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Newspaper

A newspaper is apublication containing news, information, and advertising.

General-interest newspapers often

feature articles onpolitical events,

crime,business, art/entertainment,

society and sports. Most traditional

papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express the

personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections may contain

advertising, comics, and coupons.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including

editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries;

entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather

news and forecasts; advice, gossip, food and other columns; critical reviewsof movies, plays and restaurants; classified ads; display ads, editorial

cartoons and comic strips.

o

[edit]Definition

Newspapers are typically expected to meet four criteria:[1][2]

Publicity: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public. Periodicity: It is published at regular intervals.

Currency: Its information is up to date.

Universality: It covers a range of topics.

[edit]History

[edit]Gazettes and bulletins

Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official

government bulletins were circulated at times in some centralized empires.The increased cross-border interaction in early capitalist Europe created a

rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten

newssheets. However, none of these publications fully met the classical

criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the

general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-edhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_adshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-edhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_adshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-0%23cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=3

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In Ancient Rome,Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins,were made public by Julius Caesar. They were carved in metal or stone and

posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated

among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third

centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, theKaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of theCourt") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was

handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the

first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late

Ming Dynasty;[3]

In 1556, the government ofVenice first published the monthlyNotiziescritte, which cost one gazetta.[4] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters

and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly andefficiently throughout Europe, more specifically Italy, during the early

modern era (1500-1700) sharing some characteristics of newspapers

though usually not considered true newspapers.[5]

[edit]Newspapers

[edit]Europe

Title page of Carolus'Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper

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The German-languageRelation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdigenHistorien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, isoften recognized as the first newspaper.[6][7] At the time, Strasbourg was a

free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the first

newspaper ofmodern Germany was theAvisa, published in 1609 inAugsburg.

The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. of 1618 was the first toappear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade,

quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they

were published in their own country.[8]

The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc.,was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or

weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, Franceand the Low Countreys. was published in England by an "N.B." (generallythought to be eitherNathaniel ButterorNicholas Bourne) and Thomas

Archer.[9]

The first newspaper in France was published in 1631,La Gazette (originallypublished as Gazette de France).[4]

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar(founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was firstpublished in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence,

though it now publishes solely online.[10]

Opregte Haarlemsche Courantfrom Haarlem, first published in 1656, is theoldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper

Haarlems Dagbladin 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Sincethen the Haarlems Dagblad appears with the subtitle Oprechte HaerlemseCourant 1656and considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still

publishing.

The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from1702 to 1735.[8][11]

Stamford Mercury first published in Stamford, England in 1695

[edit]North America

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Untitled watercolor of a man reading a newspaper, about 1863, by Henry

Louis Stephens. The paper's headline reports the Emancipation

Proclamation.

Front page ofThe New York Times on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918.

In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris publishedPublick Occurrences BothForreign and Domestick[sic]. This is considered the first newspaper in theAmerican colonies even though only one edition was published before the

paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed TheBoston News-Letterto be published and it became the first continuouslypublished newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began

publishing in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed

the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried

news from Britain and content depended on the editors interests. In 1783,

thePennsylvania Evening Postbecame the first American daily.

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In 1751, John Bushell published theHalifax Gazette, the first Canadiannewspaper.

[edit]Industrial Revolution

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and SouthAmerica, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them

developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and

cultural preferences.[12] Advances in printing technology related to the

Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely

circulated means of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquireda printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.[13]

Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation

made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of thepopulation. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market:

Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript.[14] Penny press papers cost about onesixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.[15]

[edit]Impact of television and Internet

By the late 1990s the availability of news via 24-hour television channels

and then the Internet posed an ongoing challenge to thebusiness model of

most newspapers in developed countries. Paid circulation has declined,

while advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of most newspapersincome has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a

general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched

online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience.

However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution,

increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more

than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers

continue to grow.[16]

[edit]Categories

While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually

geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by

their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly

business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some

weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these

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may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the

local gay community.

