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Fora
New Criique ofPolitical Economy
BERNARD STIEGLER
rtdb
niel oss
polit
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AN _ C fAt; Gi!
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T in l I br AI sai . G l MP G Bmi c
T pubi a w or UR O .r 0 ,i . Ua;I, � pi a •
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tv I rP i� •/roh b l p "1.y uU1 ;
F fuh nto On 1 i 1 : pim
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CONTES
For a New Critiqu o Pota Enmy 1
Heads burid n he n: a warg
Iroducton 8
haacog of th pl!tt 1
To work 5
hg Cpitl an n
Cnbun
Nom
Il
71
130
14
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For a New Critique of PoliticlEonomy
ForAn/fuic I'EpiuImd Chs/tl ri
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ON
Heads buried n the sand: a
wanng
e [hss put owad in tis smal volume wee rstt aU( on Janua 15. 009 at te Maiso" I'E,ding a ectre wih vyne Groman and theCo/t nr;nal dt ph;[sopb nvited me (0 delve,and hey we so discssed in my conibution 1 te
atalogue or "Work: Manng and Ca, n tion held in Desden fm ne 2009 t Mr 0 I 0
at te initiativ o te esches Hygene-Musehe Geman F Cltua oundaion and anielTds.
1
decded 0 psh h rons in te mist o nomic d po deat tang pa� tghotte wold aot te necessiy o mpementing stimuls plans n oder [0 imit (he d structive e ects of he rt ptay economc cisis of th capitalSt indus-ial word. Now wen in suc debates "inv stment stimuls" and consmption stimulus ar: sken of in opposing [es, tO d stin t qusrions become con-f, qstons hat, in fact do eie smultneusratment yet acoding to tO di erent scals of time,
3
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fOR A NEW CRITIQUE
: du whh i al the geate. gven ha th� pm
cris htud /Ih' COlm' od.Those\ho advocae muang onsmpion he
h to eonomc rove want nhe o hea nor
peak about the en of consumerm Bu he French
governmen whch dvo stimuang invtment
s no more wlng ha hose who advoca tmua·ing conumpin to C1l [he onmeit indal
mode n qesio e nh veron oftmulaing
nvesmen" (whch ems mo uhtle when t come
rom Baack Obama) arges ha the et wa (0 51Ve
consumption hugh invesm, h y restring
protabli whch wll in r rstore an etrepre
neura dnamsm iself founded upon onsumerim
and s ounerpar markediven prodctvism
n ohe words hs nvmen' popo no ong
erm vw apabe o dawng any leson om te
oase of an ndStia mo bed on the automobie,
on o and on he onsrcton o hghway newoks a
we s on he Heen nework o he c nds·
tri hi enemble h untl reeny formed e bao onsmeism ye today t is osoee a C whch
becme clear urng he auumn of 208. In otherwords his nvsment" s no an esmen: i ison the
ontay a dilv, an abdcaon whh onssS
in dong no moe han big01S h�ad th� Wd
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H bUTi in I" san d:Iwlmig
is "nvsmen ply whh ha n gal thet the
recnson f he cnsumes md, she traslain f a mbun i esperay(ng plng he fe f a mel whc hs «meself-esuce enying an cncealing f as lng aspsbe the Ct tar he cnsumeris me is nw mssvy txic a [xiciy exening beyn he qustn
f tc asets) beaue ha 'Jhe is lm. Tsenal s a maer f ting fr as lng s psbe tmainain he clsal p ha an be accue bythe capable f epliing iI
e cnsumest md has ache s limis bcause
has becme ysemically shemis buse hasgiven se t a JUmic upid ha sftrl pVS
Ul Tomtutin fa kg-t hrzn. is nvtmen s nt an nvment aring 0 any tems hehan he f pue acun: it is a pure an simpl
estaishment f e Ue f thngs yng ebute inusria ansp withut at al changing t ucue stll ls s ams a n he hpe f prcngncme evels ha ha hihet bn ahevable
Sch may e the hp bu ts ae the lse hps
hse wth bue has e genune bj� f ebaeraise by he isis an by he quen hw (Q esapehs criss ught be hw vrme the shrtemsm t whh we hae been le by a cnsmeism
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FOR A NW CRIT1QUE
intrinsically destructiv of all gnuin nvsment-tha
is,of invent in e r-a sorter is wias Jysica, nd 10t dm bee trnslaed nto
[e coposo ofilvent io pruol.
We we us in order ( avoid a majo eco
nomc catastope, nd o aenuat te social injustc
caused b te crisis, stmulate consuption ad t conoc ma<Sch a si is is a qestion as urgn as
it s lgitiats long as suc a polcy dos not smpl
aggravate te situaion at te COSt o llions nd bil
lions of euos o ollars wle at te sa ti maskng
t true question wic s to produce a vision and apoltl will capabl of progesive oig wy o
the Oloico-poiL opx of C01p'iol so asJ
n io th op of w p of ilVJ wic
must be a soc nd poliil invesmnt or, n oer ·
words n nvset in a coo dese ta is inwa Astl cld phi and wic would tn orm
t bsis of a nw tpe o economic investmnt.
Bewen t absolut rgnc wc obviousl
imposes t imrativ o alvagg t prsn
sittioad of avoding e passage om a gobaleconoc csis to a gobal politicl crisis ha igt
t unles mita conts o global dimnsios
and te absolu necessy tat conssts in podUCig a
otenti ue in t fom of a political and socal will
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Hm bured i tl sand: a waig
apabl f mig a be wih t prent itatn,
te is deay a condtio. Suh a ntn isaactistic wat happen t a yna te in
tis cae t inta syte an t b capiait
yte) nce it as beg t mua
Tis eti pitica a c s it is ec: it
is a qein pitica eny a atte known g
in haprcJy thi 1fU;O c oni m. an t wat pitl bu als nti. ie i leas i is a atte
Ioig w n! indusl pol/s reli r (n
pint at east. a Obaa sees ity aea e
Een w eain expet at nctinin in a ste
eniany sc a epne cpabe itae
eing wit te ein wat nt mei·
ate tep a n� in e t savg te nti
ye. an wih t esin e w s steps
u ibe wtn an enic an piic ttin ting [0 a rein-i it is te
at wen e s un CO v], [en it
tanatn, t wic ae it an avi a
estctin conts a revlun
7
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<TWO
Introduction
RetentionaL economy
In 20 1 I argud n La Tlmiq� n I T�pJ 3: U
rpsdJI dnb �1 qUi(m ·t�. and by way of
adng Kam's Cq ofPu RaJon fo a n�w ciiqu
fo a cue addssng th quston o a n·
on. that s, (h uson of nohns-n n
o gnal s addng h sion o hn
wich qu ai Zrn n, was cons
s a pa/;zaon h i of oOJ n
oonJJ and hfo consus an conscous
n f no Ih nonscious I would lik o donsta
h a his quston of tray rmon opns up a
nw prpv on pol conoy d s ciiq
and now o han ha aks a nw ctiqu o
polal onoy h ssmal ask of phlosoph
Conscos s won wh wha Husl cals
nons and pomons1 Pa rmon s hat
whc is o n vr pasag o s h cours
of hs such ta as a psm whch passS s
8
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duClof
onstituted y the immediate and pmodal etnone "pmay etenio ) of is ow pang Beomig
pt, (is pasage of the peen is he oiUed a
eonday reeon hat is. a those memoil on- (ents sovt whch togther om the woven threads
o ou memoy [mimore].
etiay eteion i a memotial exteiori-
ztion of seonda etentions whih a themelvesegedeed y pima eeions Bu from e
eginning of that proe o hominization [ha Adr
LeoGorhan dcries a a prcs of exteioa
tio all tehca ojets otitte a egeneratoa
ppo of memoy whih �mn uril rt ovedtes leaing InppmiHngJ and mnesi atvis To
t xtent. heee tea etenon lwys lready
preede the ontitton o prima and seconda
etenton A newo hid aives to a wod i
whch teiary eention o preede ad awat t,ad whih preiey, otitC th wold wold
And e paialzati o idivdu me beoming
theey colective me tertary retenon is an origial
exteriorization of the mnd [p/),
In the ouse of huan histo however he mnemechi retenionalaye is raome eig n
b ompexiy and de leds pa(ca fomthe advent of Neolithi dtaition, to the fomation
9
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FOR A NEW CRITIQU
I
of ten reemio te wc coe cregly
alytcal ecordg of pim�ry d ecoda t·ol Aow or uxe IX sl Ch � te of wtig erto. It ti� wi tat.lgos cotted: e dcettio of te coto ow of lggewhc, patld c e be coidered clly
wi te ee iHo dcitic e d s is poi o wc detly d pcicly og!poceed B t dcetzato o ow lo ae
gete Te dcretto of gete w giv coceteepeo w te aplco of Jcqe de Vco'
oaio teolo to te acqard loo d bce geeazed i te for of (e idtril reoltio
Ge t ee be coided lik pee) eeiol 80w la i a O;nuoz chain kca·
m:] o g a e eig [apprt HagJ of a
c cot prodg getrl ody eetio we te dicetiato d t ptaledreprodto of e ie of gete cottt cal aoto bt wee t o loge he ogos ofte ouL bt rther te gete of te body tt becoe
anati podlcib erty retto T re o-dliy elS i remioa g at oe cllam. d i wy we oit e evolio oftey etemo fro te Neolitic age til o owcottte poce of gat7o.
10
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Intucio
In he couse of te nineeenh cnu, echnologies
for mmai1in adioSalIruption appear hrouhwhich h Rows of he seso organs are iscred. All no psyhomoor nd aeshec funions
then nd hemelve nsformed b grammzaionprocess Condeed n em o polial onomyti amou t (he c at te unon oonepton, podution nd onumpton wh arerammatd-nd wh� ae herey norpored no
n ppa deoted (0 he puon o eraryreenon onolled b mlsyrm.!
7( work ofgammattin
I wold lke to show :
• e quson of eiry eeon engendered a iis n the ose of he proess of grammaizaion she ondion of he oletraniaion desied bMax nd Enel in te CommunitMsf
new foms of gmmaion nnown o Marx
nd n onitute nw oms o poleini7aon
fom t perspeive a ew rie o polleonomy is he a plcrct fo philosoph
I
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FOR I NEW CRITIQUE
Ths shot book opo a brief exoson of e con
sdeaons whch consute he bas of uch a newctque of ola economy. foced aond ve
qesons. n ode to open a debate wth Ma, and
on the eon of abo and wo today-gven tha
abo whch s! a�a wh sdenazaton aways
ovedeemned by the 5e of gammazaton whh scent at the tme and gven hat gammatzton_is
at esent ndegong new and tealy evotonay
dveoments
he esenta pes of h exoon ae the
olwn:
• the qtSri 0/ pduci. OL a moment whn w. ,
ae enteng o a nw economc nd nd ea
whch, ce wth he aet dveopme i gm
mazaon. poe anew �he eson of h dnoof abo
the l consumpio, and of wha M wa
unabe o foeee whch w the way n whch con
smon woud be recongued n he tweneh
centy n an ental eaton o dese and o seconomy-n an eeal aton to wha thogh
the pathway t he magnay tha s o nasy.
and though that o the nconscos. tansfoms by
bndng o the matea of he dves;
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/ruc
• e qJINtio oft prltont, of he undrsandng
and exenson of hs onep of s uss and susein t Maist adiion, o is being orgoen, and
i mm mpnl
• e qu�o ofldu and s inspon in uan
bomng onsdered fom te pespev o
grmmazaion;
he QJ;Ol fIxua/itis suh as hese a nces·
sany eongud n he ose f pocess
of indusralaion. nso as ndusaizion is a
proess of gaaizao, and in eir raon o
sndduaion tbat t (01mlr,
h qsn of social cm n th awok o a
new proleanzon of (be dappaane of wha
on c e borgeie- py middJe or grand
and te s o a beongmaa of palsm
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TH REE
Phmacolog of thepotai
From cmmt h mak
One hundred and eas ag, in Janua 1859. Ma
published s orbo to aN�U r;tq� ofPolic
Eo1omy and hece wn I arge hee fr a ew i-
iqe o liial ecnmy I am al eaingthis annivrar. Bu. a he same ime I am payig
hage ( he juna l Nvr Crtq, au
whih I spke n Sepeme 208 a an anul even
spnsed b e n�spape L 'HmniI dsibng
e pae rna ds m pes s as anadlece and ng lian: was he pags f s
Cuns Pa pbn a e s me I
ed ab pycanlss linguis anpl and
phlsph
Final and ae all in speakng toda au anw riqu I am engagig in plemil dialgue
wih an elleual radi whih is ve muh my
wn eeging renc hilsphy in he scdha e Wenie cen£y and whi s POS-
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Phrcog ofh� proi
mutuHs-oowng Bh. autho of Ctl
EsJ, and abou whoJ
also head o he s! en L NOlw Crif iqltpsed thar rque wa a
oncep nsepabe o etaphysics ha wa o his
en se eaphysa, and ha heneoh, t wod
b e a arr o"rung than o dconurng
In y own view, deonston eans a tue,
an t s as sh that t ns nauabe r none
o this s vey e, d woud say that n a way,
deonsturon ed to te ts tue o tue,
ed that s o tue he a that the o takn
by tue h hstoay ben etphysa In othe
wods, t has not aed wht a te ght be w�rit no onrd�d 01 sm ooosos.
What do I ean wh I spek o havng to s
a�s n the u o pot eonoy? And sr
o a, wh i pota conoy? w no n Ct gve
any kid o daed answe o hs qson whhha
n any se aeady bn etiousy exoed
by Gdo Bes J wi stir ye to onting our
a wheea ens eaes te denion o potca
eonoy gven by Anone d Monrrien n 1 6 1 5
(aodng to whh t ees t an eonoy supngthe doest sphee o the o/s) to the ueston o o-
�r ouated by oud in 1791, n ths wok hees a arte o a pta eonoy h s I/O lonr
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FOR A NW CRTIQUE
$tcr/ omm�dl. t s fU: tha mm s a
o change eucble o wa apens o he maknwe inustralaon and mechazo ceae \orms o xag.
Commece s aways a echage o auoj1
(kowge o how to make o do a iN);U
kowedge o how 0 lve) s s same seshermore, ta "ommece may n Fenh reer tocovesao ad mor' generl to al orm o rt·l ocal ro On the ohr han hwver tCOI/wl!r;t market prspposS he qaton o o
' an s(o·v Te erence eweencommerc an the maket was ecen arme anelore ranck Agge Olve avrau nAma Hatch at a collom i Crisaal•.Lt machmlrhP)2
Phisoph "onomy. and ilog to
In te sprg o 2008. vyne Gossma vd m o spek at the Col foal phlooph;�. a I
sggeste speakg on [ hme whc oms e o te pese wok becase I w covcd tha were o e vege o an upeceene cs a cscalg lSeh o a n� crtque o potl econm-
1 6
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Prmnco oft/� poflnaf
th sps of hh I analyz n gac dtail n Pour
(f ni I/ "kr;It u: QrtqJ prpos;t;01 d'"ldt.J
T w ao, howv. anoth rcason o ck
ng abo s subj: I antd o pok a dsusonn ontmay phosophy aou th Sate o s
oll dsour. gvn ta so otn, ot ndedmo of h tm, Fnh phosoprs from my on
d pdng genon ( some notlpons)" o/bing hatove o say ao on·poray omy as ohg d ppd
s doman s e end o eond Wod Wao agan as [ a poho on y lo
o vntoni ed o noms ar
advnt o �oom-e onomsm o
mo homo «nom, s om samlan
nomsm nompass Maxsm lqudang-me olt ang o a o trl msaks owi c h we a now awar.
