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Newspaper
A newspaper is apublication containing news, information, and advertising.
General-interest newspapers often
feature articles onpolitical events,
crime,business, art/entertainment,
society and sports. Most traditional
papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express the
personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections may contain
advertising, comics, and coupons.
A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including
editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries;
entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather
news and forecasts; advice, gossip, food and other columns; critical reviewsof movies, plays and restaurants; classified ads; display ads, editorial
cartoons and comic strips.
o
[edit]Definition
Newspapers are typically expected to meet four criteria:[1][2]
Publicity: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public. Periodicity: It is published at regular intervals.
Currency: Its information is up to date.
Universality: It covers a range of topics.
[edit]History
[edit]Gazettes and bulletins
Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official
government bulletins were circulated at times in some centralized empires.The increased cross-border interaction in early capitalist Europe created a
rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten
newssheets. However, none of these publications fully met the classical
criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the
general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-edhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_adshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-edhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_adshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit§ion=38/4/2019 ssm prst
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In Ancient Rome,Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins,were made public by Julius Caesar. They were carved in metal or stone and
posted in public places.
In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated
among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third
centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, theKaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of theCourt") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was
handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the
first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late
Ming Dynasty;[3]
In 1556, the government ofVenice first published the monthlyNotiziescritte, which cost one gazetta.[4] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters
and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly andefficiently throughout Europe, more specifically Italy, during the early
modern era (1500-1700) sharing some characteristics of newspapers
though usually not considered true newspapers.[5]
[edit]Newspapers
[edit]Europe
Title page of Carolus'Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper
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The German-languageRelation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdigenHistorien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, isoften recognized as the first newspaper.[6][7] At the time, Strasbourg was a
free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the first
newspaper ofmodern Germany was theAvisa, published in 1609 inAugsburg.
The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. of 1618 was the first toappear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade,
quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they
were published in their own country.[8]
The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc.,was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or
weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, Franceand the Low Countreys. was published in England by an "N.B." (generallythought to be eitherNathaniel ButterorNicholas Bourne) and Thomas
Archer.[9]
The first newspaper in France was published in 1631,La Gazette (originallypublished as Gazette de France).[4]
Post- och Inrikes Tidningar(founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was firstpublished in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence,
though it now publishes solely online.[10]
Opregte Haarlemsche Courantfrom Haarlem, first published in 1656, is theoldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper
Haarlems Dagbladin 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Sincethen the Haarlems Dagblad appears with the subtitle Oprechte HaerlemseCourant 1656and considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still
publishing.
The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from1702 to 1735.[8][11]
Stamford Mercury first published in Stamford, England in 1695
[edit]North America
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Untitled watercolor of a man reading a newspaper, about 1863, by Henry
Louis Stephens. The paper's headline reports the Emancipation
Proclamation.
Front page ofThe New York Times on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918.
In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris publishedPublick Occurrences BothForreign and Domestick[sic]. This is considered the first newspaper in theAmerican colonies even though only one edition was published before the
paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed TheBoston News-Letterto be published and it became the first continuouslypublished newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began
publishing in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed
the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried
news from Britain and content depended on the editors interests. In 1783,
thePennsylvania Evening Postbecame the first American daily.
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In 1751, John Bushell published theHalifax Gazette, the first Canadiannewspaper.
[edit]Industrial Revolution
By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and SouthAmerica, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them
developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and
cultural preferences.[12] Advances in printing technology related to the
Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely
circulated means of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquireda printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.[13]
Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation
made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of thepopulation. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market:
Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript.[14] Penny press papers cost about onesixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.[15]
[edit]Impact of television and Internet
By the late 1990s the availability of news via 24-hour television channels
and then the Internet posed an ongoing challenge to thebusiness model of
most newspapers in developed countries. Paid circulation has declined,
while advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of most newspapersincome has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a
general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched
online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience.