[edit]Daily

Israeli daily newspaperHaaretz, seen in its Hebrew and English editions

A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of

Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist,

Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more

specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the

majority of these newspapers staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday

and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content

that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning.

Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office

workers.

[edit]Weekly

Weekly newspapers are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers. In

some cases, there also are newspapers that are published twice or three times

a week. In the United States, such newspapers are generally still classified as

weeklies.

[edit]National

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the

whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper

serving a city or region. In the United Kingdom, there are numerous national

newspapers, including The Independent, The Times, The Daily Telegraph,The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily Expressand The Daily Mirror. In the United States and Canada, there are few

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national newspapers. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that

dominate the area. Certain newspapers, notably The New York Times, TheWall Street Journaland USA Today in the US, and The Globe and MailandThe National Postin Canada are available throughout the country. In India,where Internet penetration is too low when compared to other developed

countries, newspapers like Times of India, The Hindu,Hindustan Times etcare the only source of information for rural and urban people. Large

metropolitan newspapers have also expanded distribution networks and with

effort can be found outside their normal area.

Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South

Carolina, United States.

[edit]International

There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterised asinternational newspapers. Some, such as TheInternational Herald Tribune,have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers

or "international editions" of national-scale or large metropolitan

newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove

articles that might not interest the wider range of readers.

As English has become the international language of business and

technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English

languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as

varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed to a local and

international English-speaking public. The advent of the Internet has also

allowed the non-English newspapers to put out a scaled-down English

version to give their newspaper a global outreach.

[edit]Online

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Main article: Online newspaper

Diario de Pernambuco, founded in 1825 is the first newspaper in all SouthAmerica.

Virtually all printed newspapers have online editions, which depending on

the country may be regulated by journalism organizations such as thePress

Complaints Commission in the UK.[17] But as some publishers find their

print-based models increasingly unsustainable, Web-based "newspapers"

have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporterin the UK and theSeattle Post-Intelligencer,[18] which stopped publishing in print after 149years in March 2009 and went online only.

[edit]Employment

Job titles within the newspaper industry vary greatly. In the United States,

the overall manager of the newspaper sometimes also the owner may

be termed thepublisher. This usage is less common outside the U.S., but

throughout the English-speaking world the person responsible for content is

usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-

chief, executive editor, and so on, are common.

[edit]Zoned and other editions

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and

editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to

reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content

often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising the quantity

and layout of which affects the space available for editorial or may

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contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not

change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific

editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often

produced in parallel.

Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the

night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception

of zoned regionals, in which it is often the B section of local news that

undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news

available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with

one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The

previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to

fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both

theNew York Times and Wall Street Journaloffer a regional edition, printed

through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. TheJournals global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.[19]

[edit]Format

The Times of India press on the outskirts ofDelhi

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:

Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23 by 15 inches), generally

associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trendtowards "compact" newspapers is changing this.

Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by

11 inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to

broadsheets. Examples: The Sun, The National Enquirer, TheNational Ledger, The Star Magazine,New York Post, the ChicagoSun-Times,The Globe.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-18%23cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Enquirerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_National_Ledger&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_National_Ledger&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(magazine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_(tabloid)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TOI_press.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#cite_note-18%23cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Enquirerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_National_Ledger&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_National_Ledger&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(magazine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Posthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_(tabloid)

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BerlinerorMidi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18 by 12 inches) used by

European papers such asLe Monde in France,La Stampa in Italy,ElPais in Spain and, since 12 September 2005, The Guardian in theUnited Kingdom.

Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as

newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away

from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process,

offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software,

graphics software, digital cameras and digitalprepress and typesetting

technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These

technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and

graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed oncoloured newsprint. For example, theFinancial Times is printed on adistinctive salmon pink paper, and Sheffields weekly sports publication

derives its name, the Green Un, from the traditional colour of its paper. TheItalian sports newspaperLa Gazzetta dello Sportis also printed on pink

paper whileL'quipe (formerlyLAuto) is printed on yellow paper. Both thelatter promoted majorcycling races and their newsprint colours were

reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for

example the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey.