I ll ty e, n ( opn up a covaion ih t o come o us f om this tw ntiet cnury. B
I Would a ad above a lkC (Q invte thei ders. a among rhe lae, those who ulke mysdf . aC stil ) philosopes, d hose wo ar c not employed • pilosopCs, bt wo study plosophy case t a v made it ti 0( ; /1 1 : al (os who ar nOI
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FOR A NE W CR IT IQ UE
profonal philoophes. u who ae oves (nmntl)
of phiosophy ad s such eds of wom-ha swho ae a uch, ue phosophe
In openng up th exchage wha I wD o ay
efoe ayhig else i the folowig: the phioophy
of our ime has abadoe (he pojet of a ciique of
polcal coomy and h constu a isasrous unof even Because if s e ha economism hs e
t hoic oucom. nevehe� he abence of a c·
ue of y's cnomy pep oThr hoorsan
a he ame me lves he comng generaion rly
unpepad As fo his phosophial acaon n el·on o ecnomcswhch chaacze the of
so many an whch amouns o a enuciao of he
amp o hik hei me d wch i a uch a co
elae of e euncaon y polc of h noo of
tgng agais a ae of hg whh uneehe awhis abiaow bough abou by a cean
io o cue. o rae y a nonaon uch
a ld o a onaon o cuen conomc
oen msed y an oesive eaon o philosophica
txS devod o he oomi of the paNow his nonaon which h come a occlu
on f no nee an ough enal ws no pouce
n lage pa y he snm prm ha ed ance
nusials [echnoa an polcans o imerio-
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Pamcolo of the ptaria
i in JiNo1I i giv. wlumS thr i
" Ibk : th wi. inviably. reahthe lm. and it wll he bcome c y o sum
ths lms o a crque, in e K:tia sen of is
word. The poes f orm wat used [0 � caled" i e
o s ideolo is �ginning o epar, this me
fuch: it s egnning to apper o what s thaks toa ve rta reaon o hese imis And ye, weced wi suc quesions phlosopy mas amost
entiey mt CTo nk and to rtque polital onomy as co·
at h beome xcug nder he condiionso an nduSr soey-ha is hat has smited 10 a
oo/bor. ( a olzo o e pocsof podtion nd onmption to a retcio
o oc rlt on, and sch that thy an no
oge b esaged wiout mea cooqures aimg at the examiaon o bo ecoomcd poitic d spng aout them inso h areble5
A r the potl dsose o Fenh plosophers,
y say prcly nothing abou eonom eya o mmgrion o Euo o o dmy buty do ot sak o pta, no abr no indt ormar ng. A f or those wo do spk piloopically about wk ad labor -and here arc a f ewhey a e
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FOR" NEW CRITIQUE
oh inreing nd importat. ut hy n nl
no philosph: thy 3 oioloi o onomi vn compu n
7� qu�ston of work
Fd wih i i poduiy gn du o mtion n diilization n wih th unmplymn
[0 whih h g mj db k pl t
[h nd f h wnh n on th pili nd
nity o hr wk It w in thi ox[ th in
, th gmnt Lionl pin und h
uthory o Minstr of Socia A ir Mae Au
ped lw lming th wking w t thiy-ho
Tis lw w npid y eh ulhd n 1995.
ot y Jry Rin in th Unitd Stt (th htnlion hi wor w pred y Mihl Rod)6nd y Domiiq Md in n? innd in
n y t h f n Co n tlr h
wk Mtamorp"s�s du avail: Ctiq d� I in
cofomiqu�.8 M ny r h in o Jqhi in 202, uin w id i th t pl
y h Mini of ltu nJq Aillgn utth r f ndi {h nh nmymn w
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Pharmacolog oft� peia
ageny). and abot the laws etemining the con
os ne whch occaso a casu wokes n theheatre an cinema [intrifs d sp�c C/�l col
q fo nemployment enets Tis i u le
Antoella Cosan an Mai7io Laaato aga to
address the question of work.')
Dig ths same peo. new wok pactces appeaen the wake o gtal a etcae echnologies. with
esect to whch nnovave iscoses eveope in
Fance an elsewhee. iscoses whh invite s to
ev the enition o wok in its elation to wha I
esce a a p nmlkJ-
an as an hyomnsc phar-mkon, that is, as a teclg f tu spirit whch
rio, can JUSt s wl l o [e prolr-
zton of he e of he n t cn s tc
ntnscaon when t ns tsel coonte wth wht
cKee Wak calls "asacionIO Tese new wokpacices have ught pofonly to qestion the
way whch wo s stue n the pctvis an
consmes nus epohs qestons whch have
eenly een se y he joun Mulds, an
y the ieto of ths onl Yann ole-Boangopenng he qestion o an eoomy o onitio
an envgoatng the qeston o popey
t w in ths coxt that an impoan poposalesce o R to zzaato a poposal st
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FOR A NEW CITQU
suggsd by Mihan Frd. nd one mt wen
rcus durng glob ss, dos so w rnwdfo: d o pleenng negve x llowng
uno o on-slrd work Corsn d
Lz ro sow bns ge
n plc o nc oso nd sul rl
nd cnc wos s s o jus sc ngv
on ys
Bu w s poposo js s w ll os
nw wo pccs nvnd by os wo P
H11 nd MKn Wr cll "s
quson o Uork m� o/id� of employmt s posd
w nwd vgour vng bn Oly gnod by
me lw dcg wg w ryv ors
JUS s god uson o e onsus
ndsl odl odl wt w poducon nd
conspon cosue nconl oposon bu
on s now bo obsol
Tody s w dgo gobl ono css o
unusu voln on ss o onsu nd
o long ycl s on dsl d conoc l}
c w p posng qson o wo s
s? Dos sup o consus odl
s n pc o pooundly r sk nd
vn [ dnon o wor gvn r ws
snlly convd ov pdng cny n
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PbmO/o oft/upretiat
accornce wih n iustri mode resting on the ou-
ping of rocton n onsumto, ive tht itis recisey is con ir tht now seems to he
ehuste ie14 Tis is recise te questio rse b
e reserh of Corsi Lzzrto consiere rom
e stnoit of the current risis o its etructive
s o the casi forms o work.
J 908-2008: e ,e.dentil ofthe rate ofprot nd the conumerst esoe
he sril citis o he rouciis nineeeh
cnur, foud o m sta engie o the
on r of iwy eworks gies wy in the en
eth ceu to onsuerist moe oue on
he stee iustr the etrochemic instry onro neworks Oe unre f yes er he
ontruon o a Chqu� ofolc Econoy, howee
the roctis onsumeris iustri moe
hi become gob hs in ct d5ngrad ad as
n 50 to the reise extent tht it hs onsiste in eeconom n ctio inertio of rouctio n
onsumption
If i 1908, with the unch o the Moe T, Hey
Fo inete ew ustri moe whh ere
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FOR A NEW CRITQUE
(Q coun h of h ndncy of h a of
po
l5 vhs i h cou of 20 hFod Moo Comay maagd [0 os quars of
ts vawh at h am m h road works ofcarbo·tm d moby fondd o h comio
of hydocbos bg acd by dga {ok
of gh-m nd h dom of a coomy of hhyma�aI16 T q/'os hv d dad
aays n Pourflir flt( mirhIfnct.17
I i n hs onx of ghHm (domad by he of aS o o \ok an of dga
umn) ht Jmy R oos oownghyh:
Peap le a 5 percent of th adul populto w
be mae n opere the radiional indml
s by y 2050.18
Wy is t ha i ad ots who c o h qus
tio of work i o ayz t atio b wha
hy a th "d of work and h tdia th
a of o and why s hat, a 98 ad abova af h 980s ha i. af convav vo
on w o futy pomd ha Max wa
msakn whn h fomuad hs hsi?
Ma and Egs dd ha caim o wha
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Pb"rmcol ftb�pr / �ari nt
one calls he arket ecoomy would rpidly reach
m as he ole of labor-hat is vaabe capitaldmiishes de £0 prodcivity ns achieved i he
gobal coomy of producto. Now, ho concernd
in e 190s with the questio of wor agrd hat
produciiy ins wod nvtaby lead o a "end of
wok bu seemed so ( share the dea wdey held ihe wae of he "consv:v revouon and he deo
logal domaton of nolbealsm, that he capalst
dyamic had wrom he edential fal i he ae of
po
othng could b mo False and Ma was n faCtfa from msaken Te ecen css s v smpl a
cosnC f hs Juic tedey ax old o
howeer, have ancpaed l roe of [he xploatio
ad cioaztio of a n!W . whch s no he
enegy of e proetaranzed producer (labor prelabor o) or he mOor ener of a new idstal
apparas (sch a oi ad ecric, whch are pacd
o he sic of {he s dusy ad he cuture
dsis} bu rather the ener of he pktarinud
-a is, he consm's libidinl ne heexpoitatio of whch chags the bdna �onom and
wth the economy m who/, o the pont where he
former s dsroyed JUSt ie the latter, and the former he laer
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FOR A NEW CTQU
In othe wods, Max w unable iipe the
way in whh he queion of consmpon ais in theweerh ey. and [he way n whh h ansfoms
the lndscpe whih Ma te r descibe in (pital
Ma dd, of o addess he sse of consmpon
and he did so fqntly onside fo example, the
ollowing asage fom Contibuo /0 tu rtq ofPolt(/ Eoomy (1859):
Consumpio i imuleouy o pdcion. jS!
i re h prdio o n vov$ he cop
ion of nl r d mi meia [ .
1 B i y r Ud onumion wi
[ J ibt t thed ma.
Nve� oi noy i u-
n tha i idi wi onmpon i cond h�
n r t dtrio o [e dc I y o di (he es an obe
ive ae, i eod y ob c by i
et'
n eseilly:
Hunge i e; b ra is ied b
ookd e ate h ok nd i d rm u
a devor aw m I J Podio pod
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Plaraco/ i of� p/J
nOI oly he objec of cosumpio U 31o ode f
outon.t
Marx hee dei I a ean way he queio
of io1 of(olump olwhch oe he uo
of wha I will dribe wha follow a poss of
"id; Muao.Ad ye hi qo o coumpio will o
ebe hm 0 hi he nU m ofpoZ iocotig i he gaizaio of (01lmpol I Ib�
dti ofSor· th am ofWg i
a plhn por, heeby enng d renocighat yte whih eed o he ctio ofSIO;"
i wit th aim 4rati avaib bo. dXS
o eable hi i oe wod o atiiate what,
i he wenith ctuy i e fom o he cpili
bn ecoomy, wl mke obe the ofblao V1I of oj lI 1i itmi ofp
T i the ey uestio od by Guy Debo
who exed the one of oletizon
a the exporao o ha ie bmie o
commodiytme-to he gue o he conum 21
Dbod wa uable. howeve o onec h chagei he capli ye o he pmcoo sio
o the eXleior7 t on echnque dc( bew
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F O R A NEW CI1 QU
is only possible to come to grps wth [hs qeson
by way of Fred and he uses whih markeing madeo is eory o e unconscous-n pcula ho
nsigated by hs nephew. dward nays. who played
n ssen ole n the hio of Amean captals
as shown by dam Cts n his 002 documenay
7" Cmtry ofti, S'/ Beoe renng o this po!which as ben erly nlected by ho ed
wi e queston o wk n spe o the 1 that
poducism and onsmeism a nsepab-we
mut rst poeed mo pofoundly o th queston
of rhe sence o that poss of poletaranztonog wc accoding o Max and Engs, labor
undeos dical change, but a proess whch s also in
my opnon h condton of possiblt of onsmer
im inso as s eas the poleiana£o o me
consumerNow a surpisn t may seem t is necessY a
his po o eun o the vey orgn o phlosophy
and to it suggle agains sophisty in ode o propose
ha rhe rst thnke o he proeaia who thinks the
poetarat wthout knowng tha e does s, I maypu t is way bu wo heeby gas liS he possibliy
of inking te proetart, s Plato
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Pharmc t olh 'o/�lal
lto and the protariat
Jcques Deida. in "PO's hmy, deveoped
lge p o hs pojc of the deonstucton ofmepyscs on I bss o edg o Ph�drs, by
showng ow ths diog opposes plosophicl aam-
(tht s rhe emembnce o the tuh o beng) sophstc h J o1l�sis ( . to mnmorechncs, nd in ptcul t wtng s bcto of lluson nd chnqe o rhe mnputon f mnds), nd
b g It mpsbcdg lO w
Dd descib Of Gmuoo a l o gi of thIsppeme whch is the tce-o oppoJ e ntio
( nd he exeo hypomni): t s mpossibe to oppose vng mmoy to the ta memor o
the hmn� mat ol, wi e nl Foca w nd
so teeSng nd whic COltitum lng memoy sleed [V Ths impossbl opens the phrm-
o qmiol, ccoding o whch e hponsic is pho t once poson nd emedy
Now, wt S descbes P h �d s, nmely
the Uzl; of i a ss of moand o, hs tod become the stu o eeydy
epeence n spects o o x nd, mo ndmoe oten, n the eelng o o poweessness [impi-
, not o ou impo mpotence, ndeed o
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!OR A NEW CRITQUE
o obo/nmc-ar h vy moment when he extr-
orinay ","�{powfgta newors a us waef te ensiy o hmn meoy whih apes o
ave bo nntely eoveabe n aessbleTe spr of inustial hpmns paUses
causes our memois m pss nto machines, in such
way that. o exale w no longe know the teleponenumbes o hose ose to swle [e sea o sel
checkes c:ses fear o th end o orbb COIJcOS-
It and o the lite hyponsic nowleg (t goes
wih t an. mb Ib. te anamnsic knowege If
lngagNow rh mHs to rh vydy nd prptibl
spc of wa I wo lik t p em e as a vast
roess ofc;wInd amiwpbirnuton-ad
vast rocess of the loss of knoweges) aurr�.
or-uur teoetical knowledge (uor hio lIb�bsmct fhch n Jvor s 10S.
Wen uorwtiol whi lays a jo oe n Tb�
Gll an whic s te or o e tecn-
al qestion ha s h uston of this proton
of sl by sef in whih the hn conssts reches testage whe e eeoizion of memo an knowl-
ege beos hyrinsra. thn it s at one what
Xens wit limit the power o hJPml1�c m�s,
n wht llows he to e onolld-comolld by
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Phacolo O/I p(ria
he i and tuL jnd! of cool soce·
e whch now fomai� neuhemic activi anduceode seences, a which hereb inscib he
eoologca bsaes of eo and kowledge
io he ho of wha oe mus anae a a pew of
gamao (ha of discrei7 tion ad as sch
of abacio from a coium) a hiso he mosece age of whch ha of ochologes a he
"t age of which ochnooges Hece rise
he qeo f a opolical pycholiicl cio<
lica a echolicl sl ecno a in
he al aas of a noopota idl ecoy ofem
I is wih he aden of mnochi ha he
oces f eeao qua echca becog
ee ecomes a hio of gaaiaion e
o of gammaaio is he al o of
mmoy, in which homneic emo coninual
eouce he coTUo of a ton wh aam
neic memo is anaesic eso is eioie i
e fo of wos of he d [o of he ii pJ.