However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution,
increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more
than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers
continue to grow.[16]
[edit]Categories
While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually
geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by
their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly
business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some
weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these
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may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the
local gay community.
[edit]Daily
Israeli daily newspaperHaaretz, seen in its Hebrew and English editions
A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of
Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist,
Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more
specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the
majority of these newspapers staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday
and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content
that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning.
Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office
workers.
[edit]Weekly
Weekly newspapers are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers. In
some cases, there also are newspapers that are published twice or three times
a week. In the United States, such newspapers are generally still classified as
weeklies.
[edit]National
Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the
whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper
serving a city or region. In the United Kingdom, there are numerous national
newspapers, including The Independent, The Times, The Daily Telegraph,The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily Expressand The Daily Mirror. In the United States and Canada, there are few
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national newspapers. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that
dominate the area. Certain newspapers, notably The New York Times, TheWall Street Journaland USA Today in the US, and The Globe and MailandThe National Postin Canada are available throughout the country. In India,where Internet penetration is too low when compared to other developed
countries, newspapers like Times of India, The Hindu,Hindustan Times etcare the only source of information for rural and urban people. Large
metropolitan newspapers have also expanded distribution networks and with
effort can be found outside their normal area.
Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South
Carolina, United States.
[edit]International
There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterised asinternational newspapers. Some, such as TheInternational Herald Tribune,have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers
or "international editions" of national-scale or large metropolitan
newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove
articles that might not interest the wider range of readers.
As English has become the international language of business and
technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English
languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as
varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed to a local and
international English-speaking public. The advent of the Internet has also
allowed the non-English newspapers to put out a scaled-down English
version to give their newspaper a global outreach.
[edit]Online
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Main article: Online newspaper
Diario de Pernambuco, founded in 1825 is the first newspaper in all SouthAmerica.
Virtually all printed newspapers have online editions, which depending on
the country may be regulated by journalism organizations such as thePress
Complaints Commission in the UK.[17] But as some publishers find their
print-based models increasingly unsustainable, Web-based "newspapers"
have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporterin the UK and theSeattle Post-Intelligencer,[18] which stopped publishing in print after 149years in March 2009 and went online only.
[edit]Employment
Job titles within the newspaper industry vary greatly. In the United States,
the overall manager of the newspaper sometimes also the owner may
be termed thepublisher. This usage is less common outside the U.S., but
throughout the English-speaking world the person responsible for content is
usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-
chief, executive editor, and so on, are common.
[edit]Zoned and other editions
Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and
editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to
reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content
often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising the quantity
and layout of which affects the space available for editorial or may
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contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not
change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific
editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often
produced in parallel.
Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the
night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception
of zoned regionals, in which it is often the B section of local news that
undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news
available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with
one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The
previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to
fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both
theNew York Times and Wall Street Journaloffer a regional edition, printed
through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. TheJournals global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.[19]
[edit]Format
The Times of India press on the outskirts ofDelhi
Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:
Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23 by 15 inches), generally
associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trendtowards "compact" newspapers is changing this.
Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by
11 inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to
broadsheets. Examples: The Sun, The National Enquirer, TheNational Ledger, The Star Magazine,New York Post, the ChicagoSun-Times,The Globe.
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BerlinerorMidi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18 by 12 inches) used by
European papers such asLe Monde in France,La Stampa in Italy,ElPais in Spain and, since 12 September 2005, The Guardian in theUnited Kingdom.
Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as
newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away
from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process,
offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software,
graphics software, digital cameras and digitalprepress and typesetting
technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These
technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and
graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.
To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed oncoloured newsprint. For example, theFinancial Times is printed on adistinctive salmon pink paper, and Sheffields weekly sports publication
derives its name, the Green Un, from the traditional colour of its paper. TheItalian sports newspaperLa Gazzetta dello Sportis also printed on pink
paper whileL'quipe (formerlyLAuto) is printed on yellow paper. Both thelatter promoted majorcycling races and their newsprint colours were
reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for
example the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey.