[edit]Circulation and readership

Main articles: List of newspapers in the World by circulation andNewspaper

circulation

A newspaper car in Germany in 1925. Operated by the Ullstein publishing

house, it distributed newspapers by road.

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular

days (typically Sunday), is called the newspapers circulation and is one of

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the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not

necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are

distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation

figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this

is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for

those distributed free).

Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of theSoviet newspaperTrudexceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the SovietweeklyArgumenty i Fakty boasted the circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991.

According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers

the Yomiuri Shimbun,Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun with

circulations well above 5.5 million. GermanysBild, with a circulation of3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category.

In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 2.98 millioncopies distributed daily (late 2008).

In India, The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper,with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership

Survey, theDainik Jagran is the most-read, local-language (Hindi)newspaper, with 55.7 million readers.[20]

In the U.S., the Wall Street Journalhas a daily circulation of approximately2.01 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.[21]

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American newspaper vending machine featuring news of the 1984 Summer

Olympics.

A common measure of a newspapers health is market penetration,

expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the

newspaper against the total number of households in the papers market

area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved

market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household

received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with

newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to

a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It

wasnt until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below

100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent.[22]

Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For

example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday

and Saturday, or maybe only a workweeksubscription, or perhaps a dailysubscription.

Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either

at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a

matter of days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide

personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

[edit]Advertising

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A typical 1950s layout of daily newspaper comic strips is seen in this pagefrom theLos Angeles Times (April 22, 1959). To see such full size, go toThe Daily Mirror.

The bulk of newspapers' revenue comes from advertising - the contribution

from sales is small by comparison. On average, a newspaper generates 80%

of its revenue from advertising and 20% from sales. The portion of the

newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter,or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to

those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express theiropinions.

Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers.

Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy

pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are

much less likely to do so now.[23] Additionally, newspapers are seeing

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traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category

is shifting to sites including craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites.

National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including

websites, rich media platforms, and mobile.

In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly

recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have

included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or

techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser

surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of apress

release than of an objective news story.

[edit]Journalism

Main article: Journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the

profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called

journalism.

In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the

United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite

the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies

on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II.

Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is

questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and

grammar; real or perceivedbias; and scandals involvingplagiarism and

fabrication.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-calledpress barons,

and were used either as a rich mans toy, or apolitical tool. More recently in

the United States, a number of newspapers are being run by large media

corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst

Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, MorrisCorporation, The Tribune Company, Hollinger International,News

Corporation.

Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the

exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who "leak"

stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_releasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_releasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_baronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Media_Enterprises_LLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_releasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_releasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newspaper&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_baronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Enterpriseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Media_Enterprises_LLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation

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before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived

willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who

would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of

the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed.

Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in theop-ed("oppositethe editorial page") and letters to the editors sections of the paper.

Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are:

appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more

stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale

with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.

[edit]Future

Main article: Future of newspapers

Further information: Online Newspapers

The future of newspapers has been widely debated as the industry has faced

down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much

classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the

number ofnewspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has

risenespecially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of

its journalists since 2001.[24] Revenue has plunged while competition from

internet media has squeezed older print publishers.[24]

The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has

shaved profits,[25] and as once-explosive growth in newspaperweb revenues

has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an

important source of revenue.[26] At issue is whether the newspaper industry

faces a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete

newspapers in their traditional format.

Advantages[[Improve]

I assume that it is because newspapers are cheaply available, and they are

found everywhere, which means that they are readily available, making it

very convenient. Also, the newspapers that we know are very user-friendly,

as they contain lots of information rolled up into one-bits on food, fashion,

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politics, and many others. Other than that, nespapers are also generally easy

to recycle after reading. many other advantages that other mediums do not

have, is its mobility. People going to work may not carry notebook

computers with them all the time, and even then, they might not have

broadband. Also, some mobile phones might have the function to read your

news flashes, but they may be either too expensive or too looking at them

for too long a period might damage your eyes.