hogh whch eochs of pchoocal ndvduaon d
dddto ae hamacoogil conged
Gaa{in i he oce hgh which he
Aows ad coe whch wave ou exnce ae
ded: wg. as he dscezaio f he ow of31
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fOR NEW CITQU
eh i a � o grammazaon. A mmaiz-
io occ wn a oranology e qeo of wc nrouce n AIti-O�dpS:
T pr imit ve terrOal ache odes o. in'
or ad mak bod. [. . .J IJhe ma who enjoy
th fu exeie o hs rih a de h hs wholody ma ked ud a eg me ht o hs oa and
ther exers 1 e cevy [ . . For a f ounding
ac-ha he gan hc ew no he su. ad h
he Row n OV(T sucethugh wh ma a
o be a boC31 gan a hecomes a dy aarh, o whch n ee aahed whe e hy
a aad pd mld foow e eqe-
m o a ou Nzh ay: t a ma of rng
a memoy r m; and n, wo onrmred by
me oan acve ly o fore (oubl, by mano a represion o log mmo m reate an o
mmoy o h ollct ve [.. J. Pap d
ee wa nOlhng moef and Cy in ,
pr hiSo o mn ha hi mml«IJiC.13
Now, wih h drial evoui he poe of
ammaizai oig [h hiso o mnemoeh
; slfddmSpn t sphr� oflnguag. that i alo
he sphee of lgos. with whic it i ped by Deleze
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PlnooK f,hI pl,ri
ad Guanri i a il d orgial ato:14
he poess of gmmazao ivess bodies. Ad i thes pae, dis he gtslr o pdus wth
(he aim of makig ossie e aurom(ic "pt
tilwhie a [he ve same momet her aso aahos mahi ad apparauss fo eproduig he
vsble ad he adie a so ugh he acio fWaer Bejami mahies ad apaUCS whih
gmmaied peepio ad hough ha he aeiv
aiy of he eus syem
e gammai3o o gur whih wa he bais o
wha Mar desbed a leaiai7tio tha is � lss0/ svoir-,rt � he purued wth th lopet o
eoi d dgt dis he p ha a oms
o kowldge beome gammazed via ogiie ad
utul memhologie Ths wil de e way
i whh lgs kowedge boes he hologisd idusi of aumaed aguage poessg u I
wl so ilude uir-viv. hat s ehavo geer
fom e polig o e gmmazto of a-l
of whih wl lead owad he "ogiive ad ulua
pitasm o he hypeidura sr;(t eoomi
ammazi is (he hiso o he exerioia
io of emo i all s os evous ad eebal
memoy orpoea ad musua memo, ogeei
mem Whe tehoogiall xeioried emor
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FOR A NW CRtTiQUE
cn become he object of ocooli n bopoiica
con hough the conomc invemes of ociorgnzon, whch Ihereby In"nfg� ph;c orn·
UlOS hough the emedy of mnemoechnc
ogn mong which m COUntd mchne·oo
(Am Smih n'y 1776 the c of he
mchne on he mn of he woke) n uomtincung hoeho ince,a we he "inree
of hing n he commnicing eic h wo
oo in he heinur mke n whch e
hypmfltJ;c obj(CJ hogh which wh Sco Lh n
ei L he eie t!;ngcatio1S e newn.1
Ti i wh he hnkng of gmmiton o
gtml aoo, h i teo o h tc
on of boi orgn bin hn, eye ouc, tongue
gnit ogn r nro-egete em etc)c ogn oo nrume n echn
o of gmmzton n oc orgn hmn
gong uch ami cn o hncie, o
c niton n oce bun econom
ogniion enon ogniion n oytem n gnr ge of he exe o which
he r o nO eeiorze n wheher hy
riicngc egou oc c onomi
e27
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Pb1ColoD of t� puariat
If in toe hydusal er we rpen the que
in p� in PI�ds ccerg the hypmesbject. ad if we d s m the sadp hs kind
f geea gan (uding a poitica oanoloDan "nomie ool ad an a� oaolo) we dcve ha [he Platc qe hypms
cs the F ver a thinkig pletaatin is a it is te at the pretariat a themi actrs wh ae wh knwedge uehey a withou memo: hir memory ha pad
he mahe hat eprdc gse ht h ple
aia longer ed (0 knw - they mut smpy evehe epd mahe ad h ce aga, hey
becme eEamining te ques techial mem dy
meas r�opg t� qtion of Jpom�! ot (ytt qon of th� pro/�taja, bU a pcss gmmatzi i whh it is om� who ar�h«rh d of m/T ad ow�dg� h�c� nd nd th�ir ppaNS�. We shal ee hw
pdu shrtiuits in the anidiiduatip Eg the si ehnial memytday meas veig the Ste grad pro-aiantion dued by he spe:d f hypmeshges
Te rh Pla wld h befund
Max bUl
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FOR A NEW CRI1'IQU£
ony on the c ondiion :u wO spplmn2 conclu·
sons dwn:
Ma hms fil s o think (h hypomns hct
of tehni humn exste whih ns
or h 'c h he is unabl hink hmn ife 3
(-scnc d nce o t ct , ik PHO. he
nns opo te dd n h iving.
• 1e iHug/mIl sgl oshy ins
sohisi ron Is qstion of mmo nd is
ehniizin is Ih hert ii strg-
gl whih phisphy wa m th y bginning.
H th reevaion of the p o hypomni
in O, awl as he deson o he oni
on of hpomss which Dri ropo:d,
ms onse he basis of renwed oj of
critiq of iic ecm by hoophy,
riiq hI w r�dmiN b«m c slnu.
an n whch is pos e Ih�ol qsion of a
oganolo a phrmcog nd peic-i i s
tho e q s ion sothepy,18 whh is
wht political conomy is and of which ammatiza-
ion is he nmic roc ess
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P nmc%Dofh� pi
PtrniZton t loss ofknO/d g �
T� pltaria w ad in Gilt Sm, is a dsin·
d u �d wker. a lbr wh knowldge as pased
i [h ma su a way tat i[ is lg twr w is idiiatd tgh arig ools a
pung tcm r pti. Rath. t labo st mah-tl ad s t latt ta as m t
ehi iivdai t ss Iha s wit t
ma·ool, and whn echnal ym (0 w
lg a an ndvdutn s d Ts h·
i ivda s ad t md a possf nrt7'i throuh w ym dtal
js m� aly rgatd ad hy
asma ds s mli. T
prltaazd labo w, s Ltally xdd
fm is afmafm i, O Q wt it S a aboer s no o·individuatd Hds xi
Tis dsiati is i ly a p i (h li,·
dvu/ br whch cntiul (ht br t1I;mtl.
a it all m/i mil, giv a w s yQ uc symbol ml t mli f assad
w ws hgh t wrk, an xp i w y C!s mli volv-hei
ls ampl, t way w ty a s nOI
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FOR A NEW C R IT QUE
to mon oco� te poducts o f the.heopm
li 10imtl hs mlieu of whih thy te woes(olrm!. Proetrianon s tat which excu ths
pacpaion of the poducer fom the volton o t
conditon of producton. nd thog whi e wors
n othe wod potaianztion s a r o
losing knowedge-tt s. so. 3 loss o savor anof xistnc-whic i engnded y grammtizaion
insoFr 3S it shorcicit the oces of tansind·
idtio thogh whic by coming indutd
through work tht is thogh ling something e
worker indiidt the miliu of ter wok It is jstuch a shoccit which constitts t ks o [h1
lo of knowledge by which Mx n Enge n
oetaanzaton n the Cmunist Mafro of 1848:
Te ess te ski d !eian of sngh mpl nnu bor. in oter wos. h o ode ndsy
bo� vop, th o i th bor o n up-
sded by th oon Dnof dhe no
onge n) dsincve soc vidit (o the wokng c1:
A inst unt oJb. o o pnv tu, cod ng to t g nd s29
'Ts xpns is wht Mx nd ngl cl lbo power.
whch i. tn, no longer a nowledge b bcome
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Pharmacl oth� p/tara
istead a comody. From a bea of [Ools ad a pa
iioe o insmns he woke ha hmse bomea oo ad 3 stume he ie o a ol-eang
mah No, as w pisey idd by Ma ad
Enges hs s oall podues ad ot oy o
woks:
e lower sta of the midle as-te a tres
ppe. keper n " tremen gene) e
dume pca1Is-ll t5 rJy
t polcrt [ . J. T e prletar31 i ri r
al lss t ltiI
Cny (h MniflO s in h Cmribuliof h
Grnd ad Cpil. he poetaat s aways
pSed as beg ompsed pesey o he okg
lass Bt that ths is so s du o a sa o histoac te o a acbair sta� ah i sns o
h em) o h deopm o apasm ad ds
y tba , ofgmmatizo. ad whih is desd
o eov appecably y bigig io h pocs
o poeaaizaon al hose whoe knowledge isabsoed by hypmei pos osig not oyin mhns t i appaate xpt sysms sv
ics nWok ad ehoog ojes ad ystmso l kind
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FOR A NW CRITQUE
Po/taranjZ tion and pharmacolg
� prleaa is nOI he woking cs. A of Maxim
has minrpre Ma in confung he wo A ypca
case can be fon for xamp in Jacqu Rae'7� Nig Lb : Wrk' Dr in 19" Cl
Fc} B 0 h oth han, : abov al gammaizion y aowng he haneing IpwiolJ of
he aenion of conumes an hogh ha h har
nesing of hei ibidina nr mae aly posi
hei poeaiai7io, by oing hir Svoir-,
an no only hei i i proanizaono onumer i ha ma iT pblby opning p
ma marke nabling rsiac agan h {nn
a l of he ra of pro-o con� buy or
pon conume o acco hem m hn ply he
renwal of hei b or o nmenay a wkn Mxi eoy of la ge
prlm i ha h rls ha ha y nec
een resbe o poearianie poces who
hae ecome conume e oar e n o he
weneh cn o he eruion of hei libiinal negy an 1 ir compoon no iehe
es o ha Hbe ac e "eimaion
We u hrfor engag n a c of iina
conomy ( IfW q fta olomy ;s 1tSlr,
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Pbaaco oftb� po/�ri
nd i U o coiu a pbamacoloa iq o
lial �Frda theo wil oy alow h qtions to e
adaned o the Xtn at h, oo, s onfronted wth
th ueto of th paon that is he fsh ad
with th uesto of gammaizatio sch a it trs-
orms ftishimwhich tak lac though a aalssof h ole of o la32 i the histo of desire
ad sulimatio, the trasiioal bject eig a id
of proo ad potofetsh,JJ whie on-
mpoy homnesi oets a b Po twff tha
heeorth ik etworks together.1he poletariaizati e osm is oh of
ldal eom ad a ruil t of te n e
of olil eoom s to onstut a g of this
ecoom whih i a phaacoo h gs of whh
i doab fom orgaooca bomng adgammao Now, his phmaoo a he
qtio of Tsdivdion inso t n podc
g rit oindiid'Ho"o�l hoci, hais, diio.
What lato Ilamcis is hee fonded o adaletc a hs is a da-Io! throgh
whh iteroto hat is, i a "dialogism� that Ia uded i Bakht's sese of the emJ4 logciui of sindivduaton ae formed, whch tend
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FOR A NEW CRTIQUE
to be sho-cued y the poionos se to whch lhe
sophss pt h tera paaon.More geey. f [he gammto o percepto
ad ohe evou semr s the st o h
at ad (0 th poazo o ome,
th s deso Ihe saorr�, a w a he savo
whh th'e of vg c poce hs eed ecoom gee cottes ct o de
wh poss o advdto through whch
da e s fomd d ccumted ths
a oces whch gmm:1o m ethe
• cee og cct h C/l ba
l ltSg ndu, ad g OjCL
o dere to the dvdu [ha h o he
dvduao (Smodo shows ht dvdato
suuy uahve 2d lh sn e)
se hs oectsC o e gveI te ad
commeb; o
povoke sho- ht s ddvduao. d
oseqt dao h he co"m'J-
bj;OIl ofnlrMug, edg o h duo
o da egy
Gmmt7to s di phamooga ad
bypomla ca heoe eher
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Pb ln c%D oftb,p/tn'(u
• proletaranz t /" whch it acs; o
•
inivuae hs PJ by nscibn ihn heIW ciut o nsindivaon tha connec upand throuh hich long cruis a ormed ed 10
wha a appehene as an namN-wic s a
cuit gng acces to a tuth foundd on he poj·
on o an a ha s. o a consstence: o an oectwhch oes nt exs bause t os no hve an
ouaton n the subsstence wi consttute the
orer o the cmmensuable. ut wic s " w
oj« odnir imolrI it oss i:o
I s hs pe o cut grunng a mrce
h hot pl. tuh a mrke on whh
nothng emns ep ommensabiies (o
eape, ao powe witout larjT, omng a
bung poe without Sv�vhJ)-is s a ma o p] Fo n he na analyss this make s nota mae And hs is so1eing hich Socaes aea
noted Cona Gogas
Neveh an econom o baak s a hepe
ic tha do no es n a hpoasis opposng poisonan emed he econom o thepbaa i s a copo.o of tenences an not a aletca strule between
0ppJ5 Te oncete epresson o ths copostoncons n argmen o the th \s o geneal
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FOi A NEW ClITIQUE
oanolo. such thaI hs consir a Iltn ofr
dividua on at th pharmcologil lv (tchnicadiuao) sdciy nnsies h vdua·on of oth wo s (sychc ndiuao acocinduaon
O thohe ha ; diJ�rolmy o pbnn iswhat lt m h apnof any nwphrmkol
a shoius h oh (O vls-ahs s oing oa wih Ih chogs o "socanwokin,J7 o whih no olica nmy and oss o ae i ib y :y lc h; o,aan it what s e o h syagnsis o th innil l rgn whn h adiovishCi th U1itional je h inlsch
aaatus bg hy aazJ8
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fQUI
To work
Te proltarianiztion ofhe nervous stm.i tupidi, and new commere
Te mo the plac o poduer hrnk. he moe mu
make and te num o onumer e nlaged.
aomaion ceaeely widenng te ed of proltaan7aon wile dmnhng th roe o labor-th
, of a'l aptal Tading h isf ee auto-
mated Engnees ave emeles «n poleaanized
Te engnee wo conceved. deelo�d, nstalled.
and managed a yem disappered oda teeae "procese, wee mo and more !Omlnaf
nerven o soccut pychic ndvidual at ee
leve
Wthn te proee is te laor pow o the
nevo sem ta is eing ee moe poetaiand and th polui f Ih� l(rJ rm a no
ls depried o knowledge han ae th prolin of
,hr ucu Ssm. e nowledge o wic e ave
been tpped owee. no o Jwoirir. t
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fOR A N EW CR IT IQUE
dlogica il. gnin uon of g3mmion
h occud; digial culaon. wb cognivcvii hmv proainizd coniu rpur tough which assoriaud mili�u fodhaI . iiu of ndvduaon unnng cou 10 poc of docaon nd dndivduaon n whchpolan7aon coni
I i witin h cutd il tt wt Pkka
Him:n cl "hck ic5 could ap. nd
could opn h d a nw uggl a tlg/� f
abtc oppong h c of ck o ho h
McKn W call h vcoal6 mann an
Wak how-fom a noWban vewpon o hfo nd poMxi nd Saon on foh l-a h dgal phamkon. whh mak
pobl p�olaanzion of nous stm
i ao w ntou t poblty of new egi
of pychc nd colcv ndvduon and. wi t, poily of nw proc of nndida
ion opnng OnO n npnd polcoconom
pptv n cono of conrbuon
f diociion fom oci n nin
dvduon mad pobl b h.phaao gngfom po of gtizion in wic in h
poch of cul caplm cognv hnolo
and dgtald cuul cholog a fomd hn
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To work
the formo of soiud SoOl/mi ii s
he ltetve to (hs posonous ecoig o grmmdo. Suh lttve pruppos' howev eable vouro o he omnt utl mohch m shot o ovhrw Ir1tm/l o
ptsm, ut h wou e be to o
capalsmTe quston o ssocto ssoto s lso
the queston o the orto o h:\I n oomcsre le "exteles Whe Y Moulr-Bougke up the me�phor o polo h;t he s
esrbng s t to the orto o gtl retc
lto cottuts utto n the proess o
gmto egers PSifi pnJUo-
cat ssoce sococh eu
hh st re wg gst the df o tespa o ote mle tht s poerze
m1eus tose engeerng o he co e speo egve exerles phmcoogcal oxct s geelz evromel strco ect
g o oly the tu geophsl evromet
u qually he mea pschosoca meus a
wl.
ssote socoehnologl le lows
struggls to e wge gst Ihl'c evometl
estructos ought ou he cOl
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fOR I NEW CRITQUE
opens a eld of industra and commercial rlaons
whch nules te podcer/consume opposton. andwic a such beak psy with te desction of
commerce y the maket: it constes a lU comm�,
tat s a nw regime of psycc and colcive nddua·
ton producng ong circs of tansndiduaton-he
conibos are oe wo coibue to tis creation ofong cict
Tis mieu s neverthes capae of mpemeing
ogc of doconnd t why dil/og;/9 nd
( fcb Ihmfp�ti Juglrs mu be wged t t
pbarmnko of acon whc amons to a matter oftng ce o the new commece
e asscated mlieu wich s fomd n dgitJ
eticaton is spc of poste exten
y tehnoogCa ndtra emen m e mos
recent stage of gammazrion cgnte and ymbc
tat s oing to to ts 1Jt dimenson, us
it cnis a dlogca relatona space in whch Pt(hopolr an e trown ove to become OOpO/e. o
n whch he panKO can be pu ino the sece of
an ecnomy of contibuton that s of a pycosoca
the�Uicgiven tat to eonomze mean efore
anythng ese 0 ae careIO domstcay s we as
politicaly
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T /ork
Odum and postve extealie: ermence
Withn rhe sociated ociecnical mieu. h unc·
iona oppoion beween prodction and conmpon
a become oboee an exernaie m be eco
nomicay mivaud and vaorzed, even thogh ke
vae Iheycannol
be rdced[0
he caaby of heeono icator of mare econoy: hey require
a new concepon of ecnomi vaue. an of r·
mlt. c ha i nO reube r ca/etmion. 1i
clrt n we as a coa enoy
wic reuire new maizaton mecan, nw
rm ofgonen pw and new objec f pb
prope
n h rea wo wo b Marzo Lazzarato
n whch e anayz e sae of the e waged by
he n�rent perforn a worer [nuis
il o nain her a (whch ad in Jne
2003 ben aed o ton by he Fnc govern
e who were prered to o s by epoyes) havean mpoance exendng byon e o te arric proon oowng e pubicaton of a uvey
condce n coaboron wh th "Coorinaion
de ermie et Prair" Aonla Coni nMaurizo Lzzararo str:
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fOR A NEW CRITQUE
. . the sruggle gain Ie efm f e md
unempymn bnes s n ay sru whs'aks arc tho o he u of me T he njun
n e aou o m spn n mplmcn [
s he empr' pcsipto mOvn alg to
qsto o te StaU o :mncj, Ihal i, th me
o ns pe mp)� n e b expeene
f em:· ope he pmBr o empe
es1
'(be ueo of e spn okng nno edued,
n othe ods 10 the qson o n eloyment.
nd
• . spk sr abUi eag dg t
spt wog s t3ki it 3COnt t tm o
tsVios mps L!