[edit]Circulation and readership
Main articles: List of newspapers in the World by circulation andNewspaper
circulation
A newspaper car in Germany in 1925. Operated by the Ullstein publishing
house, it distributed newspapers by road.
The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular
days (typically Sunday), is called the newspapers circulation and is one of
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the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not
necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are
distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation
figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this
is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for
those distributed free).
Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of theSoviet newspaperTrudexceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the SovietweeklyArgumenty i Fakty boasted the circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991.
According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers
the Yomiuri Shimbun,Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun with
circulations well above 5.5 million. GermanysBild, with a circulation of3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category.
In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 2.98 millioncopies distributed daily (late 2008).
In India, The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper,with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership
Survey, theDainik Jagran is the most-read, local-language (Hindi)newspaper, with 55.7 million readers.[20]
In the U.S., the Wall Street Journalhas a daily circulation of approximately2.01 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.[21]
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American newspaper vending machine featuring news of the 1984 Summer
Olympics.
A common measure of a newspapers health is market penetration,
expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the
newspaper against the total number of households in the papers market
area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved
market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household
received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with
newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to
a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It
wasnt until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below
100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent.[22]
Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For
example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday
and Saturday, or maybe only a workweeksubscription, or perhaps a dailysubscription.
Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either
at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a
matter of days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide
personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.
[edit]Advertising
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A typical 1950s layout of daily newspaper comic strips is seen in this pagefrom theLos Angeles Times (April 22, 1959). To see such full size, go toThe Daily Mirror.
The bulk of newspapers' revenue comes from advertising - the contribution
from sales is small by comparison. On average, a newspaper generates 80%
of its revenue from advertising and 20% from sales. The portion of the
newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter,or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to
those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express theiropinions.
Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers.
Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy
pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are
much less likely to do so now.[23] Additionally, newspapers are seeing
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traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category
is shifting to sites including craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites.
National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including
websites, rich media platforms, and mobile.
In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly
recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have
included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or
techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser
surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of apress
release than of an objective news story.
[edit]Journalism
Main article: Journalism
Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the
profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called
journalism.
In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the
United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite
the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies
on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II.
Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is
questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and
grammar; real or perceivedbias; and scandals involvingplagiarism and
fabrication.
In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-calledpress barons,
and were used either as a rich mans toy, or apolitical tool. More recently in
the United States, a number of newspapers are being run by large media
corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst
Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, MorrisCorporation, The Tribune Company, Hollinger International,News
Corporation.
Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the
exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who "leak"
stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers
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before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived
willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who
would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of
the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed.
Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in theop-ed("oppositethe editorial page") and letters to the editors sections of the paper.
Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are:
appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more
stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale
with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.
[edit]Future
Main article: Future of newspapers
Further information: Online Newspapers
The future of newspapers has been widely debated as the industry has faced
down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much
classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the
number ofnewspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has
risenespecially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of
its journalists since 2001.[24] Revenue has plunged while competition from
internet media has squeezed older print publishers.[24]
The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has
shaved profits,[25] and as once-explosive growth in newspaperweb revenues
has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an
important source of revenue.[26] At issue is whether the newspaper industry
faces a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete
newspapers in their traditional format.
Advantages[[Improve]
I assume that it is because newspapers are cheaply available, and they are
found everywhere, which means that they are readily available, making it
very convenient. Also, the newspapers that we know are very user-friendly,
as they contain lots of information rolled up into one-bits on food, fashion,
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politics, and many others. Other than that, nespapers are also generally easy
to recycle after reading. many other advantages that other mediums do not
have, is its mobility. People going to work may not carry notebook
computers with them all the time, and even then, they might not have
broadband. Also, some mobile phones might have the function to read your
news flashes, but they may be either too expensive or too looking at them
for too long a period might damage your eyes.