Newspapers might just be the best invention of their time. By definition, "A

newspaper is publication, usually issued daily or weekly, containing current

news, editorials, feature articles, and usually advertising."

However like every medium of communication, newspapers also have

advantages and disadvantages. I will first discuss its advantages.

For starters newspapers are cheap to purchase and one does not have to be

rich to buy them. They are also available almost everywhere and have a lot

of information all rolled up in one. A large number of people can be reached

in a given geographic area especially when the news concerns that area.

This information is from different beats of life, be it entertainment, politics,

sports, crime, religion etc. The writing is captivating, so that the reader's

attention is drawn right from the start. This is an important factor

considering the fact that people have very short attention spans, therefore

newspapers give the most important news in the very first paragraph. Soeven if we read the first paragraph of every article we know what the entire

article is about.

Newspapers are also very mobile, more so than lap and palm tops. One can

carry them anywhere and they are lighter than a laptop. In addition internet

access is not available everywhere in Pakistan. That is the reason why they

are more reliable than the other mediums. Load shedding and power failures

also don't affect newspaper reading or production.

newspaper

Publication usually issued daily, weekly, or at other regular times that

provides news, views, features, and other information of public interest and

often carries advertising. Forerunners of the modern newspaper appeared as

early as ancient Rome (seeActa). More or less regular papers printed frommovable type appeared in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands in the early

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17th century. The first English daily was The Daily Courant(1702 35).Though preceded by official papers, James Franklin'sNew-England Courant(1721) was the first independent newspaper in Britain's North American

colonies. By 1800 the principles of a free press and a basic formula for both

serious and popular papers were taking root in much of Europe and the U.S.

In the 19th century the number of U.S. papers and their circulations rose

dramatically, owing to wider literacy, broadening appeal, lower prices, and

technological advances in typesetting, printing, communications, and

transport. By late in the century, newspapers had achieved great power.

Competition for readers often led to sensationalism and, in the 20th century,

gave rise to the so-called tabloids (seeyellow journalism). Since 1900newspaper publishing worldwide has expanded greatly; in large countries it

has experienced consolidation driven by media conglomerates or through the

acquisitions of smaller papers by larger ones.

Background

A newspaper is a printed periodical whose purpose is to deliver news and

other information in an up-to-date, factual manner. Newspapers appear most

commonly in daily editions, but may also be issued twice a day or weekly.

While the content of a newspaper varies, it generally consists of a

predetermined combination of news, opinion, and advertising. The editorial

section is written by reporters and other journalists at the direction of editors

and may also be compiled from wire service reports. The advertising content

of a newspaper can be divided into two parts, classified and display.Classified ads are small, text-only items obtained via telephone and set into

the format by the classified advertising representative. Display ads are

obtained by sales representatives employed by the newspaper who actively

solicit local businesses for this larger, more visually oriented ad space.

A newspaper is printed on thinpapermade from a combination of recycled

matter and wood pulp, and is not intended to last very long. Large printing

presses, usually located at a plant separate from the editorial and advertising

headquarters, print the editions, and a network of delivery trucks bring themto the newsstands and geographical distribution centers for subscribers.

HistoryPublic officials in ancient Rome posted news of the day in a public

space, but it was not until the invention of the printing press in the late

Middle Ages that mass-produced printed matter became possible. One

hundred fifty years after the invention of printing from movable type by

http://www.answers.com/topic/yellow-journalismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/predetermined-1http://www.answers.com/topic/solicithttp://www.answers.com/topic/paperhttp://www.answers.com/topic/movablehttp://www.answers.com/topic/yellow-journalismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/predetermined-1http://www.answers.com/topic/solicithttp://www.answers.com/topic/paperhttp://www.answers.com/topic/movable

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Johann Gutenberg in 1447, the first regular newspaper,Avisa Relation oderZeitung, appeared in Germany in the early 17th century. The first English-language newspaper, the Weekly Newes, began publishing in England in1622. Over the next few generations, small pamphlets and broadsheets were

the primary source of printed information in both England and the colonies

of North America, although they were generally geared toward business

matters. One of the first newspapers in the U.S. wasPublick OccurrencesBoth Foreign and Domestick, which began appearing in Boston in 1690.