Te Fenc Ja =dng t e worg w::k [Q tiy
v hor compleey ignores h qustion. Oe su!
of h a a inr� n he e devotd to n·
supon s Rn undlnd s ly 20061-bu
e s no nca in e aoum of e Spwoking n ohe ways. ys lyng otsde the sop o
eploynt e hese othe eort. eyond the
o eplyn bong wth h ral of wha e
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To work
Romas uliatd as otil, a word whih Jan·MaiAde. i hs aayss of o dig h oth Spos, asla : "sudo 'rT.I<
Otim which gd o Roa l adoigiad om a ilia cox ad whh [hm o st h ob asc o h m of hmaaivi-whh i Micrau 1 djt I ha ido show s h l ofnotir n'C5- h o·dion o ossiili of 1 ha is loH I[ s a h sol ca oy b aal ormtUIf pods, ad is h s s oittdas a "igoii haig os I h
i h oay lik a snii o a gisoul {h h "" (h oaioal wos iha l ad liso) aslsly osa wo h o had h ala om o hioi kowldg hs owldg h ig m
ad a s goi ad o h oh hadh aa dvo of hs owg Ad ishs o ha h do o oh i h a ad oaaz.a s suaz o o o h l
dui t o h assag o h oic ac is hat o
whih dos O al m idl im y dsa h im o ls ha s o dom ad o
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F O R A N E W C I T Q U E
"ca o sf Ot;lI1I, rom an conomc perpecive
nsed n 3 geneal onom (in [he sns n wichGeoges Baal dpos Ihs tr)fo whih i wold
b an p td to 3 paticar deopent o "ypo-
l�mnt, ha s, an epo ogaatztion. sppong
thnqe of he s(as sown by Focau}and o a
polii31 conoy ncrbd wthn a ibidinal conomy
ncop:SSng , constits an �xumnlr opning J
spnct mJfla iTfr ns il Ipof' o pch
d coui idiiUio i wh lng es o f
msididio arud. Ng-tm, o t ot
and consts n econo wc s lZb
v a ae/Irg the possbly w tscf sts
ro hyomm) of wat is clcabe fo a bsness-
man an ngotab on a re, sene of masu
(I Irt, tha s msr, modetion o empo; n
Gek, o", at is aso rv ad hhm) ing
rced 10 ths calcaionWha Coani and aao decrbe a te on
jncio o plont hat s of h abor
inrnazed b te poye and wok t as tch-
n f th sO aont to h economy o �i
and ol i n, inso hes can b gapd as t to w mondon calls a ansdcv aons.
accordng wic he ems ae consitted to
thr ;didig i.
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T work
'b way i whic w ov trminH wokes pd
ig d m olg u ( a !h iy logc
ooig mlom a mlom, Ih c\ a
h civ olg o qo C�or
of ·wM Ciy s c rg io o
o-ll mlom o, ag ig h OUM o
os soll ii. ig l m g
he im s o raig a o, rgh 10 ho wic i m im o s :1 is
co o hc c o w sic wi i
o a li o acji rogo5
moi 16
anlys w i is nor sucent to os re
stio o wok i s h w hiole
n 1905, wn h ly of hoi unploy
m d (Rction on stutu cosq
of odciviy ns Byo te t i :
m of cg i itl o chg
whic wod so cosU t w of n o nw
conpion o wok, w st O b conf wt
mloymnt. d wic, onumt ol ls
p u t ntio of w socil toaliy .n; Lto hs hown s t qson ow Raben Cstl ls c popy 1
Wt t s t ut n ntely w tm
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FOR I N E W C R I T I Q U E
is '[e quetion of a negative tax sc as was p·
posed by Jeemy Rkin-ad (he raken p Miche
RordIS_n oder to supOt te deveopme o
a social secto," a eto dend as ng non�o
nomic n as it is omaer. Now, Ibs i lot
ni n qUNiOI/ of brilgg tu uOomy to md. t
of tnkng an olb�r conomy ad of ovecoming
a consumesm wtn wc te pcasng powepoduced y employment in fCI destys wok and
ms of kowedge i te e o te geneazed
poetaaiaton of poduces as we as consms
Te aw n's pposa lies i ct tat
s cnsdatio of te enom c o noncde te eston o otim o of knowdge i a
ts oms n e oe nd noton of a negtve
a a mutaid sort o the development o
positive xtenaits and tog te dveopmen o
a nw rm o sia ey nds graingo emoymen bndu to mi woes in
e pemng at a mode wc is aiclry wel
adaped to he change wc is ceny ndeay:
s s made ea y edng te wok o Con ad
Laaro Bt it annot a matte o imitig su
poos mey to te spees of at cte and c
tve woke t s e sa and eonomc industa
mode as a tota tat must e etogt
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To work
DesolirZtion and nv ealti
T ronstrucon o pos\'e arn d Ie
sppO of work prs mmng from olh" t
s rom noe ntemine) s t n«ssy onon
or Ie onstuon of long ui of tnn
vuton. w r thmslv h only posity
o rng gns h spre of ngv Xrn
e T ent of th sprd o ncgtive ternliies
s now ng dovrd y ,e wod s onsme
ism lls ap:m n vironn dsqulu
ome pny obssson Amon I ms of
dulrium mst Jud t drulive
Cs t h dop of so:rmsmxrd
pon vr socy y mrng-brngs to br on
te pul sphere (on polt pe nd tm a wel
a on prvt sphee eng to pur nd mple
iquition of soda�01. s n {h o I on n en Belgum
for empl we h Femh elue rom pu
houing nyon who no spk Duow
s�otus n trnsnvon ve destoyed Ihe
ndviduon of rern pmittng tO lngust
psyoso nvduon pree ro ref to e sm
poe o poltl nd trrtol ndvduton o as
o olee wn on nton e unous t f
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fO R A NEW CR ITIQ UE
issocation n of uch shocicu whch e he
invese of wht ous in ssocted mleus an esen in te politioinguistc opposition be\n the
emis an the Waloons
In1d of te nvuion of eferene te global
cuture dust hve subttuted the ehavorl
pesciptons of maketing whch liqMu soidrtin:
sty n the teritral spae of oempoane: te
Flemh whdrw ther ldry rm he Belg
Walls Idg te detruo of the otcl
spce;
• ecodl. the geeol me o ntmo
ane: harnessing (cnptlioj e ateion of a
geerto cu o from oth geneaos engen
derng sho(rcuits n the trnsindvdution of
generions prma entiaton fo example,
ls to t2ke pace with he juvenie pschc app-
atus or ult consumes, nae to ar e costs
of eduQtng tei len omehow manage, never-
tees to bu expeive a
It s ths ve poces of esoidatio ta ie behindthe decle o mrket vle ourng td marke ap-
tlato hvng en ne the coapse to whch
a ptlsm whh has bcme drebased Iplj(nr�
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To work
ad speulave evab es. Oe of the most voe
eets o hs proces is [he paupezo of Yhueashg the thet of a ecoom oroaio
ewee the geeatos at the ve mome whe the
igeeraoa smo bod apab o coaiig
uh a thre ha ee shonuted he poes o
avduatoA ths esut geeaized iep, uh
ha the pread of doted mie beomes ecea
iy oeated wih he pead o egiv extees
Dsoated mieus a o soetg the psc
dvia om he eao to oetve dviuto a, oreae as FJos eog vetet
a forms (fo whh aa spcato a
dve-bae obsessos ae susttUed) egede o
ehavo eve sphee oe domaed b a
sruua shoesm o he prcs e that vad puaio ajsi shoem
Te shoem tee idue the qudao
o espos desumao ad exme se
hatmet, s he mS mmedate coeuece of the
edei o the te of po omed a t wthhe tdeta fl of ba eergy a the spred
o what Re !}asset cas pasage to the mt, tha
po hrogh whh he tog of stem
eas o te deuto o the v codo o I�
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FOR I NEW CRITQU
ncponing prcess which ar ineluctbly aslted
no a uway ncease in negadve exernalides.
7 bourgtois SWtp away by ht mafa
The hsorica "lur of cmmuism was de o he
ct ha i culd no! ik assciati tha i. iuced e rgge agint roeaianiion a os
f wledg d aais he shn-cuis n rai
ividuai a are ceal caracerisics o Sanist
bueauci oaltaanism, JUSt a e re o he ttli
zatiun t is conduced by make: y emsowa o docaing a caiam ad ommuism
ave dinguihed hemee om on anoer Een
[hoe Mar who wre si:e ouid o Sainim
and who we� gai Sali, were never abe mage
a criiqe o docaon becaue om e beging con oearianizaon and aizaon.
In e cmus wrl. i issociaion e ri
scal a rucall o the alitaia eai o
rce o xinc, wic o a ong me w nO
cae o ialis epecialy whe i combned
Fm wih Keesiaism10 Caitalism. uike com-
mnim, o ong m vor e coniion o
movaona sm ased hese ucues oexis-
G
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To /orN
cne. sutres ha it everheless haess. exploI
ad aly destoyd, b y mns whi ere deeeeive ad a eve osied a e liidinaonomy ad pespeves of simaio Oary
o ommuns dssoao!1 Yet emas he se haplsm oud in e ed beome a roess o dis·soao leadg laly o demoivaio: ws
odemed o eoe lm e tedeal ll
in lbidal ee hi i had is rovoked
A o is e�say e o he question
of omme Polil eoomy s a ay ofogJizg
transdividuaon o only a he evel of symol
xhge also a he leve o e hge (f om
modis e. he i Bjig h t i hh
I idg dove a sore sellg plsi manne
'qs ad a spsed me w ha sh a sss
old ave bee red y a Cinese sop oe in
hs oredy ommi oomy a onomyh os a poerly does oly ino
in yi invduaion is otod by a
oleive divdao wihoM idnis. ha is
deyoog sort-iruiing ansindvduaio
ad heefoe dindvdaed sdvdag addsive o moiv
Te aiast eoomy stily seaig 10 tOlg'r
woks. ease was he sy idvdal t e l
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FO i A NEW CR ITQ U
dit�. o beoe the "entprene of isfu
whom oective diviao bt ath hogh acoltiv disnivdaion ohesd by ktg
whih xloit he osibiiie of cool eanag
fo he povking of shocits and, sie th
"ovatve volto a olbeals (an
he poj of foding Mef whih a01st Fh taslto f olbeals) thogh a
govet of qal whih s the soia-all
of whh stys the o l tslf wh
theeby beo a secoy leag aly to the
I<:n of inteao whch is the asHio
of ;svao to the eooc she a
i is oeia fo al h oe te gve hat
oio ea in ealy [0 the gowth of
oopol
Osblatowhi th eas an th a
oveet o h sea of egative extenaities to
he lidaio of oe by e akt an to h
deion of oia oces b ansa
by the fCI ha th bogeoisie is swet away by the
aa whch i he e blg th foe ost
onts bt alo of al dvbae aitaisTe aa s t epae th bogeoSie a api
ts kes on a sniy aalk aat fo
the oe that h schat of th wol
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To wrk
completed. s disenchtmet eoms te o
oger v bu nolu: tee cn 10 log� b�n} rblj,� (hntm-a w. for empe e
dvet of mode (ejtng e "idus a o
wh Fbe s�ks hrough e ce of Jcqes
Arnox)4 boh wih n1d f bOro modr.
We disetment beome bsoute he powe othe poweru pys OU wt!OI (oiscr wo
ion (0 O;m of a kid hou he ghe bef
nd hereorea oue csm h neer h nr
aw
I is whn his epoh of m itlism-tt o a cpm wo ogeoi oe see
devop e Yemi S£e lie dvebd poti
nd n ddcte cosmem nded idus
opulism ssm is di o bougeo cpm
te ue of whch is wig sign foesdoig boute disnhtmen hen e bcomg m
of ilism s o 2ide wic would be moe
o l epheomen: e i s [he oml d ee
nionng o cim n his ,
rozism is unoe one cn u t ketis eu of Petism: is someig mo
eo moe ompe nd moe dcu hnk n
e eu o he sme od sg
Te midde css wi soon dispe s
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FON A N E W C R I T I Q U
they hve bee pletriaize by the eopme
of consmesm Ts s o sy ey hvebee pupeize the ome is ot the oseqee
of the Je It s [ sy ht the me se e o
lge ay ki of "pey bougeoise�-o bese
th hve bee ppe b thogh mbl
mis [re yif symboi impoveshmem ommseto\ ogh n n�tmic nldetic p-
'nz: wih o, witht ess fo exmpe
o sme pcce wch ws sch deght
to Rl Bhes. f whom t pecio f the
msc o Schm n oy eve om is ntepet
io th s m th ce f pyig it o the pio,
a he expls Ms p25 stmen wh
also lies ehi the efai osy epete o Pee
h s the:
Wrk on yu insrument!
I og hee's e ems s t
is wok th wok lwys ivolves istmet
ee so oo oes uI.
e pey bogeose eve hogh it is o h
eveheless elogs o the ogeose nsoa hs
ess o somethig beyo sbssee c em
cpe itslf om e pe eessy o epocg its
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To 10rk
lbor powe nd a herfore l sel fom pur
lIegorium, a is rom opleel calcuabl xhageh p bourgois r abl o b msic lovrs [amat
de fIlSiqlt], Wha was once h priilge o e nobili
bcame he ienh cenu pT xcell( h o
h bourgoisi hn bcame s wl h priilg o he
p bourgoisie
1is is wha was liqidd b xsion o
consumrsm o all socil casses ough wha I ha
dscibd wh Nicols Doni as a mhanical ur
in sensbiiy2G cndition o possibili o s ag o
pbnko/ cosiHd b pschohnologis
o pscho·powr.7 cosumersm rsoms ehing
o ds ha is, ino subsisence, and liuidas
dsr a is objcs ootium and sublaion clud
ing o he hghes lvls o he bourgeoisi wo rJS
become a maa Ad as for h wage·eanu 0/t idl
[ls /re l'a� s Jean-Clude Milner c unirsi profssors8 hey oo e unale o escae his
fae
Now h libdinl ad poliicl economies o con
[ribuion a are reconsiued in ssociad milies
nd oward he ropning of his dision which sha o consisncis ad o wha 1 hav cled an h
f pepl.2, Onl oriOl can rcnsie cred h
s an econom: hr is no coom ohr hn whn
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f O R A NW CRITIQUE
it is ojct io an nve5(me. Thi eoens for
the coemporay =non sytem the quson oprtmiol-'use an eonomy whethe lbnal or
poltal s way an eonoy o rotenon
Economy ofprolo. pOnt o/uon,and conibon
Economc system n gnea n the catt sytem
n cu y contte ystem roucon o
prnton s protent roucton sysem cey
acheves gee ecincy wih the ene f verculac o gammadzton: money, the wo fo
whh in Ladn evok MoS";)O In ie of that
the uesion of protenton ann e reuce (0 e
ueson of uca cet s ooe n a eeona
enseme an ths eneme conute a much ymahine an by the su f ouer onumer
a is y mony-mony whh ea fom o reen
on cone tme into sace ut whch ly o
n a ver c ene
Ifcatsm s a pon prouton sytem whhn tems of peomv s vey emrbethu
when one say ht the stomaet h ost manybons o oas n the course o uh an uh a
6
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To wrk
ris. (h m�ans a a pow of aive poenons a
owc of e nctio of penios of aiipaios)ha been o y e erd;1JI-the the eoom
of onuio is w oomi agement idi·O and oiia) vcn gammazd eeio and
penon ofnme
e ptas sym fo eang potcnons i ayse o e w ng aou : nge esyem o eief-y ng ief nto mehigaae an y eoe egenng omengt an e a eas n e ey of 1«0l:
t [cOful. Ced n gene, n a i fomwe ankng egu ery aoiia o iais he oganzaton of penoed e onee so expesson of poenton whch "z r/N, whi s onc
od y adatig An' heo of perfomaityo he qon of edit peomane s i[ as edto te tnsfomaio of mae sia eaios aneaio-at i ofw and om whih oeeds eexaona pmaet oton i w apimsn he nusa vouon s onsitd2
Wha ae ding he COUf of he nie[ec and we ees \ he org ni ion
of e apitSt "oeonaizion of the wo.w ose y n eanm
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fOR " N E W CR IT IQ U E
legiimatng powe nd he saraion of e:
no n her tcon, b n anformaon noalcuble li. ndng-ugh te aeng f
scientic eie y he producion ppat in oe to
dse wys o anomng mae ntue hnqe
umn beings nd bavio Ts nomtion of
beef w abe o 3ccomps enomos gns n pod�tviy hroughou the nneh cry nablg
rm of mmbership nd scl cohson n h
so projc crred O by h ogose togh
h evpment o schoos. og enggemn t
made pos�
b h naton oy cIn he wn cnry, h mozn ofdin
engs ook pc houg e png and hass
ng of poenon i e channeng of atenton It
w u a mae o �/aboi"g Itd] an indral
po: o causng te ensions ccmd n poenions of consms (0 ec o (fd] toar
ins pouc, poduct wic re te "ea
ion o he proenions o podces, i ( goa o
cung he poenon o consum n produces 1
converge n tu of oveomng e contaon in
wic conisS e tenenal WI in t e o pot
In te cors o ece c, h ptentn31
ytem copsd. af having un of cono as
as divn od vr·mre xrem so-emm
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To wDrk
vntaly eahing t limit of s u!l""ih;io (3
so-trm nny. whn ampsd to ( ointof fton ads r t dstrion o t tntiona
m in w know onsiss as wl as t dstu
on of t protcnona tm in whi nvstmnt
onsi) Ts olaps of ontions was insibd in
t at of onsumt apasmto t r<s xtnttat his form of Cpsm pnd on t protai
anzaion of r�nion in w h o of cion
onsst, a poon mounng t a oss f
nowg an a o ang onsumpon as m
as oon
"I ntrmttnt worrs of t pfomng a
n a o$ whom Jna Minr as h wag
anrs of t ia, onnu (0 uva a rationshp
TO tpbamwKol. n or tat ty may stil pas nto
h not a fom whih hy raw a tin a
at nnt onsr to mr njoymnt gvn
hat on n a ng o i"j"i/� drlc�.
