Impact evaluation for: Special Program for Food Security
and Productivity Enhancement of
Small Farmers in Pakistan
(Crop Maximization Project-II)
Area and Target Group • Areas of intervention: 1,012 Villages: Punjab
430, Sindh 230, NWFP 160, Balochistan 150, AJK 40 and FATA 2.
• Description of target group or beneficiaries: Small Farmers with land holding of up to 20 acres in Punjab, 25 acres in Sindh & Balochistan, 15 acres in KPK and 5 acres in AJ&K.
• Size of the target group: About 30,360 farmers in 1,012 villages
Description of existing data on
beneficiaries before the program started:
There is considerable gap between the yield per acre of a progressive farmer and a small farmer. The small farmers lack access to credit, technical know-how, farm implements, etc, which result in the low productivity of the small farms. The credit to these farmers is provided by middlemen (Arhties) who give the farmer rate of their choice for his produce. This project proposes to help small farmers get out of the clutches of these middlemen.
Brief description of the problem
tackled by the project:
• The project envisages enhancement of farm productivity and sustainability of agriculture for food security. It will establish collective institutions, i.e., beneficiary owned and managed 1,012 Village Organizations (VOs) in 1,012 villages of 27 districts of all the provinces, AJ&K and FATA for procurement of critical inputs / services, marketing of outputs and diversification of income generating activities. It will be a technology-led project with main focus on small and resource poor farmers having land holdings below 25 acres.
• A pilot project was implemented in three districts, popularly known as Sargodha Model. Finding the results to be encouraging, increase in productivity by about 30 %, Crop Maximization Project (CMP) was launched in 109 villages. Upon evaluation of this project, it was decided to implement the project on 1,012 villages, albeit with certain modifications.
Specific Objectives a). Increase agricultural productivity in rural areas of
Pakistan.
b). Enhance food security through provision of sustainable livelihood programs.
c). Empower small farmers and agricultural producers through the establishment of self-managed rural organizations backed by appropriate laws and regulations that enable them to manage their resources efficiently and become profitable market oriented entities.
d). Build sustainable financial mechanisms to channel smallholder’s own resources as well as external investments into the smallholder agriculture sector.
SPECIFIC SERVICES DELIVERED TO THE
PROJECT BENEFICIARIES/ PARTICIPANTS
• Organizing and empowering farmer’s community through social mobilization, formation / registration / empowerment of 1,012 Village Organizations (VOs) and establishment / operation of revolving fund by VOs.
• Revolving Fund: To solve credit problems of small farmers, a Revolving Fund of Rs. 4.391 billion will be established in 1,012 villages, 50% of which will be recovered in 5 equal installments starting from 6th year of loan disbursement. The remaining 50% will be Government equity. The VOs will extend the input loan to the farmers at 10% handling charges. The revolving fund will be recovered by the concerned revenue department of the District Governments from VOs and returned to the Federal Government.
• Capacity building for crop productivity and income enhancement through training of VOs for administrative, financial and business management, farmers field schools, short-term training, field days / meetings, study tours, workshops, seminars, etc. It involves training to 2,676 staff and 25,040 farmers.
• Crop productivity Enhancement: Crops such as wheat, cotton, rice, maize, sugarcane, potato, oilseeds, pulses and vegetables will be planted on an area of 1,680,860 acres with the target to enhance their productivity by 35%.
• Small Animal Health Units / Animal Breeding Farms: About 1,012 each of animal breeding farms / health units will be established in the project area.
SPECIFIC SERVICES Cont’d
• Market linkages development through formation of 2,900/340 Commodity Specific Groups / Clusters (CSGs/CSCs), linkage producers with market functionaries / value chains, linkage producers with financial institutions, facilitating technical support, facilitating capacity building and training, building physical sale and marketing points.
• Establishment of Farm Services Centers / Implement Pools in each village or a cluster of 3-5 villages to facilitate farmers in the availability of farm machinery: 80% cost will be borne by the project and 20% by the farmers. Rent of implements will go to revolving fund.
• Input Sale/Marketing Centers (66 in total) working as houses of sale / marketing of inputs and farmer’s produce will also be established in one cluster of 30 villages.
• Establishment of small enterprises through income diversification interventions such as establishment of enterprise clusters, rural poultry farming, fish farming, off-season vegetable production, aquaculture, bee farming, provision of specialized farm services, goat and sheep farming, calf farming, dairy farming, feed mill, inputs sale centers, milk collection centers, establishment of fruit and forest plant nurseries, introduction and promotion of women operated homestead tube plant nurseries. For these, 80% cost will be borne by the project and 20% upfront by the beneficiary farmers. The Project cost will be recovered in 24 equal installments along with 10% handling charges.