These early prototypes of the newspaper eventually developed into

publications that appeared on a more regular basis in localized geographic

areas. At the time of the American Revolution, 35 newspapers were

published in the 13 colonies. Many of these papers and their successors over

the next few generations were concerned with political issues of the day and

were rather expensive. This changed during the 1830s, however, whentechnology and publicity popularized "penny papers." TheNew York Sunwas one of the first of these to gain widespread readership.

The development ofquicker, more efficient printing methods led to a rapid

growth of newspapers in the U.S. during the 19th century. As the country

expanded and new metropolitan centers sprang up, so did newspapers that

served the interests of the region. A growing literacy rate among the

populace also helped make such printed matter more popular and profitable.

In the latter decades of the 20th century, papers such as theNew York Timesand the Wall Street Journalhave become esteemed sources of news in theU.S. and have wide distribution outside of the cities where they are

produced.

Until the 1980s, many cities had more than one newspaper, and it was not

uncommon for a large city to have three or four competing dailies. By the

1990s, many papers had disappeared or merged so that only one or two

noncompeting papers coexisted in major cities. Smaller regional newspapers

provide a mix of local news with national and international items. Such

papers usually have correspondents in New York, Washington, D.C., and themajor cities of the world. Tabloid newspapers, presenting more sensational

news and features such as detailed crime stories, first appeared in the U.S. in

the 1920s. The word tabloid refers to the size of the printed page, which is

generally half the size of a standard newspaper.

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The Future

The demise of the printed word, especially in the form of a daily newspaper,

is periodically predicted to be imminent by industry analysts. The growth of

other news sources such as radio and 24-hour television news stations

has helped diminish the impact of newspapers, but the competition between

dailies in many cities has forced many of the weaker, less financially-viable

newspapers out of business. In many cities, joint-operating agreementsby

which two competing papers share business, advertising, and printing

departmentshas helped to keep two editorially distinct papers afloat.

Bypassing the printed newspaper altogether, on-line computer technology

has enabled consumers to pick and choose news from among their own

specific interests on the information superhighway. One site on the Internet,

one of the most popular providers of access to on-line information, allows aperson to create his or her own newspaper. A menu appears onscreen, and

the user selects stories from wire services, as well as entertainment features

and cartoons, and inserts them onto a template. This template can be

generated on a daily basis with a few keystrokes, producing an edition of a

customized newspaper almost instantly.

Newspapers in a Modern World

The year 1920 marks the line designating when a majority of Americans

lived in urban areas. The United States was changing, and news adapted tothe modern urban, technological, consumer society. The years since the era

of yellow journalism's sensationalism had seen an end to the massive growth

in the number of newspapers, although circulation continued to grow. The

industry had stabilized, advertising had become national in scope, reporters

were becoming higher educated and more professional, and the ownership of

newspapers by chains and groups became more common, a trend that

continued into the twenty-first century. Newspapers gained new competitors

in broadcast media. Newsreels in theaters provided an alternative in

presenting news, with moving pictures of events. The growth of the

advertising industry pushed the United States toward a consumer society and

greater use of brand names, and a professional public relations industry

developed.

Newspaper content continued to evolve, especially in the 1930s.

Competition pushed newspapers beyond presenting only the facts.

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Journalists sought to put facts into context. Newspaper content and style

became interrelated, and the industry moved toward interpretation, photos,

political columns, weekly review of news, and faster, more efficient

technology in gathering, printing, and distributing news. Full-time

columnists and editorial writers became more common. It was a time of

journalism of synthesis, as newspapers attempted to add to the news via such

techniques as daily and weekly interpretive news summaries, like theNewYork Times "Week in Review" section. Consolidation of mainstream paperscontinued, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt attacked what he called the

"monopoly press." Roosevelt's antagonism toward the press had long-term

ramifications as he started regular radio chats to bypass reporters. With the

Great Depression afflicting most people, the alternative and socialist press

thrived, especially social action newspapers like Dorothy Day's CatholicWorker, an influential alternative voice that actively opposed U.S.

involvement in World War II, costing it much of its circulation.

