The room is pleasing to me.
me = Indirect Object
I like the room.
room = Direct Object
Notice that gustar is conjugated as "gustan" not "gusto." A common mistake is to say "Me
gusto los libros." This is incorrect because the subject of the sentence is "los libros" even
though it comes at the end. Remember, the verb is conjugated to agree with the subject of
the sentence.
Me gustan los libros. (I like the books.)
Notice that the conjugation of gustar changes to "gusta" when the subject of the sentence is
singular.
Me gusta el libro. (I like the book.)
Since the subject of the sentence must be either singular (book) or plural (books), the only
forms of gustar you will use are "gusta" and "gustan." This is true regardless of what IO
pronoun appears in the sentence.
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1.2 Idioms w/Tener, Ir + a, Present Progressive, Direct
Object Pronouns, Affirmative & Neg inf. Commands
tener fro to be cold
tener calor to be hot
tener hambre to be hungry
tener sed to be thirsty
tener sueo to be sleepy
tener dolor de to hurt or be sore, etc.
There are also many idiomatic expressions with tener that express sensations more
psychological in nature:tener prisa to be in a hurry
tener miedo a/de + noun to be afraid of something
tener miedo a/de + infinitive to be afraid to do something
tener celos to be jealous
tener confianza to be confident
tener cuidado to be careful
tener vergenza to be ashamedThere are other idiomatic expressions with tener as well:
tener razn to be right
tener xito to be successful
tener la culpa to be guilty
tener suerte to be lucky
tener lugar to take place
tener ganas de to feel like
tener en cuenta to take into account
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To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs, add -iendo to the stem of the
verb.
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comer: comiendo
(comer - er + iendo)
hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)
vivir: viviendo
(vivir - ir + iendo)
escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir + iendo)
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Direct object pronouns are the things that an action is being done TO.
Ex:
I see it. = Lo veo.
Veo = I see
Lo = it.
In a literal statement, Lo veo is "It is seen by me."
"I see it." and "It is seen by me." have the same meaning.
D.O. => Me Te Lo/La Nos Los/Las
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The following examples of commands use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and escribir.
Habla (t) ms lentamente.
(You) Speak more slowly.
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2.1 Indirect Object Pronouns, Dar + Decir, Saber +
Conocer,
To identify the indirect object use our two guidelines:1. The IO tells us where the DO is going.2. The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of the verb is
performed.
When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following
pronouns:
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
les (them, you-all-formal)
"He buys flowers for me."
l compra flores a mi.
l me compra flores a mi.
l me compra flores.
I.O. me / a mi "me"
D.O. flores "flowers"
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As in English, the verbs decir (to say or to tell) and dar (to give) are widely used in the
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Spanish language.
Like tener and venir, the verb decir is both stem-changing (-e to i) andirregular in the
yo form. The verb dar, on the other hand, is irregular in the yo form only (aside from anunstressede.g., unaccentedvosotros form).
It is a good idea to memorize each individual form of these verbs, as you will use them
frequently.
DECIR
to say, to tell
DAR
to give
yo digo doy
t dices das
Ud., l, ella dice da
nosotros/as decimos damos
vosotros/as decs dais
Uds., ellos, ellas dicen dan
Remember those indirect and direct object pronouns from the previous section? These verbs
will give you the perfect chance to practice. Both are often used with indirect object
pronouns. In other words, the action is performed for you or me, or he or she.
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Saber vs Conocersaber: to know (facts, information, how to do something,something by heart)
conocer: to know (to be familiar with people, places, things)
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2.2 Ser + Estar, Expressions, Preterite -ar -er -ir, Preterite
hacer + ir
ser (to be)
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
Uses of ser
the hour, day, and date
place of origin
occupation
nationality
religious or political affiliation
the material something is made ofpossession
relationship of one person to another
certain impersonal expressions
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where an event is taking place
essential qualities
estar (to be)
estoy
ests
est
estamos
estis
estn
Uses of estar
geographic or physical location
state or condition
many idiomatic expressions
progressive tenses
Ser and estar (contrasting uses)
When a noun follows the verb, use ser
When an adjective follows the verb, decide between "essence" and "condition"
To tell where something is from, use ser
To tell where something is located right now, use estar
To tell where an event is taking place, use ser
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To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of
the following:
aste
amos
asteis
aron
To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir)
and add one of the following:
iste
i
imos
isteis
ieron
Here are all three regular preterite verb forms together:
hablar comer vivir
habl com viv
hablaste comiste viviste
habl comi vivi
hablamos comimos vivimos
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hablasteiscomisteisvivisteis
hablaron comieronvivieron
Note: the nosotros forms for -ar and -ir verbs are the same in both preterite and present
tenses: hablamos, vivimos.
-ar and -er verbs that change their stem in the present tense do not change in the
preterite. They are conjugated just like other regular preterite verbs, using the regular
endings.
-ir verbs that change their stem in the present tense do change in the preterite, but in a
different way. They change e:i and o:u in the third person, singular and plural.