nw wo prats bng dvopd on h n
wor o t asat iona m owv
hmvs also [n {a t pasag 1 h no
at a goa w ssntay is r motV Su a
mov amonts to a prontion An s a ta o
F awats ony on tn: fo ts onsUtion as a sta
of a n or tat rtntona ystms my
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F O R A N W C R T I Q U E
no he ervie ofhi potntonal aivity Ad it i to
hi qusio ofa aw uh a h ha a ew iique ofoitica eonomy mt b one-ad h o
o te exte ha hee actics. whih ae eomig
v wiepead, eoSiue he oom l in ts
oi well beyod he ulual seo o t "oial
cto
uh ae he queo whh for a iue of
polal onom ead on e bs of a aali
of he plae of iy io i he oom: hee
ac qui oparmacolg. o w a oo o
oiuion conitute e Jociohtp pope t {h
oepoa age of gammaizio-i oi
i oth wod. is se of e
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Pharmacolog of Capal dEconomy of Contribuon
ForJ�an.Micbt1Sds
To the nJto ofJI-Floi Ly)(/'d
e suprmc dfon o t wrir a lh art y u-
s i pna) g r u e v g a
g Crg [nruit bre e
o. ', e ys to :
Lk k
Fgr: i ovr nsa
Hog g e qk
Te s e A e OiscMrll'm
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On Janua 25, 07 wie papang i a
cqium ded te wk f an-Fan�i
Lyad. I pped a eadng f Tht PosN1dml
COlin i aaerzed ose ta aia
dchd b ad a pig! n f ibdinal
on: a nvend b neis api
is in N Aeica a bgnnng enCy
dng [ eadng, pdeni eued
a nsei gan e ibd eadg
eena 0 e iudain e ibd e
"dn a e dan a bdn en deny e ned-
e idan e ceee i en
r ppe a e end e 1 97s (f <o"dirioll pos-
modt beg pbied a e e Maae
Tae gaind pwe in G Ban iUing begnning e neaie evi)
In e ue eading I red w w
nep enabng e inng f is rOf/lIti!
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FOR A EW CITQUE
bidna eooY [h s posmoeni wee lessose of Load' eponmou wor! ha of Feud,who. heoe i wa a ma o eeag anenrpeng [ eded to show ha ord a nTbr Postmod Codiio oeed he osbl o anw hnkng of capalm-and o he eeon ooleaanizaon which evew accopae it
and tha h hinking main o e aoa bu asohat dong o pruppos a crqe o h ordanaccount ofMdina ecoomy
J n h ous of he duio ha folow hivenion Jea�iche Salai who wh Coe
nauea oranied th colloquum, od me tha e nolong desoo what t means pak o pi/
no did he undetand discorse which cotinues oconvo his wod: he then delaed tha he coud nonet my own dico
esen wk ike Fol' (1New iqu ofoiEcooJ, o resod o hs emr mde to me ymy rend sortl befoe the cris of capialsm eealhe extet o ae in he monh oOc 08.Te th advaced hee. s presented before he
admnive cuncl of As Iduralis th in auic eso of hi aocaon ghed o Deceme5, 209J coniue he analss g n o Nrl
riq ooN coo.
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Phnr'olo fCapitl
Ti r xis \o qustions:
How should on unsan "proft phra,
"tendenial ate o po?
• Mo gry. wc s py i onpt
pssd wih rhis s?
7ere no tendnc withuta couter-tenden
W h hid vom pm tis hink wih
p "d f in th ae o "-e
k wc y cnot mea: in t th u p ' s(+)-is uege dyuc
tt, posits, woud in pi b ih o
ps syst od d d wih odi
o ds pii uld us dyni
sm rnd y a i i tt woud d i is tndn to whih th y 1C[oning o
prof gis is i cmpln
[s opJ.
s s iny no ow s b inpd is
teo: o oy wht Mxi a pnoin s d t /be Iopis o ti
tndn And M is poy d i hs wy
Bu i i ndny t t o pof o f
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IOR A N E W C R I T I Q U
then there must also be couner·tendenc, awe lern
fom both N1he d Feud. \ee hs nor hec,
we wod no ogebspekig of tedec} but ther
of spe d ner h s deteist evoluon
l:H Mis d M hself (d befoe hm '
1= Hegen d:lc) dd ot anage ro esn ths
wy-n er of edeis-is pobem beq
by x U tha does nO nvaldte hs to o the
bersh tendecy o h prot rae
"Iis way o thng n tes o ndenes ass
thogh psrbo/ng. ha s tugh a dsore on uls
o the logc nd he eooy on the logc ns
s c is n eooy
Give th cSiy of debe on e endnl ll
n the rte of pro the queston s no whether sch
endnc st rhe t cocens the e of s
couer�endecy (orcounterendenes. Whr s ry
ste s kowig how o tn he y of ene
7prot to which Ma rf is th� um oninvst
Tuig to how the wod prot sold be under
stood the queston is f po cn be deed a the
etu on nesten tha s s ction o a syste
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Phanacol fCpital
nblng mun:on o nvted captal nd hnc
for isk t e tken h soud this denon ofpo id o ecude seaio-wic teds o
droy e SYSem of invtmet en ta, I�u, tI�
smie tim�. :d moe pely ta whch aes the
pyi o of tsort trm ad e og term both
wtI oe noter nd fimt one aoter?
e pot devng om the nncialed cono
lly d not opond wth what M ls th
e o pot , wer p /(). P deeds n
e sYSem o produtio a costat apal ad i�
ble ptl. Te pots dervng om ana1zaon
tend on the con (Q dcul o p n latont 5(+V) nd to ecom snally peulte rots
Te thee ai e qeso of w a calls
"ciios apia
Proft, durabili and txc
An ojton raid aganst e theory of th ee·
i fl he rte of po is we hae seen apa
acmue enomou gan ovr he at ew dcdes.Bt the o208 lke tose thH pecded t u
mo tn ny o he le ) mkes t ns
to examne Oh th a d the soidy of ths
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F O R A N W C R IT QU E
proabil-a pro{bliy whi during hi r h
o o appar JlCn1ytxic.
T quson of pro i rs o al. and joly:
ha o s xognos ssanabl ha or
r o soi (pos anno b durab hy
droy so);• ha o is ndognou draliy rm is o apal
isl (i s one i valu or im
• ha o porat whih og [ha is, as
conns iou apial h uon o qa
o h aniipaions in whih i onis gn ha
iious capil insoar as a sm ofn4tive/
C1KIltd prt, s a nssay union o
ssm b t rgrd o r sula4
on wh nrprial inv onss y
anr p o aiipaion
I is onl hin uch ysms o aniipaion whih
us b quald and onsolidad by rul ha pro
can b produd
Could h gain ahd by Brnad Mado s
mad a 50 bllion dollrs and hos o e pulaorakn in by h ha b ralizd <S pro? Y
wiho doub u h pro "r audln nO
y durbl and plrt" o ba hy wr crad
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Pharmclgy fCapl
throg oor anticpatios And for Mados
cI nt. h ha bco dad loesWhn Albrt paggari. a cimn who wa alo a ml-tant of th trm right. robbd th Soct Gnral
bank in Nic in 1 76, hrby accomplishng hat h
bn calld "h ht o h ny h mad a prot
of 50 million fn Bt h prot a r bn
rcogzd a such: rathr hy ar qald a tft
1 wh ar arls in the pharmaclog fapial
Shol w onld ha a cio apt lay
tnd to prodc ym a ar [oxi. f not radult
(hat ,pre toc)? T w arly poitiv mor e
hn y other hum pyc hotec hlique. ctitiou aptl
s aphrko15 and mor prci. a ccountig gmVeu d'critm, dmmy ntri] and th anicipaion
ystm mad posib by thi phU of cat pr-
ppos th stnc of a fr capital which trctall
d to djnvt wh it e it prots dn6
diivmn ar shortcircui, in tsam way a cial and yponsic mmoth i,
th hJo of writingcan hocircit living ad
anamnc mmo'
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FOR A NW CRITIQUE
Lt s propose ha hs enden eds (Q c"l1
[iri: one cas a specaor (ad. i mes o wa a�proer") somoe who sco a he ecoomca wel: sci conqencs of probe desons Sch
peson logs o heCHeO of hose whom oe oh·
ews alls he ndieen he urig o the r
incrL] those "who are nt
e qim"
011 u ] . tht s who dn't have nyhng to do wh
nyhing-Ose wh S. "I dOI ' r. se who
moc he wod s bes the s uh d to rUS,
ad bese i is cbl eg iscibed wihn thi
phmogy. that lao sysems e mposd
whch am [) m he decve eecs f s spc
ave tenden of fee ap-d o keep a ufc
nd sdyhl o thng hn. on nJtm givn he
insijy ofcapal crclao
I he pals eoomic ssem. h crclo offee pa s sppod o mesue he Cdi ha he
nnci sys� ccords o such and such an o
nomc o hi the prodco suem-ad.
thrg ths sytm fmesreme, sash [he beef
tha socey nvets i his acviy The cculaoof fee capial s a spc ptentinl oza'io
esg o compex. le d corupe sysem of
phrmak whch oe nds mo acos ad o
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Pblncog fCpin
b>ions variou nanca nsumnt, aTngs agences
ec's capia. howver nds o ecome purey spec·
Iave hen it no onge measure a capita o condenc
n the Ure o he ast o (he prodcon apparHs
n reaon to whch t contittes as a sem of
ancpaton, capacs or nvmnt-ut nteadrees on operon whh are ethr pe ef·efern·
al such tha he ancp;on created te nca
use :cpe nothng teF d com t h
expene of the producto sm) or ese r ornd
ward te prodcon aparats u ar suray
shorrm that s ased on dnvestment hat s on
eping� of producon apparaus
Innovation, short-trmism. and spelation
Let us now ren o poductive capia
A common ojto r {he this o the endena
fll n the pro rae is ha he technca novaon
ng at the hear o [he producton appatus enae
the ystem o ceasy stmuae t derenaton.th conStant capta here conferrng a competve
advantage upon he nnovatve entepreneu
e qson o nnovaton hoee no o
8 1
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POR A N W C R I T Q U E
man�r o coc�po a oucto as rp·
urs aJ� tchologcl ivros a sccscovr OO hr bssss: ovao s alsoa bfor ayhg ls th ociniztiol of ovato-tha s, h asormao of sod. Now htw�th c hs tsformao op hogh
th orgzao of cosmpo ha s hrog hmplo of appa\s for soc's adaptaion
o chsrl chg b o s h dption ofovo b so
l wo b :1 r of opo ehsl chg ws coproc sor sl B
h orgro of cosmpo prposs, o cor a h bcomg o soal Ist s ·furl !bmi o t bcomg of th (OlOmie SJm.
somhg abl b grrg rh lr ll corol
ovr choogcal bcomg tha s, ovr h ehc
hs sbsso bg obta b captga harssg ano of cous b vg
h lba rg towa objct of ovato a
b coolg h�r bhavor va makg
ow sch harsg of lba rg as o
s sruco sbms o caclao ha whch sobc of sr s ol cos hrogh bcomg
7 h s rogh srpsg all cacloTs rco of sr ls o a v·bs
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Pana�o0 opt
Mfusttion," org syste wth hat.
cmethe oes soci), codto thesa asopton of ovato did by Shte
as eoo eolo eadng to te istlaton ofa
sst (ng ro po ("ni nd sru/ obw·
n sysem o whih the Iol dato to oje
beoes dpob. A f naaZo onst·n aspet of at sste, en both sesse
as stat apt a woke as aae ap;
beoe s su sosaea a oth ot o
oupo
Cosumo beoes, thee, bo exta a ou-gga:g fusao b
disng on a e soNe bas owa te neet
obet of onsupo poe y ths peaet
iovton." Nory s thus seata vozd t
te epese o ub' a hs O
;Uofdtach m, h , of nhlnN or ili (ul
aled Rxb)11 oes o he eoosto
o e ba eoo o te sa o eae
ehaos d to e iuidion of oal ses
A odio of hs ssem ogzio o
h oete pCse a b
e quidio of pm dn3on12 d the
oao of le syaptogcssJ y hose
shots indued i soey Ia I he dscrbe
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FO A N W CRI T Q UE
a "disoiHion'1-e Y!m of aicpao of ee
capia an1
ypabie bhavor f cne acn aony a e "pocizd [poiast), in
�ne tht mbing dugs an pOUlti u IormabJ"1
hi cave bUI alo ei oic eects (a when fo
insmnce cool is mbned wh psychotrops o
an I-n Aaaoris).
Aiciptons o fO api'l nd cone bhv-
o hefo om orlavey and Jma/
o-us spCIa ad d"bd
Economy ofprotnio1
Fcitou capial s a ym of ancpaons and
gmb w( an D akjtlm ao imiol,
(h i platos a auaion bou u os-
sibite wk ay ver b ald. I his syteof pojco of pres wh, e orgaztion
of ik-ing mre o es imied). give he capili
ye am: apialim psuppo t nc
of f Clptl o�n 1 speculaion undeood in th
sense .Th dvnce on ealiy a poducs thee an
paion hweve, such tht Ihe ucualy exposd
(0 pecuaio, mSI poc bfoe ythg ele om
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Phaacolo ofCpilI!
a molof, islf incrd within an «nomy ofmoti-
oU. whch s as an economy of nasy: such aneconomy is wha podc poan libdinal ene o,
10 exps n mo pciy psychoanlyica m,
polymopho libidinl n.