The war emphasized some of the weaknesses and strengths of American

newspapers. Their lack of coverage overseas left Americans unprepared for

the strength of the Axis forces, and they have taken some justified criticism

over the years for the lack of reporting on German restrictions on Jews

during this period. But the war also emphasized newspapers' strength in their

ability to change as needed. During the war the number of correspondents

blossomed, and they reported in a vast variety of styles, ranging from the

solid hard news of the wire services; through personal journalism like that of

Ernie Pyle, one of an estimated forty-nine correspondents killed in action; to

cartoonists like Bill Mauldin, whose "Willie" and "Joe" debated the war; to

photographers like Joe Rosenthal, whose photo of the flag raising on the

Pacific island ofIwo Jima symbolized American success.

Federal authorities censored and attempted to control newspapers, especially

the black press, which had more than doubled its circulation between 1933

and 1940 to 1.3 million people. J. Edgar Hoover's Federal Bureau of

Investigation (FBI) had monitored the black press since World War I and

was concerned because it was becoming increasingly militant on racialmatters. The growth of the big three black newspapers, the Courier, the

Afro-American, and theDefender, changed the black press from small, low-circulation southern newspapers to mass-circulation, highly influential

northern ones. During World War II the black press was investigated by

seven government agencies, and an eighth, the War Production Board, was

accused of cutting newsprint supplies to black newspapers. Wildly popular

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among African Americans was the Courier's Double V platform, standingfor "victory abroad [on the battlefield] and victory at home" over racial

restrictions.

Much of the press faced a chill from government regulation and the public in

the Cold War period following World War II. TheSmith Act (1940), the

nation's firstpeacetime sedition act since 1801, prohibited advocacy of the

violent overthrow of the government. It was rarely used before 1949, when

public opinion turned violently anticommunist. Twelve journalists were

indicted. Many newspapers, now facing severe competition from television

for advertising dollars, turned right along with the nation. Although a lonely

few remained on the left, newspapers still attracted congressional

anticommunist investigations. Though some questioned Wisconsin Senator

Joseph McCarthy from the start of his anticommunist crusade, he easily

manipulated most American newspapers and wire services. McCarthyfollowed a pattern of launching vague charges shortly before deadlines so

they could not be questioned.

The growing disenchantment with newspapers by the public during the Cold

War intensified during the tumultuous 1960s and 1970s as a generational

divide among Americans was duplicated in newsrooms. Young reporters

pushed editors to challenge authority on such controversial topics as civil

rights, the counterculture, and antiwar activities. New forms of journalism

included personalized and activist reporting, which led to even more public

dissatisfaction with newspapers. The "new journalism" and criticism bygovernment figures caused a steep decline in public respect for the media

accompanied by circulation declines. In 1968 the pollster George Gallup

reported that the media had never been as poorly regarded by the public.

Then came Watergate. The press reported events in the investigation of a

break-in by Republican operatives at the Democratic Party national

headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel that culminated in the

resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974, and public dissatisfaction

with the press grew. Nixon's popularity had reached a peak of 68 percentafter a Vietnam peace treaty was signed in 1973, and many Americans felt

the media was out of touch.

The growing use of computers dramatically changed how newspapers were

produced, with significant savings in labor and improvement in quality.

Computers added depth to coverage and increased the use of color and

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graphics, especially after the 1980s. Serious reporting during Watergate was

notable, as was the courage of theNew York Times, the Washington Post,and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in publishing the Pentagon Papers, a secretreport detailing governmental decisions during the Vietnam War.