Newspapers might just be the best invention of their time. By definition, "A
newspaper is publication, usually issued daily or weekly, containing current
news, editorials, feature articles, and usually advertising."
However like every medium of communication, newspapers also have
advantages and disadvantages. I will first discuss its advantages.
For starters newspapers are cheap to purchase and one does not have to be
rich to buy them. They are also available almost everywhere and have a lot
of information all rolled up in one. A large number of people can be reached
in a given geographic area especially when the news concerns that area.
This information is from different beats of life, be it entertainment, politics,
sports, crime, religion etc. The writing is captivating, so that the reader's
attention is drawn right from the start. This is an important factor
considering the fact that people have very short attention spans, therefore
newspapers give the most important news in the very first paragraph. Soeven if we read the first paragraph of every article we know what the entire
article is about.
Newspapers are also very mobile, more so than lap and palm tops. One can
carry them anywhere and they are lighter than a laptop. In addition internet
access is not available everywhere in Pakistan. That is the reason why they
are more reliable than the other mediums. Load shedding and power failures
also don't affect newspaper reading or production.
newspaper
Publication usually issued daily, weekly, or at other regular times that
provides news, views, features, and other information of public interest and
often carries advertising. Forerunners of the modern newspaper appeared as
early as ancient Rome (seeActa). More or less regular papers printed frommovable type appeared in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands in the early
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17th century. The first English daily was The Daily Courant(1702 35).Though preceded by official papers, James Franklin'sNew-England Courant(1721) was the first independent newspaper in Britain's North American
colonies. By 1800 the principles of a free press and a basic formula for both
serious and popular papers were taking root in much of Europe and the U.S.
In the 19th century the number of U.S. papers and their circulations rose
dramatically, owing to wider literacy, broadening appeal, lower prices, and
technological advances in typesetting, printing, communications, and
transport. By late in the century, newspapers had achieved great power.
Competition for readers often led to sensationalism and, in the 20th century,
gave rise to the so-called tabloids (seeyellow journalism). Since 1900newspaper publishing worldwide has expanded greatly; in large countries it
has experienced consolidation driven by media conglomerates or through the
acquisitions of smaller papers by larger ones.
Background
A newspaper is a printed periodical whose purpose is to deliver news and
other information in an up-to-date, factual manner. Newspapers appear most
commonly in daily editions, but may also be issued twice a day or weekly.
While the content of a newspaper varies, it generally consists of a
predetermined combination of news, opinion, and advertising. The editorial
section is written by reporters and other journalists at the direction of editors
and may also be compiled from wire service reports. The advertising content
of a newspaper can be divided into two parts, classified and display.Classified ads are small, text-only items obtained via telephone and set into
the format by the classified advertising representative. Display ads are
obtained by sales representatives employed by the newspaper who actively
solicit local businesses for this larger, more visually oriented ad space.
A newspaper is printed on thinpapermade from a combination of recycled
matter and wood pulp, and is not intended to last very long. Large printing
presses, usually located at a plant separate from the editorial and advertising
headquarters, print the editions, and a network of delivery trucks bring themto the newsstands and geographical distribution centers for subscribers.
HistoryPublic officials in ancient Rome posted news of the day in a public
space, but it was not until the invention of the printing press in the late
Middle Ages that mass-produced printed matter became possible. One
hundred fifty years after the invention of printing from movable type by
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Johann Gutenberg in 1447, the first regular newspaper,Avisa Relation oderZeitung, appeared in Germany in the early 17th century. The first English-language newspaper, the Weekly Newes, began publishing in England in1622. Over the next few generations, small pamphlets and broadsheets were
the primary source of printed information in both England and the colonies
of North America, although they were generally geared toward business
matters. One of the first newspapers in the U.S. wasPublick OccurrencesBoth Foreign and Domestick, which began appearing in Boston in 1690.