1s poymophim mus nid by wha Ma
We cald a spiit
pppoe an invmnin
a ibidnal economy whh in som way conr pon
i symolic cliio and i conStion wihin
a sym of exchang fomin a polymophos a
comm
ch ar h qion peadng 'Jt N�l Sprt of
Cpi!J n wih L Blki and E Chiapllo
ref o oh Max W d Albe Hirschman n
ode o how ha
sYfemc ontns [wh ar erd on ll e aos
wln te ptas sys) re su on own
10 l t gn. Du kOI"a1t) ut b
ntera d jused15
In oh wod i ppposs ha a liidinal economy
eeps in sv an chngMb bda r, whih
eows conncy on h "adan ha h ym
maes pon isl ad a is dynamic hoghoU h
aio oms of moiain ha i ics
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FOR I NW CRTIQUE
In lbia economy e vac"� p·
eonl ructu o thi eomy6- conttLedby ds, nd uch dee i tucturly te. a cacul� to th extent ha! t ted (0 Kinniiz
t objctS: [h bidnal econmy the ecoomy o th
nnii2ion nd a uch conttut ystem o itin
ically longtem ceCnvery the deuct o thi vnce foundd
on eie. th i. o ymblic cpil-a detruction
uced by the 7to" o t objct. and s the
gnizion o t Hinc dpbliy. icudig
wke nd buesesdey motitn itsel in
"I m
I thu ecm a adv bsed on te dive
But ven a he drve ae by atue hoermi.
hi led to diinvetmet, tha , to e ucton
o ptabity udesood a bmtr ead f the
uco o proabily udesood h� nliaio o te yamm ad duabity o te ytem, a
a whch do yem gd fe qli u bien It
lhm·J.
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Plmuoog O/Cpi
Consumrst cptal andfnny mon {monnaie
de sig} h� mah�mation ofcarknSI
Th tendmial l n the at of prot whh hantd
th poducv y chaactertc of the nnetnth
cey and of Euoea dal7to (ad whch
rovkd veI
re) wa aborbed a the gn.nng of he wnteth ce Noh A b
a cnter-tendn baned hgh he cnerst
ogazato o he lbdal cooy: b the ab
lhet f ste of oon d b cal
f he d of conut conal ,Id d
relaon o fee cal ned and "rnlJ
n h e Te pleeaon o h conrt
ocety wa [he nal epoe hat he Arcan
coo fod (0 h yt tdcand
for f captal therfore cannot be hough wth
Ma ocp aone
Ir wa whn th erng ontext a the pduc
tt dral d bea con ha n
1913 Shp wote h eolona ho of th
ptalt oo Fod th otU h pfct
xal of th deate that h all h
He Wbr hang hl uppld a r
eron o th dl·ty throgh he ge o h nre
eur o Plaa1 Bt od eteenual
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F O R A N W C R I T I Q U E
inntn. bU n Taysm pupps t
ganztin f mss cnsumptn-th hanng andpln lbdina n n th src f cnstnbhaia n I s fr is rn tht ths frm
f pitasm ques mbilzin f Fudian
cnps
s nsmrst uNndnnnd as way f tugglng agans t ndal ll n th t
f p and mplmnd a ntn th sstm
whh Max ws unawar, ht s maktng, and
which d t the gn1tn of ous aial
and th F.C tht m:Onr f cntrlng pdu
tn shts nrpenul conl t sharehol
managmntts cntrtndn u bcm
bsh towad th nd f th Wi cy
nd de th mmnt that un pwr
dmns. rywh sng p mv prce f
pprn ecnstuing t chractrstc trts ft nntnt r
Hing dtred t bidn enmy upn whi
t was fundd nsmrst cundncy tn
sstm aggaats th xit f nanal pa
mal. tat s r tndncy. tsef dribsd ndshomt, ctts apal, accntating pu
peitn n a l of t populatn s wl a
unminng t appatu f pductn, wh is
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Phaml oCpil
plged v rg byos nd ohe specltve
:hniqu d slly anst usne
The Sugge gnst he endena l n he e opot hus indces a endenl l n lbdnl ene.
whch renoc he spelave endeny of aph is. s dsnve, heeby ndenng po
Te enous ccuulion o cpta tends heeoe o tansoed no unny oney [o1ie dr
sil- he penso nd syse ppes o whai i ne pole o yst clled cs cpl sht havin tJ/(uid pham/tlogI f
1 cnelrsS, h pole is onsud y deons("u dbmy orgnzing the ilmion esonsty deeptons wh nmes such as "subpescu1aon Bernad Mdo ec
7�Ihrt�rilt mo-tdc
I e way n whch rx cacae he e o poled o ake he sve tendency in whch -ous cpal eenialy onss fu o CCQ hsonly sevs o show precisely h he cpals nves-en sye s subje as a dync sye. h o aearsh endency or (0 a speculave unconn whihnecesily eces destrucive d le
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fOR A N E W C R I T I Q U E
Schumper COradc t pptv by showig
how ovato fmcHonl/ arHmbs pov�Cp ad citou itl- risk il oieed
to\ad "chologa values But Schum peer oe
ot teg� t� queso f cosumpto a e h
essig o libidinl eer, r h� eash e ha
hi aig idue ove is �er fom sstao cnsumeris pialm he eoemt of the
eny towad hoHst aessess hat h
eect invibly vk in tos apa.
In e o descib th, he fnining h
appau prout-uch a i is moed y
mnen innvion quing n oganizion
cosumpio by me appa o psyopow tat
maketg coes i on eas fom Ma
Ih� sepaao of tiio om poutve apital
is formulato of he calculato ofwe wod need
o:
1 . ad o is formua a iovato fuo a
a cosumpto fucto oer [0 es a
appa of proui whh, oa is o oge
merly podutivis, ut osumeist;
2. inegc a eta fU a eg ha is,
a edey for e to eompose io ts om
onn divs.
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Phanacl fCapit
If, in addon one admts:
hat ous apal i ssena o he cm as s
te organizaon of aluable antaons;
• that t s cotituted y staly shot�ems
endeny. that is y a endeny to aessnss
w n he onsmest ndusial mod forms asstem wth an nrsng oesene ods
and seies. proded by a onsan aeeon
of e oess o nnovation and techolog�
cl tfr. d by a oeave aggessveness f
makeng
ten it aps viden a he onsmers mod
as eahed s limis bse aommdaes a shor-
tnit mar-t. w n e c ony lead
to osng he sem o om ny ue at s oa lokage of e o of anaon wheter
enepenea o nana and o a genere dega
dation of soa and p movatons b equay of
«onomiemovaions
Given he exsene o sch a mao-enden teeon eom o knw wha the mt-Olur
nn mgh be
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fOR A N EW CITIQUE
Shrhor capitalism aem rene
To quadons of urbty snity, of
sfegurng the ynmic ystem cpm is s
syem of moons. mus � e the pobem
o negtve exenlitie: the csis o 2008 coincs
wih the ullment of he prcions of te Mows
repo n of Ren Psse nmey. e consumer·
s nus moe s conemne o oveshoo s own
ms by esroyng geoogic ours n geogrp
cl n meeooogc sysems l wle provokng
mogrphc expoion
lhisesron f pys sysem combne w
e esrucon of psyc n soc ysems wc re
the ndtons of prouction o a lbna eneg-
tht o uce s wel s signe invsts n
consumes e pot rlU en ens vey ceny to
f, whie te "prot is only mrained t hg velsbu hs beome ninsly suv n re·
ler roug unous nsrumens of nnc
rmcoogy or by fnkly Meue opertions
inee on r mnestly mn n sctly
;)1'In s se wt s ugmene s pro no
nger �s ny rn o e pro e cute by snce 1p n (e ce of e evenu obsolcence
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Phn/olo ofCptnl
of innovation iuef, and tkng into accont the sen
aly ive-base chacer o consmpton. end[
bcome caly cio. a to be nethe
10 c no r in the denition which ppot e cacaion /(c+): i this endeny wic i concetey
exps in managemen comng saeolde
bs wch e FogEADS nie tding
cand eeae camito eecsand which inas a
genney systemic cenes
Economy ofexcessvess[demsurJ
nd nniteponsbl
Howe spcative ciio capal migh b i
m ncipaton making em laivly clcla
ble Poenons of pychosocia tempoiy howee
ae not absoey ccable an ways c ative
ancpaton: y emege fom a idin economy
tha in6niz il [ht is, an «01omy of aci-
nt ta podc a pychosocl wi. othewise ld
movaon that ha pocs motiv r x;uig.
ohewise caled meanng and which pppos waSimondon names the ansindividaondC on
poce of anindividation n which pQ[nions ae
eaote into the fomaion of long cis I
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FOR A NEW CRITQUE
In othe words, he proenion at consit psy�
chosoal emoiy uposs a eationof an if"iu mpo,ibilit will oe "bak up this
emoly as a knd of (rt, whe ed nnot be
rded to ust [cuianl underso s aon.'9
bt euposs 3 desire invesed in an nnitbe
objet
A he orgn of cpialsm t wa he God of
reformed monotheism who assumed the symbol n
tion of this innite esponsibi we arc infomed by
Webe But wha old ak on he syboi fnton
of hs innie responsibii when apitaism trns no
a roess of disenhantet nihiim and the death o
od? n what then wi this raton o innt onsist
a aton whih slaion end to dle nd to lq
udate (thogh whh however i is the ym telf
whh beomes diutd-e mtazation of ose
only alowing soal and yh stems o abob thsduton by dstoying he a lle more hat s by
dung hemsees n oder o pree me nania
sbyte wihn e piJS[ ono syem and
aways to he deiment of he prodon sbsystem)?20
Ts nnite obe s tha of dese What bo Freudand Niezshe gae s o tink-nd wha hy ga
u to think as the pay of endenies-in the ntion
ig of wha he Viennese analys wi he psyhi
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Phanaclg o/Cpital
aparaus, s hat mph� is innsally onstd
by s aton o nty. 1s ty s that objt oftd�rwhch cen hough t s ot exst ( s
a asy) nevem cons.
Such cnsnce one alow a geeal onoy o
perpetate that is, to ced speclav de
ue whh s encoun when seulaion alulang an ung anans oes nnsall
caeless becue has beoe e ncaaton of a
shor-tes, ha s de-ba= teneny Tse are
aso hsak of gee eonoy aong to Geoges
Balle
Fo h on ha Aan catals le
e e "Arcan way of s a new lbdnl
ecooy mogh e psychoower of retg tc
oly khs ny whh s nnedir, non
by 6nizg , tat s by dsoyg h aats of
roucon of lbnl erg a of al sublaory
by-rodu It c theefore oy ase ts yston
Te n2on oft psyhoower howeve
whh e a he se ie he tie of sof
po�r, w for a long ti c ts ntzg eects
throgh a bl powe heorze by Keyes an ate
lzd by Roos s ubl owe, caled e
w/rt sta, wll:
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fOR A N E W CRITIQUE
• o the oe had. maitai beth pyhopower.
ocial ad ublim:no ystem fo e poduo oflibida eergy rlar edatoa ytem
o the othe had. limi the ela iv tedecieo c[ou capia tha Ihi pyhopowe erethogh the ol of egulato ad adjustmet
asumed by the pl powe whe ed wth theect of ddutme egedeed by the emuao of the dutral tehial ytem, whih
estlizes ohe soal ytem
To ay ths aothe way the were sate ot meelya avat fiopowe added (0 it i h quetio o py�opowe hi i e aae of he tae i he poch
of what Adoo ad Hoeme wiU aJl e leidty-ad the epoh whe ee du
vetor of the merica way of lif. i to ht oe
th of ocial ge.
7� "orVaiv� rvo/uonI ubordination ofh� chnical s o h COnomic z
ual poit mut hee e mphai
1. Beoe maketig ad o pital too oolo idsial eomig ad eore he mas medi
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Phncolog o/Capital
bee thoouhly dive-bad. tat is at rhe begi
ig of the 970s he pot te o busieesbonomed out ecoomc Ct whch meat that
at (har e w dut o age hat e e
deta i the e o ot was a abud
poosito
2. It was ode to evese ths stuato stad
thoughout the Wste wod by Keyes:,
tha the "cosete eoto was memeted
b Maget Tatche Egad om 1979 ad b
Road Raga Noth Aeca m 9BOt
system based al te etto Wods m
hag bee abadoed 9 , t Aca aa
atus o oucto havg dsticl egessed JUSt
s ad occued to te om itish eme ad
the "cosevatve voo amg o aca
e d o gobiz Weste cas ode
[0 sue hat it coued o dect the course ogobato a satg whch w a ameabe
e)
3. hs g to qeso o he saewhh k
he om o deocg he wee state o the
gouds t destoys iddua esosi adhece that goemet had become "the obem
ad ot the souto to aaase Ragaad
the goa o akg t ossibe o cata TO cm£y
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FOR A N E W C R IT QU
det (va he ntermey of shoowe me
mene hrug makeing he ourse of whaBertran Gle alle {he ajustme beween he
ehna ssem an he Qher humn ssems, a roe
whh from the begnnng o the nustr evo
on gh u un ha moment had beonged o
govrnmen.
I ohe wods aer he "onsevave rvoion
he eomng o he hni ysem n the ose
of gob7on (eadng o a oess of eonom
globalizaion which aer 1989 no longer fc ny
obsaes)onsiu[cd he nsrte of
roduon. the orion o onsmion (via ps
hoenooge) and e oes an serves of hs
onsmon se (a of whh ae hemseves dus
e and ehnized)-the beomng o this gba
thnical ym eds o beome ttal intatd nto theonomicsu and submid to i protisa NUat
i oadi.
In adon the eonomi ysem is hencefo
amos omee dree b he na subsem
te gobaize and t nan subystem n rns sef sruural deorreaed from he rouon
subsysem
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Phrmaclg oGpi
Technia stem, ol systms, and markeing
From the Npoleoni stte un vous foms o
Keynesinism, nd pssing throgh Gllism one unc�
on o the stte hs been [0 ense the eton nd
egultion o the disdjustment povoked by evemoe
pid evolutions of the technicl system a to imple
men processes ofeustmenta they beome necessy.
Betrnd Gile wote in 178one yer before Thtche
me to powe-ht ilng suh egultion, which
onstituts policy of indusil delopmen soil
systems old only n themselves nnihited by
hotic beoming of ths evelopment2e tehl ystem i dyni syste whh
thee tke pe wht Simondon desib poess
o individution Gille shows tht in the couse o this
indvidution, the techn system entes egully into
onRit wih the "ohe sol systems-whih ethemseves poesses o ollective indiviution nd
whih pesuppose pocesses o sychic individtion
d wht eu led psyhic pprtses
is mens tt it is possibe o the indiviution
o he tehn ystem to poceed in wy tht is ontry o the inividuion of socil sysems nd psych
ptses is ontiness howeve, IUO onstitues
he dynmi o e thnicl soil nd psychi
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FOR A I"EW CITIQU
iviuation processs. (ha is, th phamologa
cnd of the nduation: Smnn sws thatniuatn qu press presupposes he phase er·
ecs [bmag) which eciely uce he ee
ynam o£iuaon an ce esa
On he oher han proess o ch ald scia
id'J/aiol e nOin
ny ase Iaptfiols f thesoca sysems an psyhc appaauses he emng
of Ihe echnc sysem hy are press o adpti.
ha is, c-idvrio1, n which soc sysems an
psychic appaaues poue an inuae {he h
n sysem as muh as hy paTcpae n h wn
resp«e niuaonsa o s in a way (ha is
ransuvy nernke
G ges ha he st3e mt ssume he eguaon
of nabe nd nesay) nc n orer Q avoi
te scon o hse sysems he sae rega y
eermnng he parameers of he ehnia syem an
[he rrae eouon f the sca systems thugh
negotito foring an pning, tht s ough
he ongem orgnizo o ehnolog a nus
al eomng; i must eually nu {h poibi
f esearch nepene of pae nesme whhs hort-ms whe ompare wh ergeneraona
soca me
Such poes a theacmic whch dene gms
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Phanacolog ofCapt
of indvuaion ba on long o rnn·
vidaon. and whch prb onion n whhthnooga an nduta pharmaoo pdu
nduaon mo han do dsndvuaton
Now, an na ap o th ioogia war
d b h noba o h onvaiv rvoonw\ h onemnaon o govmn ndua
nd ong-tm poy and h orpondng aua
ion hat govnmn nvaby pomo n
mo o onomi admnionevn hogh
the Und S: mta ontnu o drmn h
on o h ndua pi h Aman
a "I nuall ov o th auaontha a/ oia rut h proue ong i
o ndvduaon ar guiy o urng th mod
zaon ma pob b h dvopmn o th
hn tm
Whn Tah an Ragan nad atondng and vnua qudang a at appaa
, h gamb wa ha h adjumn po
d ntrd l h opaton of h marke
aon tha , [0 matng whih hn xpo wirho
lm h phhnoog ontun h mdnrtuuand d o a h v o a ha
oa ono whih ;'naro ha whih i
anathizng an whih produ adn
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fOR A NE W CRITIQU
Conundng he echncal and eonom semsa a prinpalto ofaelessness
h nlud xploaon lads o h low bu ix·
oab qdaon of [h appart of pOtio of
lbidinaag an apparr(d b conjoiningphi
apparN and soc sy oa o podC Sbi"in
sums (nd whch conctz ndvdaton no t way a onc pchc nd lt). In amn
of 2008 hs d xpoaon wl OU o
have nald a gnpnr ca/n.