Continued newspaper consolidation coupled with more media companies

going public resulted, in the view of many, in a thirst for high profit margins

and caused continued concern in the industry, especially as the number of

independent metropolitan dailies declined to fewer than the fingers on one

hand by the beginning of the twenty-first century. Circulation actually was

rising, but at a rate far less than that of the population. In an attempt to

reverse the circulation weakness, the industry turned to consultants. A study

in 1979 for the American Society of Newspaper Editors changed the kinds

of news covered. It spotlighted as hot areas economic news, business news,

financial news, health news, personal safety, technology, and internationalnews. Many newspapers changed to include more of those areas, cutting

coverage of more traditional areas, such as government. Other studies added

to the changes in news focus, and the influence of market research reached

its peak with the founding in 1982 ofUSA Today, a five-day-a-week nationalnewspaper published by Gannett Corporation behind the guiding light of its

chairman Allen Neuharth. Gannett's research indicated that readers wanted

short stories that would not "jump" (would not continue on another page).

Readers liked sports, charts, and graphs and wanted information presented in

ways that could be absorbed quickly. The paper's success led many other

newspapers, especially those with continued readership weakness, to copy

the USA Today formula. After Neuharth's retirement, USA Today changedsome of its emphasis and by the twenty-first century was garnering the

journalists' praise that had eluded it earlier.

The new century found the newspaper industry in the same position as at the

founding of the nation, facing uncertainty and change. New challenges to its

prime product, news, came from the Internet and all-news cable television

channels. Most newspapers established online publications, but as with the

Internet in general, few had figured out how to make a consistent profit.Change started the newspaper story, and change ends it

Disadvantages

Because now no people have time to purchase and spendnewspapers everyday,they r referring to easier and faster methods ofmass media like internet [online newspaper] and television where

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news are shown in different channels within seconds. Nowadaysnewspapers contain many unnecessary articles and news andcontain more advertisements. Younger generation are not so muchinterested in newspapers. They are busy I-Ming, surfing the net,completing their home works, watching television, attending parties,playing computer games, shopping, dating, etc...............

It takes to much time,now a days it appears to beadvertisements,often add get a full page in newspaper,and youngpeople does not like it they prefer net,tv and fm for news

Bad bad bad optionn...Its just pages and pages..Young ppl like to be on the net for hours, i prefer any news and infofrm the net.Its quick. And you can get whatever info you want!!Like i am searching " the disadvantage of newspaper" fr my socioproject, i got this page.Not that you look for these info in the newspaper but you can get thelatest news too.So i think its pretty good if we search on the net.

It publishes political rumours,giving nonsense news,no proper

advertisements wastes the paper also results in cutting of more trees

By the time they get the new's printed its old and yesterdays new's.

Most of the articles printed so fast they don't get the true story

straight. On television you can get the new's sometimes while it is stillhappening .Newspaper is very useful with adults. Because they have

time and patient to each page.

Similar to every other advertising standard, newspapers also havedisadvantages. The most tricky issues in newspapers are that theyhave a very short life duration, people tend to read newspapers

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quickly and once. The normal life span of a daily newspaper is only24 hours, so the life span of the as is limited.Generally newspapers are messy with commercials, mainly orsupermarket advertising days on Sundays, when information excessreduces the effect of any single advertisement. Even supplementalbenefits are so bulky that they signify extra newspaper clutter.Even if newspapers have extensive market coverage's, certainmarket groups are not regular readers. For example, newspapersconventionally have no reached a large part of the less than 20 agegroup. The same is true of the aged and those speaking a foreignlanguage for national advertisers because of cost and the fact thatthere are few national newspapers.Newspapers undergo from the same restriction shared by all printmedia. Certain products should not be advertised in newspapers,

such as those that require display. Also products that consumers donot expect to find advertised in newspapers, such as qualifiedservices and trade people might be easily unseen.The incredible growth of metropolitan areas has made it difficult fornewspapers to supply one of their main benefits on time delivery.

Newspapers often have a political bias and give a slanted version ofcurrent events. For centuries papers have been the way people havelearned about events taking place in other parts of the country oreven the world. TV and the internet have become the true windowson the world