These early prototypes of the newspaper eventually developed into
publications that appeared on a more regular basis in localized geographic
areas. At the time of the American Revolution, 35 newspapers were
published in the 13 colonies. Many of these papers and their successors over
the next few generations were concerned with political issues of the day and
were rather expensive. This changed during the 1830s, however, whentechnology and publicity popularized "penny papers." TheNew York Sunwas one of the first of these to gain widespread readership.
The development ofquicker, more efficient printing methods led to a rapid
growth of newspapers in the U.S. during the 19th century. As the country
expanded and new metropolitan centers sprang up, so did newspapers that
served the interests of the region. A growing literacy rate among the
populace also helped make such printed matter more popular and profitable.
In the latter decades of the 20th century, papers such as theNew York Timesand the Wall Street Journalhave become esteemed sources of news in theU.S. and have wide distribution outside of the cities where they are
produced.
Until the 1980s, many cities had more than one newspaper, and it was not
uncommon for a large city to have three or four competing dailies. By the
1990s, many papers had disappeared or merged so that only one or two
noncompeting papers coexisted in major cities. Smaller regional newspapers
provide a mix of local news with national and international items. Such
papers usually have correspondents in New York, Washington, D.C., and themajor cities of the world. Tabloid newspapers, presenting more sensational
news and features such as detailed crime stories, first appeared in the U.S. in
the 1920s. The word tabloid refers to the size of the printed page, which is
generally half the size of a standard newspaper.
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The Future
The demise of the printed word, especially in the form of a daily newspaper,
is periodically predicted to be imminent by industry analysts. The growth of
other news sources such as radio and 24-hour television news stations
has helped diminish the impact of newspapers, but the competition between
dailies in many cities has forced many of the weaker, less financially-viable
newspapers out of business. In many cities, joint-operating agreementsby
which two competing papers share business, advertising, and printing
departmentshas helped to keep two editorially distinct papers afloat.
Bypassing the printed newspaper altogether, on-line computer technology
has enabled consumers to pick and choose news from among their own
specific interests on the information superhighway. One site on the Internet,
one of the most popular providers of access to on-line information, allows aperson to create his or her own newspaper. A menu appears onscreen, and
the user selects stories from wire services, as well as entertainment features
and cartoons, and inserts them onto a template. This template can be
generated on a daily basis with a few keystrokes, producing an edition of a
customized newspaper almost instantly.
Newspapers in a Modern World
The year 1920 marks the line designating when a majority of Americans
lived in urban areas. The United States was changing, and news adapted tothe modern urban, technological, consumer society. The years since the era
of yellow journalism's sensationalism had seen an end to the massive growth
in the number of newspapers, although circulation continued to grow. The
industry had stabilized, advertising had become national in scope, reporters
were becoming higher educated and more professional, and the ownership of
newspapers by chains and groups became more common, a trend that
continued into the twenty-first century. Newspapers gained new competitors
in broadcast media. Newsreels in theaters provided an alternative in
presenting news, with moving pictures of events. The growth of the
advertising industry pushed the United States toward a consumer society and
greater use of brand names, and a professional public relations industry
developed.
Newspaper content continued to evolve, especially in the 1930s.
Competition pushed newspapers beyond presenting only the facts.
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Journalists sought to put facts into context. Newspaper content and style
became interrelated, and the industry moved toward interpretation, photos,
political columns, weekly review of news, and faster, more efficient
technology in gathering, printing, and distributing news. Full-time
columnists and editorial writers became more common. It was a time of
journalism of synthesis, as newspapers attempted to add to the news via such
techniques as daily and weekly interpretive news summaries, like theNewYork Times "Week in Review" section. Consolidation of mainstream paperscontinued, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt attacked what he called the
"monopoly press." Roosevelt's antagonism toward the press had long-term
ramifications as he started regular radio chats to bypass reporters. With the
Great Depression afflicting most people, the alternative and socialist press
thrived, especially social action newspapers like Dorothy Day's CatholicWorker, an influential alternative voice that actively opposed U.S.
involvement in World War II, costing it much of its circulation.
