Stem Study Guide Answers
1. Introduction & Diagram Monocot Dicot
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2. Functions
• Support leaves & flowers
• Transport water, minerals, & food
• Some also store excess food &/or photosynthesize
3. Herbaceous vs. Woody Stems• Herbaceous - soft, green & can
photosynthesize
-examples: petunias, carnations
• Woody - hard & rigid with cork &
vascular cambium
-examples: conifers, perennial
dicots
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4. Stems & Food Storage
• Corms - short, thick underground stem with leaf scales (gladiolus)
• Tubers - swollen underground stem with buds (potato)
• Rhizomes - horizontal underground stems that store food (iris)
4. Stems & Food Storage
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5. Benefit of food storage in stems
• Helps plant survive drought or cold and enable it to grow from year to year
6. Herbaceous stem - most abundant tissue
• Pith - lightweight space filler
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7. Tissue in herbaceous dicots but NOT monocots?
• Cambium
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8. Herbaceous Monocot vs. Dicot?
• Monocots have scattered vascular bundles whereas dicots have bundles arranged in a ring around the cambium
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9. Woody Stem Diagram
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10. Tree Cross Section & Aging
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11. Cause of Annual Rings?
• Seasonal changes
- springwood has many large vessels
= light rings
-summerwood (late in the season) has
fewer, smaller vessels = dark rings
12. Heartwood vs. Sapwood
• Heartwood - clogged xylem at center of
woody stem (non-functional)
& darker due to resins,
gums, & tannins
• Sapwood - lighter, functional xylem on
outer edges of stem
12. Heartwood vs. Sapwood
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13. Bark
• Tough, corky tissue that protects the stem from damage by insects & herbivores; also protects against water loss &
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14. Bark Tissues
• Bark is composed of:
-cork
-cork cambium
-cortex
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15. Phloem• Phloem can transport other substances
besides sugar, such as hormones, amino acids, & viruses
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16. True or False:Primary growth is growth in
diameter.
False; primary growth is growth in length
17. True or False: Buds for new leaves usually grow at
the nodes
• True
The End
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