The connding of th( t( J ica/ and enomic sums
a caaroph whh nvably ads htO mswhch a thooghl pharmacoogal o ponz
and xacrba teir ox ropc ad fdtv
ndnsfo for rso:
I . bordnaon of h hncal o h onomys, donad by h hghl plav
and shor-m nancal sb-sym rnforcs
drcv t of nnoaon and of h a
aon of nnovaon fo h oth oal stms
te tchnal y ncl ddj fo h
oca S Ad t nd to by ppr and
day h of hs dads sng
for hs oia yss hna pros amo
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Pharcolog ofpi!
ng Q sece whch ho·cr ha oc o
uanndvdaon of whch hese ocal ytems ae
he oganzaon-he absence o eglaon leadng
n he end o he deson o emoales long
cc) whh ae no mmedaly "monezable,�
ha s abe o beng abobed by a consme
make.
2. The exmey ad and olen eneon o ehnoogy n he deen oal yem (my yem
edcaon yem olcal yem jdal yem
lngsC yem ec) leads t geneazed ole
aanon: ehnologal nnvaon mosed
hogh maeng a oe o adaaon oyh and socal nddal and nO aoaed
a a ec o nddaon and oess o adoon
denng a heec gme ha 14voi·ir
(lhapm ad �m!j4 echnqe o sef d
ohe) Ths s why no longe allows he aono ccs o ansndvdaon and on he conay
e nle e hoccng o he sn
ddaon oceswhh amons a nle
oumicclmr.
3 e hoHm e eeed by o aand shahode managmen oe he deeomen
o a ehnal syem eney bodnaed o hI
eonomy and heeoe o he mae and o whch
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F O R " N E W C R TI QU E
the only developmena posbities tha come to be
selected ae those enabling the Ir pid ctitl- f�-thby osing o all possbilities
o social invCment in the hnrmnk, boh in
the long (em an as theapeic implementaton
o s socializaionthis pessue o th economic
system on the techia ystem eads to a systemicallycaeless devlomet ftbtfciel s its�1
4. 1he geogrphical biologil, demgaphic and psy-
chic systems d hmelves disadjuse, leading to
their disequilibrum, the than TO benecia disrup-
os hat is to dr
utons that ould be eectivelyngenpic dupons capabe of ading to rhe
poducon olmtbilia, such a ould occur
i hepnnko wee implemented therapeutically)
T.colp" of the sum of movaion
Hun bcoming s he esu o a theeold proce
o individuation or which te technical ystem.
soca systems and psychc appaauses ae he mea-
stable congurations engeneing poCS5 o technical
colectve ad sychic individationTehee nvd
uatio po5 nepble: they om ransdcivaions22
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Phno o/Cpil
The tsductive rations tie oget thee orga
nologa eves whh mst be distgshed. and whhhve ter own og and h own tendenies. b
whch an no be consdeed n sotion fo one
anothe:
• e pcic appaIs s b- on syste opo
soc ogns;
e technia yse connts atcal orgn whh
becoe te phrka o te psychootic body.
onnectng t to Q(e bodies a th hrt of oca
syses;
So ae [e ogani7tons hog wchthe andvdua eatab and unie th
thaeutc ees whch onste soia bend
ng [r-01] tough me oetve ndvduaton
poces
at e tecnica syte is in tansdutve raton
wth the soi syste a hat it annOt be deve
oped without hua ieu in eaton o wh t s
exogenous. a eu foed U o ychic nd coete
ndivdus cutivang hr sgr' b cuiling cOt. h , ojJ whh d no bt whi
rt �nd whh a suh p te unon
nnt inntey to oe) ofstes nd indduas
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f O R A N W C I T Q U E
That he psychc appaaus is n sctive daio
wh he chn ys:m meas a psychic appaauss anno soca whou passig hrogh he
phi consve of h echica yem-whch
is also a sym of eray eenons ad whc u
suppors nvua an cocive proenons (an [he
formao of ce, sepbna pem he formaon of boh ong an shor ansviaon cirs.
Recipay soa syemsa procss of coecive
ndvdutin ha s as evoving sytem. cannot pr-
peae hmseves whou aopngpIarma/a hough
he pychc ivuas whotranindvdae
hemsves
t he ear hese soca ytms, plmnkn whch
such sup e oganions in whch he sysems
cons eac oganogca el beng vie i
ansucve dao o h viuo of the oe
ysems
In e weneh ceny hower he economc
syem havng aken a sep byo he ohr ysms
a beng chag wh he ask f nng hem
fnitzg m, ha s sbmng hem o a prO
of geneaize "monezaioan he aci sub
ytem havig ake a sep byo [he prcon
subsysem a {he hea of he economc ym ief
is nfnitiv (mut h aw of esire) contittng
he cdtn of y genune -ndidin of the
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Panac o/Capita
the ogologi level, whh nds elf desoyed.Now hee c be no sJlaiabk (tat is are-l
[mriLtUptnton witot nne onsienc rsJ n boh he qng ofaiipations
imo an uta-hoHe hoon ofspeua£on and he
colape of he te of ovaton Spelaon e
fa fo podung a nw dynai on the coa
folze e: t feezs t nto a waU of e wheepat and fte canel each other Ot and whee allfos of nvten snegate e la-shot-t
tendeny of opetey deeglated ctto apta
wh stecy ho-ccts the pes of an
dduaon thy caes cttos capal o becoeotalzed and exts Ts tenden i, then ntn
ly selfdestie da sch nilat ee
of whh he law deJr,hr it p fht a-
zHon (through ubmati) of moti o imagao
oibi.Sc a tuaon o aelsnewhh c ony
ead to te enropi dinegation of he thee oga
noogica ves whe at e ae tie doyng the
-ogologi ye {geogapha laolog
a geologal and bologil yte)s ndced bya coneist odel whh, hang eached t l
hogh he pead of dsoaed iles24 tha po
leaaned le ecoes elf-detcte nofa a
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FOR A N E W C R I T I Q U E
wh i doy not me he dr of consurs
b alo hr hlh.T rnvon of th nusl ono prsup
oss ronttuon of iinl ono wiho
h hr n o nv, h a tha
lWappa! ofproduction of/b;a/ m�w J b�
O�d ad td-e3USC c appals
ary 10: hn th ltl nttuon
nd i -u [c�l.\j inhb uC hn
hool n r h [hr [hIlj.
To coo a, h o ru' aga ar�
tmdc inhn o paako c
n dUf o k� f or, n lrl no longr
ps by y of "uing onuon. Bu nr
cn i pss b wy o d n gowh ["dr
o Rthr pthwy to gm growth u b
ound gowh runnng oun t h mgrowt
[cro] h onur s bo25 n
groth whch od ont n nn of sr
Sh bh woud b ed y mntng a
onoy of onrbuon onoy or hh o
o n o k r,"26 nd n onomy
whn hh r ulv o u.!7
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Pb'ntco ofCpitl
Pharaco ftechnical tendencs
I h ourse ois ethoaphic reseach ad by om-
parig ehi groups Adr LeroiGorha reated
the cocep o wha he clled "(ma eldli.
ecca edeies emerge rom har ierior mlieu"
which he ehn group" ostitures Tehial ede-
cies emergig rom he ehi group ae projeed i
the orm o ehcal objes the oaliy o which co-
stie a meme (or a m ) hrough whih rhe
erhic group akes od of is exerior milieu, hi i
rhus assimilaes ia is enal objecs
eroiGourha's aalysis s grealy inspred o byHri Brgso as eoGourha expiy aknol-
edges wi his reerees o he heoy o lif foe"
ad by Claude Brd who makes use of he coceps
o ierio milie exerior miu well as o mem
ba d cll. i order o describe he metaboliuios o soothni groups
Now he ierior milie i whih techcal edeces
a orme is a he same ime he sear of ote
edecies miing hi ocrete expresso he it-
ior mieu secrees" hes nds bu i a/Jo secreessoehg sm ar toa (auoimme sysm order o
sruggle agais hetx ets that ese eecis may
ar rimes povoke ihi he ieror miliu
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PO A NEW CRITQUE
n eect conited hrogh a ehnca mle
whch ppos i, whch s i condon. and whch double (in he double ene o he wod. if I may p
ke h): he techncal mle eqalen o what
Bend Gle led the ehnl syem haboed
by he ntero mle and ppon alo doe no
ceae o exceed i and o heaen wih dercon.a hogh wee a paase ha alo happen o be he
condon o plty and o impoby o tha
pon wch paral In ie. a maer o a
pharmacoogca mle. ng endencs whch ae
curive a well as poonouT why wthn the neo mile a ehna
endency. oug h proenance n mle
nee compleey epsed whn ha me a
ehnl tendency oy lzed thog ehnal
t whch ae a compm ween ehnial cha·acerc emeging rom e tendeny. and ethnc
chaaceisic ha Loiouan decibe a degee
o tehna ct18 mng endeny-egee o
whch he tm he p endeny u whch s
heeoe coveed oe y ohe deee whch k tliming s expresion ndeed eurning he echniyo he tendency agn own xpron In ceran
egr he a man coe whch he tech
ncal c) and a atent conen whch he tehnl
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P"nncolo� ofCpital
tendenche mait coenr expressn e lrenr
content on by ssimultin t, filg (dntJ it,n ltiang [drnclt itself from i
Suc is the cse ecue the interio mlieu which
constut the ethnic rou) hrbo whn he ech-
nic mileu 3 socil subou (e echnal rou)berer of the teneny wch is stinuishe om
other socil roups themseles erers of couer-tenencis eern om oher socl systes A soclcouertenen cosists n cusn he technc ten
ency to "irct to eect, n een to reese sirection in ore t ensure tht he technicl ten
dency os no estroy those ytes constut heinterior ileu whh woud be nvbe wee i f
be exprese wthout ny lmttion whtsoeer Theteneny whch bes te techni roup is ereforeconcretely epressed a technal ct n he encoun
er wi othe socl roups wi ake hod of tsteneny in cusing it o ifurcte
Ts eectio. ts irction the ifrcons
wch e prouce by t nd whch r spc fors
of wat Derrid crbe s dran� (which s so
n economy29 consttutes the relit of the procs ofconiiuton of the technical sem with e soc
sem. hrouh the the ndution o thepsyc sstems nticipe the nd ralze them
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FOR A N E W C R I T Q U E
ju uh as {ey re ubied o he and nd
hee codond by he.In conr wh hee oev;ve reon of he
neo e howee he echn gou, whch
end o cle the expeon o he echcl en�
decy ep hed whe cored o he ehngr no1T exeey we o ee o he
exero leu
h: e ms I. .J nden of a ur]
meu, wh s nr cposd fe w re d
nils. bt l r eare he objr d d
diRrl h groups.30
T ehncl gup hen wh ue he png
no on (o he ngon [ I;cun of
he echncl endeny whch ohng ohe hn
oem), he needy o obs nd decong o the eero lku h echn �
le nd hogh whh hey e e hed o he
neor eu e eor goup however ed
o el e h hn eu ode o b
be o le h whch n exeror leu, hhged oehg Le-Gouhn deore wh
h exple o he nowhoe doped y he An
bue he le w eong fzn: eve�
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Pbrmacolog a/CpL
thig here s a manr of aragme bw dyamicm.
Te economy ofonibution s the overtuing{renvesemen} ofthe bearih mc-tenden
tchcal decie propr to huma groupJ
d th huma a uch, ad thrat [h huma a
h: th hra the cohiv ctor uYig he
goup Tcha tedce orgiat fom the ehc
gup tl Leroi-Gourha' "techica miu may e
a tep ahead wh compard wih the ieror iut it i o if o ca put i ik h rom o of thi
ito ad in om way by holwing at trior
I Gl accot o ohr had tcha
em ad it dyamic ee to become exterorzed
t dach fom th itrio mil ad to dcorrlatom oca m what Gl dcrb a
diadjutm
h oct of whch l pak ar o logr
thc ad rbal goup th ar mch argr ocal
group (empir poticall ad coomicaly orgaizd ad harch7d cit church to tc) h
oa ructur of whch ar profoudy dta from
thoe of hc grop a wll a big dividd ad
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FOR A N E W C R I T Q U E
dierentated no sugops. socal clsss, economic
secos etcIn these hiechic oets socl grops e in
relon to othe socl gops wth hch thy fom
uny mperl politic elgos ntionl etc) s
hee "ethnic cells hve integted to fom speo
body constting n nteo meu Fhemoesuch hiechicl societies mintin commecl nd ml-
ty eltons ith one othe, ledng to n eteio
mlie tht is moe nd moe stongly "nhopie"
th s technczd: mle o exchngs d oete-
nl commece thogh hih inenton l c
om hich s $Ometim n onomic ste n t othe
tmes ste o
Disadjtment i mifste n the sptil die
entto hch baition indce B i h ony
become pecepte nd constn cto o the socal
dynmc snce the tme o he ndstl revoluton etechncl ysem then end to blnket bso the
soci ystems st o l y nscbing soijit no
mchnes (y gmmzing knoledge hen y shot
cciing Sir-v;vu i he ppts sppong he
servce ndstes n he consmest epoch) contem-poy etculted society gmming socl reltons
hemsels i sdl mitring.
Tee hve y en n l pecedng peods o
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Pbamac D OfCptaL
human sociey, po�ses de-orrlatg the tehnal
sYSe' from the socia systems and the ehnal mehas away exeeded the ntero miieomethng the
Geeks haraterized as a form of hubris. B or the
pt te thond ear ofsedentar lfe and bnzed
ivilzaton uh prowhh dirpt e soca
ystem and the ovea colectve indivdato p�,and which ae provoked b "eaps i the ndividton
of te tehnial ystcm-lwa onttted exeptional
episodes.Disadjstmen ome hron om the tme o the
dstria revoion. And ths bome ven moe the
c a the begnnng of the wenteh e whennusty stggng agant the tedrtia dee n thete o ot systemacaly o a orm o pemanent nnovation whch prCuses te deveopmentof a omeri oie. and whh depend pon the
ystematc and onna tranfomaion o was of life
From that po, not only d he tecn systemno longe eem to b eeted b e ethnic gopasitton whih beg fom the moment the ethn
"ceU became integated wth ote sma "ces
n ode to om a more ompex oal body-ut tsem thogh the tehia tem i ct eape to
a new inteio me wthi ths omplex bd Suh
s e poc of da;�n, a pro throgh wh
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FOR A N W C T I Q U E
socal ysems ease [0 poe he enia e·
dey by deeg nd ndvdtng t. bu ah whch te sol sysems temees ae shor-ed
d lly ds-egted e ehro of rhe
soa
Wth ts oess he eonom sysem oO s de
oeated fom he ohe soa sysems bo thoglzo nd by kg ool of te tehl
ystem, wh s beoes the o of deeoa
zo 'he ten edees o oge ceed fom
o of e teo le, d o loge seeted by
t to the exte ht thr 0 10g�r isI ilf�riormil:
e teial mle a�sg he ool of a ten
cl ystem tse lgely deeo d gobaled
eads o e e d smle dlto o the reo
e, s f r hd bee astedd osoed
Ths amos, te. ro the g of Im
be e dluon o teo les s also e
dsegao of syh aats s well a e
ota eao of lbd ee ad of aaes
o esmet Con and wl Aodng to
he les of geeal orgaology teal mle
sped of he eo me s oess o tehal
ndduaon Sd of e oss o psyosol
ddao d s hee a poess wh etably
beomes eo, ge r:1 s desoyed ts ee
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Pharmacolog ofCnpi!
be-ldal eerg, hich s a necessary condiion
fo every knd of poton-
a give tht technicltendencies ae ctualized in echnical ts which ae the
mteial expession of es tndecies.