The war emphasized some of the weaknesses and strengths of American
newspapers. Their lack of coverage overseas left Americans unprepared for
the strength of the Axis forces, and they have taken some justified criticism
over the years for the lack of reporting on German restrictions on Jews
during this period. But the war also emphasized newspapers' strength in their
ability to change as needed. During the war the number of correspondents
blossomed, and they reported in a vast variety of styles, ranging from the
solid hard news of the wire services; through personal journalism like that of
Ernie Pyle, one of an estimated forty-nine correspondents killed in action; to
cartoonists like Bill Mauldin, whose "Willie" and "Joe" debated the war; to
photographers like Joe Rosenthal, whose photo of the flag raising on the
Pacific island ofIwo Jima symbolized American success.
Federal authorities censored and attempted to control newspapers, especially
the black press, which had more than doubled its circulation between 1933
and 1940 to 1.3 million people. J. Edgar Hoover's Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) had monitored the black press since World War I and
was concerned because it was becoming increasingly militant on racialmatters. The growth of the big three black newspapers, the Courier, the
Afro-American, and theDefender, changed the black press from small, low-circulation southern newspapers to mass-circulation, highly influential
northern ones. During World War II the black press was investigated by
seven government agencies, and an eighth, the War Production Board, was
accused of cutting newsprint supplies to black newspapers. Wildly popular
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among African Americans was the Courier's Double V platform, standingfor "victory abroad [on the battlefield] and victory at home" over racial
restrictions.
Much of the press faced a chill from government regulation and the public in
the Cold War period following World War II. TheSmith Act (1940), the
nation's firstpeacetime sedition act since 1801, prohibited advocacy of the
violent overthrow of the government. It was rarely used before 1949, when
public opinion turned violently anticommunist. Twelve journalists were
indicted. Many newspapers, now facing severe competition from television
for advertising dollars, turned right along with the nation. Although a lonely
few remained on the left, newspapers still attracted congressional
anticommunist investigations. Though some questioned Wisconsin Senator
Joseph McCarthy from the start of his anticommunist crusade, he easily
manipulated most American newspapers and wire services. McCarthyfollowed a pattern of launching vague charges shortly before deadlines so
they could not be questioned.
The growing disenchantment with newspapers by the public during the Cold
War intensified during the tumultuous 1960s and 1970s as a generational
divide among Americans was duplicated in newsrooms. Young reporters
pushed editors to challenge authority on such controversial topics as civil
rights, the counterculture, and antiwar activities. New forms of journalism
included personalized and activist reporting, which led to even more public
dissatisfaction with newspapers. The "new journalism" and criticism bygovernment figures caused a steep decline in public respect for the media
accompanied by circulation declines. In 1968 the pollster George Gallup
reported that the media had never been as poorly regarded by the public.
Then came Watergate. The press reported events in the investigation of a
break-in by Republican operatives at the Democratic Party national
headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel that culminated in the
resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974, and public dissatisfaction
with the press grew. Nixon's popularity had reached a peak of 68 percentafter a Vietnam peace treaty was signed in 1973, and many Americans felt
the media was out of touch.
The growing use of computers dramatically changed how newspapers were
produced, with significant savings in labor and improvement in quality.
Computers added depth to coverage and increased the use of color and
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graphics, especially after the 1980s. Serious reporting during Watergate was
notable, as was the courage of theNew York Times, the Washington Post,and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in publishing the Pentagon Papers, a secretreport detailing governmental decisions during the Vietnam War.