Annual Financial Phasing Financial Requirements (Rs Million)
Total
Percent
share
COMPONENTS
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5
FMCU, MINFAL* 245.340 128.450 144.100 75.469 79.769 673.128 8.40
PUNJAB 978.531 1,097.469 656.938 379.901 156.508 3,269.347 40.79
SINDH 430.094 483.456 378.026 213.110 102.326 1,607.012 20.05
NWFP 297.744 339.897 264.745 139.243 70.121 1,111.750 13.87
BALUCHISTAN 293.210 334.355 238.705 132.015 69.424 1,067.710 13.32
AJK 68.393 71.129 65.774 40.556 23.574 269.426 3.70
FATA 4.740 5.940 2.252 1.280 0.938 15.150 0.19
TOTAL 2,318.052 2,460.696 1,750.540 981.574 502.660 8,013.522 100.00
* Federal Monitoring and Coordination Unit, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock
Annual Financial Phasing for
Revolving Fund COMPONENT Financial Requirements (Rs Million)
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Total
FMCU, MINFAL 0.000 0.000 8.112 0.000 0.000 8.112
PUNJAB 759.000 871.560 390.800 117.960 0.000 2,139.320
SINDH 285.000 346.120 207.800 63.600 0.000 902.520
NWFP 198.000 245.040 142.400 42.400 0.000 627.840
BALUCHISTAN 186.000 241.440 127.200 33.960 0.000 588.600
AJK 33.000 43.368 30.224 10.368 0.000 116.960
FATA 2.500 3.100 0.600 0.448 0.000 6.648
TOTAL 1,463.5 1,750.628 907.136 268.736 0.000 4,390.000
Project Management Structure
District Project Implementation
& Supervision Unit (DISU)
District Implementation Committee (DISC)
Provincial Steering
Committee Provincial Project Director (PPD)
(PMCU) & PIMC*
Revolving Fund
District officer
(Livestock)
District officer
(Agri. Extension) District officer
(Fisheries)
District officer
(OFWM)
District officer
(Revenue)
District officer
(COOP)
National Project Director (NPD)
(FMCU)
National Steering
Committee
MINFAL
Other Rural Partners
Farmers sub groups
Village Organization
* Provincial Implementation & Monitoring Committee
Provincial Project Monitoring & Coordination Structure
`
District Implementation Unit
Village Organization
Provincial Steering Committee under ACS (Dev.)
Secretary Agriculture Secretary Livestock Secretary Fisheries
DG/Director
Livestock Registrar Cooperatives DG Agriculture
Extension
DG/Director
Fisheries
Provincial Project Director (PPD)
Planning & Monitoring Expert Business Development & Marketing
Expert
Transfer of Technology & Training
Expert
District Project Implementation Structure
District
Officer
(Livestock)/ ADLO
Social Mobilizer
and Income
Diversification Officer
Business
Development &
Market Linkage Officer
Planning &
Training
Officer
Agriculture
Officers
District
Officer/Deput
y or Asstt (Fisheries)
District Implementation & Supervision Committee
under DCO
Executive District
Officer (EDO)
(Agriculture)
District Officer
(Revenue)
District Officer/Deputy Registrar (Cooperatives)
District Officer (Marketing)
District Project Manager
Assistant Registrar
(Cooperatives)
District Officer (Agri. Extension)
Credit & VO
Support Officer
Village Organization
PROGRAMME STEERING
COMMITTEE
PROGRAMME
TECHNICAL TEAM
Programme
Advisor
PROGRAMME
COORDINATOR
Liaison Officer Technical Support
Officer
Operation
Manager
Agricultural
Officer
Planning
Officer
CADO M&E Financial Manager
Assistant Programme
Coordinator
Drivers Messenger
Assistant
M&E Procurement
Officer
IFAD / SMZ
Accountant
Livestock Officer
Asstt.
Liaison
Officer
DMT
DFT
Farmer Groups
Individual farmers
Secretary
Cashier
Financers
Lead ministry
ASFT
Implementers
and
Beneficiaries
Accountant
Driver Secretary
Tanzania: Organization chart for ASSP AND ASDP-L
Evaluation framework and context
• Baseline study for the 1012 villages with
village profiles, income of farmers, use of
technique, …
• Household survey for Pakistan
• Planning commission is monitoring
Evaluation questions • How much did household income go up in
participating households?
• Did agricultural productivity go up due to
the project?
• Did the dependence to middlemen go
down?
• Are there any unintended effects, e.g.
environmental effects?
Outcome indicators • Household income
• Yield per acre
• Months of food availability, number of
meals
• % borrowed from middlemen, % of yield
sold to the market
Theory and results-chain • Lower prices for inputs incl. credits plus
improved agricultural practices plus decent
prices for output
• will lead to higher income of household will
lead to better food security
• More access to credits will lead to higher
productivity will lead to higher food
security
Evaluation design To make with and without comparison
• Either add an immediate baseline on other
villages (of how many?)
• Or try to implement a randomized
approach on sequencing implementation
• Use propensity score matching to
compare similar households with and
without
Challenges and risks
(to project implementation)
• Natural disaster, e.g. drought, flood,
earthquake
• Terrorism
Methodology • Quantitative methods to compare with and
without
• Qualitative survey (interviews of a
restricted number of (150?) Households)
to find out why the effect occurred