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3.1 Impersonal Se, Passive Se, Preterite -car -gar -zar +
Conocer, Irregular Preterites
In English, we say "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital", "They say she is very pretty", or
"One never knows when he will turn up." These are "impersonal expressions". In other
words, we don't really have anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or
" You". We mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".
We use se in front of verbs to create the Spanish way of making general statements.
Here are some examples:
They say it's going to snow. Se dice que va a nevar.
You pay the fines on Mondays. Se pagan las multas los lunes.
How does one say "icecream" in Italian? Cmo se dice "helado" en italiano?
You say "gelato". Se dice "gelato".
Don't forget that if what you are referring to is plural, you need to use the thirdperson plural form of the verb (see the second example above)
The "Passive se" is what we call in English "the passive voice". An Active voice is when
you have a subject doing something with an active verb. In English a Passive voice has an
object having something done to it with or without an identified subject.
Let's look at some examples in English:
An Active Voice Construction A Passive Voice Construction
Sra. Verde teaches me Spanish. Spanish is taught to me (by Sra. Verde)
I purchased the dress. The dress was purchased (by me)
I drove my father's new car. My father's new car was driven (by me)
The Passive Voice in English uses a form of "to Be" with a Past Participle.
In Spanish, the Passive Voice is normally formed by using se + the third person singular or
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plural conjugation of a verb, just as we did with the Impersonal se. In Spanish there is not
a subject - identified or not!
Let's look at some examples in Spanish and English:
An Active Voice Construction A Passive Voice Construction
Los dependientes del almacn hablan
ruso.Se habla ruso en el mercado.
The department store clerks speak
Russian.Russian is spoken in the shopping center.
David escribe el libro en italiano. Se escribe el libro en italiano.
David is writing the book in Italian. The book is written in Italian.
La heladera vende una gran cantidad de
helado.Se vende una gran cantidad de helado.
The ice cream store sells a large quantity
of ice cream.A large quantity of ice cream is sold.
Mis amigos comieron la torta. Se comi la torta.
My friends ate the cake. The cake was eaten.
In order to preserve the sound of the infinitive, a number of verbs change orthographically
(spelling) in the preterite tense. The following changes occur in the "yo" form only:
Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu
Verbs that end in -car change c to qu
Verbs that end in -zar change z to c
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Here are three examples:
yo jugu (jugar)
yo busqu (buscar)
yo almorc (almorzar)
Here are the verbs, along with their corresponding stem changes:
preterite: decir, traer
dije traje
dijiste trajiste
dijo trajo
dijimos trajimos
dijisteis trajisteisdijeron trajeron
InfinitiveStem Change
andar anduv-
estar estuv-
tener tuv-
caber cup-
haber hub-
poder pud-
poner pus-
saber sup-
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hacer hic-
querer quis-
venir vin-
Preterite: ser, ir
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
Here are two examples of how this pattern is applied:
estar (estuv-)saber (sup-)
estuve supe
estuviste supisteestuvo supo
estuvimos supimos
estuvisteis supisteis
estuvieron supieron
Note: The one exception is the third person singular of hacer. As you learned in a previous
lesson, the c changes to z to form "hizo."
yo conoc nosotros/as conocimos,
tu conociste
usted/l/ella conoci ustedes/ellos/ellas conocieron
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3.2 Formal Commands, Irregular FormalCommands, Commands with pronouns
The formal commands are formed the same way as the present subjunctive:
1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.2. Then drop the -o ending.3. Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:
-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)
-er and -ir verbs:
-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)
The following examples of formal commands use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and
escribir.
Hable Ud. ms lentamente.
Hablen Uds. ms lentamente.Speak more slowly.
Coma Ud. la cena.
Coman Uds. la cena.
Eat the dinner.
Escriba Ud. la carta.
Escriban Uds. la carta.
Irregular Informal (t) Commands (Imperative)
(Affirmative Only)
decir - di salir - sal
hacer - haz ser - s
ir - ve tener - ten
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poner - ponvenir - ven
Remember, if the first person singular (yo) form is irregular, that irregularity is carried over
into the formation of the formal command.
Tengan Uds. un buen viaje. (yo tengo) Have a good trip.
Traiga Ud. el dinero. (yo traigo) Bring the money.
Venga Ud. conmigo. (yo vengo) Come with me.
This also applies to stem-changing verbs.
Cuente Ud. sus beneficios. (yo cuento) Count your blessings.
Vuelvan Uds. pronto. (yo vuelvo) Return quickly.
Pida dinero. (yo pido) Ask for money.
As with the present subjunctive, the following verbs are irregular:
dar
d Ud.
den Uds.
estar
est Ud.
estn Uds.
ir
vaya Ud.
vayan Uds.
ser
sea Ud.
sean Uds.
saber
sepa Ud.
sepan Uds.
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Remember the rule regarding two object pronouns: whenever both pronouns begin with the
letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se."
le lo = se lo
le la = se la
le los = se los
le las = se las
les lo = se lo
les la = se la
les los = se los
les las = se las
Pronoun placement with commands
Affirmative commands: attach to verb
Negative commands: precede verb
Trigaselas.
No se las traiga.