Continued newspaper consolidation coupled with more media companies
going public resulted, in the view of many, in a thirst for high profit margins
and caused continued concern in the industry, especially as the number of
independent metropolitan dailies declined to fewer than the fingers on one
hand by the beginning of the twenty-first century. Circulation actually was
rising, but at a rate far less than that of the population. In an attempt to
reverse the circulation weakness, the industry turned to consultants. A study
in 1979 for the American Society of Newspaper Editors changed the kinds
of news covered. It spotlighted as hot areas economic news, business news,
financial news, health news, personal safety, technology, and internationalnews. Many newspapers changed to include more of those areas, cutting
coverage of more traditional areas, such as government. Other studies added
to the changes in news focus, and the influence of market research reached
its peak with the founding in 1982 ofUSA Today, a five-day-a-week nationalnewspaper published by Gannett Corporation behind the guiding light of its
chairman Allen Neuharth. Gannett's research indicated that readers wanted
short stories that would not "jump" (would not continue on another page).
Readers liked sports, charts, and graphs and wanted information presented in
ways that could be absorbed quickly. The paper's success led many other
newspapers, especially those with continued readership weakness, to copy
the USA Today formula. After Neuharth's retirement, USA Today changedsome of its emphasis and by the twenty-first century was garnering the
journalists' praise that had eluded it earlier.
The new century found the newspaper industry in the same position as at the
founding of the nation, facing uncertainty and change. New challenges to its
prime product, news, came from the Internet and all-news cable television
channels. Most newspapers established online publications, but as with the
Internet in general, few had figured out how to make a consistent profit.Change started the newspaper story, and change ends it
Disadvantages
Because now no people have time to purchase and spendnewspapers everyday,they r referring to easier and faster methods ofmass media like internet [online newspaper] and television where
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news are shown in different channels within seconds. Nowadaysnewspapers contain many unnecessary articles and news andcontain more advertisements. Younger generation are not so muchinterested in newspapers. They are busy I-Ming, surfing the net,completing their home works, watching television, attending parties,playing computer games, shopping, dating, etc...............
It takes to much time,now a days it appears to beadvertisements,often add get a full page in newspaper,and youngpeople does not like it they prefer net,tv and fm for news
Bad bad bad optionn...Its just pages and pages..Young ppl like to be on the net for hours, i prefer any news and infofrm the net.Its quick. And you can get whatever info you want!!Like i am searching " the disadvantage of newspaper" fr my socioproject, i got this page.Not that you look for these info in the newspaper but you can get thelatest news too.So i think its pretty good if we search on the net.
It publishes political rumours,giving nonsense news,no proper
advertisements wastes the paper also results in cutting of more trees
By the time they get the new's printed its old and yesterdays new's.
Most of the articles printed so fast they don't get the true story
straight. On television you can get the new's sometimes while it is stillhappening .Newspaper is very useful with adults. Because they have
time and patient to each page.
Similar to every other advertising standard, newspapers also havedisadvantages. The most tricky issues in newspapers are that theyhave a very short life duration, people tend to read newspapers
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quickly and once. The normal life span of a daily newspaper is only24 hours, so the life span of the as is limited.Generally newspapers are messy with commercials, mainly orsupermarket advertising days on Sundays, when information excessreduces the effect of any single advertisement. Even supplementalbenefits are so bulky that they signify extra newspaper clutter.Even if newspapers have extensive market coverage's, certainmarket groups are not regular readers. For example, newspapersconventionally have no reached a large part of the less than 20 agegroup. The same is true of the aged and those speaking a foreignlanguage for national advertisers because of cost and the fact thatthere are few national newspapers.Newspapers undergo from the same restriction shared by all printmedia. Certain products should not be advertised in newspapers,
such as those that require display. Also products that consumers donot expect to find advertised in newspapers, such as qualifiedservices and trade people might be easily unseen.The incredible growth of metropolitan areas has made it difficult fornewspapers to supply one of their main benefits on time delivery.
Newspapers often have a political bias and give a slanted version ofcurrent events. For centuries papers have been the way people havelearned about events taking place in other parts of the country oreven the world. TV and the internet have become the true windowson the world