Having ched ths sge. the tendential decline in
the ate f pt an ts consumest and specultive
countetendeny, tgethe engende a beaish mc-
tendency hich eventaly becmes unsustainbe: such
is lot In de t overl tbis tndC. i is essential
[cpt� t ecnsttute a pcess indivdution o
the techicl milieu thugh the individain of new
type of inteio milieu (otd by "multudes o
"ll) vi investment in th elatonl technlgies
chacteisic of eticulted societis
T apuc pogm of this hamacology hich
ests on he formton of ne asocited milieus. is the
eonomy of contibuion32
Organolo ofendencies and ofheirtradcv arrangemen
Tee ae tendencies nd coutetendencies ppe toeach he thr ganlgcl levels, t these ange
and tie togethe he tnsdcive elins eween he
hee levels
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Phmclg of Cpit
f psyhi individuals heselves individuae and
diachnically sngulaized hugh e elatin[0
brk (and ecnical endenc) wheeve
heapetc spaces eiving fm he sial lvel make
his pssible
It is hugh these aangements f muliayeed ten
dencies hat tansindividain cesses ae wven
Each f e scial systems is iself nstiued by specic
tendencies which instantiae e dynam f synch
nizatin and diachnizan and which fm is wn
ci ansinviduan
Nevehels with h nw stage f gammai
zan, nw synchniain pcses tha , new
egimes f mea5abilizan ae enabled. Bu begin
ng wih ha gmaiztn cess which enabled
e dsetain f opoe Rws rn enabling
he calculan via machine ols nd the appara
tus f pductin mnagement ad cnceptin and
evenally via e syhehnlgies esaing cn
spin making i pssble t calcuate the fu f
cnsiusne"avalable bain-time e ecnmic
ysem akes a sep eynd a te he sia sysemsy taking cntl he echnica sysem itselhat
is by nlling whih pssibilities ae selected fm
angs ll se nstituting the eninl eld
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fOR I NEW CRITQU
opd up by tchcal tdcs, and by mpoig
avorabl thal ts o to aptal whch tslf mposd o productv captal
Grammazto-that s. phrmcology-s vr
ths wa lso s w pross o daco
otha o dvduato Fad wth th bars
macrotdy drbd h prdg paragrapha marotdcy moutg to a gatve aragmt
o ds sug rom th thr orgaologl lv
w mu ravat a h ltdmr IOlrd tkV-
ion ha so d whh wa tltd at a
a stag o grammat7ao ad va ypom
phfrmlkn, to h cur o css o h sko
and otum.
T( tendenc to ekvaion-"there ar( a t ofalteatives .
o vy stag o gammazto socs ttut
tauc ssm sSm o cr cnq o
ad o wh ottut sprualt ad dv
ot oms om samat mod to astcmodl pasg through chrchs mdc thraps,
schools spor phloph ad v ystm o ub
maon
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PbnmO/og fCnpitnl
Tese ysem hch are concree expressions of he
tenency
cult
iva
te consistencs.ne:hJ
presp-pose te apparaus of producton o sbsistences w
wic tey compose an troug wic is orme a
negotumwic as commerce s also a caluaion aout
wat oes exist a wat wl exs. Wat composes
togeter ten, is te olm o consisences, e 1rgoti/m
o subsistenc an tat wic constitutes istences
worty of tis nametroug wic a $(o-vi is
forme tat one can caU xsl.
1e economy o otibution is te stimulation of
esre troug te reconstitution o systems o care
foune on conempor phanflm an constituing
a nw commerce o subsstences in te seice of a new
tence
In th coure o histor, hmn societes rrnge,
combie an economIze ous enencies
couer-tenencies wic weae a metaablize eynamic systms h re ome on t: ree orga
noogical lvels Tse rrangemes are forme y
poentiing [otlia/sfmj e tenencies an counte
tenencies occurring at tese ree eels Te ynamic
istorica processs resulting from tese arrangementsare generate rom Ot of te mits o tose wic
precee tem an tey are subsequently transorme
trog te enconer wi teir own imits We live a
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FOR I N E W C R I T I Q U E
such a momnt-to a v gra dgr: to dgr
h v svvl of humnkd s 31 k.Toward t nd o h wntit cnu h
tndnl ll h o po, couacd bycorndcis nessg lbdal n tnd podcd f cojuction ofrh dv-bad dm
of I} pch d Ih spl mdm
ofh coo J. Bu n h w phamacologca
contx cat by dig n(oks f coT 1"g
m cly «oms mgab: on c ma hamdm! 0 tm cJd b comb wit mi-o dci!
s angmens psppos aticlaions btw[ conomc sm ad h psycic appas t boht orgnizaina lv ad pscosomaic lT� claons ar slad at t l o t
chcl ystm by gg ointtos o cnicadces d mo psey hogh h yps othna C i ar n slcd by h omicstm cjOd o h pycic ystm, chcacs whch oncly xpss cnica tndncis hcl dny ha com o b xpssd
chca systm is no a dtminion o moh h dl ll h o pr dmsth nd o cataism-ad t tchica ait is noh dcy bu h c n t or hnd h
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Phamacolg ofCpila/
endency o�ns vaious posiblies. ad ta i why
[0 {he TINA deology, "ther is 1 uravt." onemus opose he LO arumen "u nrt o! f
Jvts.
edecies ae potenals yi within he ieo
ad om whih posibitie a b seected: they ope
elds o oteona osiiii Posiilii which ae
eleed e hen exessed oncey a ecnicl FJc
u ese e away oiened hough ocial yem
Sia syes on he ohe hnd ae theelves cu·
ey ioved i a sgle o oo1 o olve
ndivduaon eoch s haaezd by he fCt
tha is th oomi syse doiad y cito
capia hat mposs a thnal ye the evoo
of whi i peens as nelucabean iectabity
poedly xedn to the iqdaion no ony o
he sae b o all lo cicj o anvidaio
whch wa he ve ti advoed by che andRea in e 9805 and sill advcated y Sakozy ad
Beloi n he 200s Bt i ealty suh aae
e ae hisoal ad pely otien-wha i
oe thy ae oody ox
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FOR A NEW CRIT QU
Fom drv-based npnss to he oving of
he ennc
Te ultbal paamete o the recicaJ sytem
whch ed to wa poved o be the cattope of208
wee dected oey by the shot tem. hat s, by tehn
ca ts oganzed and poduced tough maketg-a
maetng whch dene tat ongIm tendences exst:
nothng ote than the make ca de becomng we
ae nomed by th "manageal dogmatsm)) and t
s js too bad th becomng [d!mrj tun out to no
loge have any tue [niT.
'oe agung o and pcy demandng th den
o ogtm eiten and y o tme it (hat
o the nuaon o ngates o eten clam
tha t i ot pobe to pedct te technca utue no
is it possible to bd ay kd o potc wl o bng
t nto ty Bu th dvaung o tcpaton whch
ts ow tems s coadctory to alom o et
me est on a conon opertng be�n tehcl
Ct and technca tendecy
LeoGoua n eect shows that t i etiey pos
be to antcpate echnca becomng on the condtothat we udetand that becomig oented ecou
age ad moved by thl tedences s diacted
ad deAeced nto tecca St whch n te sot
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Pharmacolog JCpi1
tem can seem pefecty dearly o oay coaic hs
eney U s e cuet of a ve, obsee a avey euce scae can give e feeing of Rowing om
e o wes weeas is n c owing fom wes o
eas. because e osee pOTon being a wipoo
engenes co cuens) inee o uab bock
i (an avaiabe ecique can be uize i oe o
coueac he new ecnue o wc e een is
a bee
Such appaen conacios ae possibe because
enca C ae compomises bewee ecnica
enecies an scia ssems, wic a emseves
ogaizaions esung fom eencies an coue-
enecies consiuing em s mesabe sysmsJ4
e uesion en becomes r know ow a puic
powe ca wiou eucing a soca sems o e
economic sem because is wou be o issove
esie o pue cuabiy) ceae ajusmens ena-ig osrucio o e og em aiipaion
ivesme ec
e ceess enecy subsiuing e mrke fo
commece s cuen omnan a enency esuig
fom a txc cmbnatn fdencs and cu-un�s a e ee ogoogic ves is oxic economy
of egessve enences impemene b consumeism
eecisg e psychopowe of is cuu egemoy
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FO A N W CR T IQ UE
through [he temediy of ychoechologi, i this
way conols the becomig o divdua ad colectveehavo awel the dyamc pocee o th (ch·
cal sysem. Fom the esulg desucto o circu
of asdividuatio aso rsu the uto of hose
ero mlieus costtug huma gous.
"Iteaizig ,imriorJr") cplsm ad ts
ctoig j oe sll wshes o seak he laguage o
Boask ad Challo presuposs tha h teo
meu h o ee comlely dld-g which
thee s loge y elato u oly ue x
roatio ladig (0 a dived empts Such are
h ysemclly ash cosquces-osqucs
whch clude e oduco o a ims ysmc
sdy3o he tedetia l h rae o o
d cosumet coueNedy
e edecy o crelsss s irucble: re s
o hee ver has � ad hre v wll a aradse o eth Ths is why t s ey o ogz
ecoomy of caessss y culvatg systems o care
whch upose a phrmacoog lgece co
creely essg hs way a a o lg wavg
hepeutc mupes Our epoch is, howve v sigula ul ay oh eoe it b mod rs
ino Ih UtIpincl o/it o2ion. s is wha ca
o oge e edud
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PhanacologCpal
Suh a h urgy d the hege-gob d
u«m-w od gd ovnurig of (cde the e of gee deed te.
T conomy ofconbutionaa nw r�/on
bW th chnical m and oil stmUe the iu o t«hi di th bo
g of h <h ye- rur the
o drzo hogh hos
«h objt th r hie h
ui rd by 3 ro o etzo hh
rd though th gto o uio r
hogh h ee o o o fod o
ge owhc hu boe urto
G odo yz th oe of bo
g r o o het g: h t
exe h g frm obto the
f), hh o t o o [he ege,
o the obo oded o o the y
e, h he o ds o due c he foe of
th oio of g g h o he hLor ge e h t gie i the er o
he giJ6
Aoh of fo gto h
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FOR A NEW CITQUE
what Simondo cals th echo-geogphc mlieu asso
cated wih [he Ftiog of a tehal yem.modo devlopd th tho reato to the
Gumbal turb or whch h howd ha Ih marinelme toall tgH o he ege ad
thus beome a asoaed eho-geogaphal mleu
Ohe om o eho-geogphl mleu ext otly aoated wrh he teh tem, u adapted
a a tenqu wh orms an ntermeday bewe
d he geogaphal mleu a whh a uch oma ehogeogaphcal mleu Cosdr, o xampl
coous o a srh o and wokd upo ad
chczd o a a copate a ral work ad
enablg a locoot o be adapd o h ntos o
lad: i his aon, eok ouesa e
c bewee the geogaphcl yem ad the ehl
systmn 190 Philpp Ag and myel put ward e
dea hat the oware du ad dal ework
wil eual cus ssocaed chnogogrpca
milus o a e kid to apper eablg huma geog
raphy to intee wth the ehal sem to mk
non d specal me i olv hak ths eacg;7 collaboatv eholog ad ee
lc sowar et preel o the vorzon ofsuch ssocated huma mleus whch ao cotit
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Phaltc g oJCapiL
echo-geogaphcal spaces fo e fomao of pose
eees.Ts ocess s a esysemc aoedecy
fomed at he iee of he eccal syse ad
social sysems a opeag a fucoal iegao
bewee heu whee hs iegao s howee
o ecessaily beeal: s highly ph!macologal
ad hece fo example soa eoks ae leay aso
coeced o pcesses of auromaed aeably se
io moio by acios ad eqss ha ewok aos
mosy poduce whou ve owg r bu whh
of o hos wo obai hs maro a ew rype
of powe
Hee, e efae beween he echcal sysem ad
soal syses dos o opeae via he ecooc sysem
but pecisely hugh hose soc syses whch e
beaes of e kowledge (avoirs] whh socey hold
Such foms of owledge ad he alozao ae he
oly possibilies we have fo sugglg ags he p
dco of fomao wihoutowledge Deelopg
such foms of owege ad valug hem ecoom
cy will case a ew ecoomc sysem o emege
fom he hea of he soal sysems ad especghese soc1 sysems mas cosiug a ecoomy of
cobuo contr he eoomy o aelessess
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NOTES
FoI
N Ciiq ofoliil EooyIio"
" I T� Onpf a do� in T«mqtt t Tts3:L es du ia ' qin - (Par Gle20. A sumay n on n POp/�r pdl,wth El ung {Pa Gllc 4}, pp 74
2 L 7hiq T.
cg f pt1 A pW lbl o A Ina r: p/
naog2 p/-yoava8l3 Can Fa n na
Srcer,Prm
fniI k. Q prp d' (P mon 9)
" n A Go5 An ol b ny [ m np y na
o n o Hann An , 10pi pol o anyng «onom
S�Jy Rkn 7EdWo: btD/h Gb Ft d I DJ /� Po-M r (Ne
Yok Pn Books 1995 An Ml or. "Prceo k F dl v an o a D 26
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Nou to p�s 2022
7 Dominqe Mda, Lt Tmvil. V /tur l voi disprj-,io
(Paris: Aubier 1995).
8 d; Go, Maorps d l Ciqt I sokOoqut Pas Cm 2004 I Englsh. of &oomir Rton. s Tm�r d C. Hddt(LdonVe. 1989).
9 Aell on nd Mio Lo InJ "p (Pa: A[erd. 2008
10 McKeze Wak. A H:k" Mo brdgeassachst: rvrd Uvt1rS$, 200
I I Peka ae 1 HuJ fr: A &i APPNch / 'os] fB Nw York Rdo oue. 2002
2 The w [ of work s 1s hI o ew dewhch i chnrcmst o [he splons o yr e
ro ! arued
4 t Ot I d asFlo 2006 ha e doSrao o rch UL-
dn aa T CE Coa Premr Epo a bon) w a ele a pro� [ecoo bewn work and jo: o ll eploe5 work no a ob codve h qstio addlope o owlde ad erew. o dda
o pr web yu e a plc foro se a rducer o O Clr
wost job ! ,h epMl w big po� Idivdao s o ,h cor- w wor bdml pt jfoe ded 'wo(Or 1(;O ;n t wo odt o t 1
b ot kow/t ofit ow wo o e exe[! aced go he «d wea e er co. of has beco od ore a e of we ody o oe ecd [0
he e pe eploe: hs s w r ro he
1 3 1
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NOES T PAGS 2 -3
p3d o disocae mlu, ea ch is itel th t
oeqene o the gaaio f g and modeo outn in the dstrial reoio oiss�(Tlfi OUrt a dmn. pp 44) I will e
t eo in oe deal hr on1 It s thi 3t l" th31 Imuel Wlletein s pera
veloked i is rerne 10 he he o ye4 r t 1 dere he egve dna o hi eution n
PO j /« mkiSI
1 5 Tt � ay, thc ce n te xed pial poee mas pouto) the cresodin derase \'able pa (wage la hi Ma o e heel! o a d te poay ofnvstme
1 6 Bead Stiege oom d 1 , phO
E;s (IC J V/ BOu (i:Ml une ui� 208)
17 O tV st
1 Jerem i 7t Ag o Ars: N er oHm Wr L Is /(New Yok: nm, 2), p 9
9 K] M, CobI f q ooc! Eooy
. . Ranznay (Moo: Pgs Pblshes970 1956
2 Ib p. 197
21 Gy Deod 7) S o k a Doldcolson-ih e ok: Zone Books 199 p 9
22 Je Dcda m"O an Baba Jonn
{Chiago Ccago Uney J98 ' l pp 61-17.23 Ge ele nd Flix a,A"-d Re
Huley, Mark eem, ad ee . Lne (Mneapoiery o Minesota ress 98 p 1-5
2 �[AJ eoy of wod (m nd lnge a eo f
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NOTES O PAGE 4 - 6
Bakhtn's daog Iho s c 10 Smondonian
conon of nusc nviduaion: no chongsticnvdon c tk plc o a cog n :ilinguisc ndivdution.
35 Minas /, p6 p 88,36 On sofdsnomy� n or to q e dc-
dynamic uh ut b niv xtealiti
b nvronmen ddr w a 1 d yconomc aCto ut hc hs frlu th gneconom
37 e o nok be on the web 2.0 are pded bysocil nineig and y dopms in what s lld hsc web most mous nn of wh s Faok,wh n Agt 2008 pased 6 mllon mm ra hw, a s of hr dmnsion to hs gial"relaon I«noo" { ond of te Enmi nouwu inUm'l, ogz b &IUpu tltin t and Pompdou J r I'nnltn, on th sbjectforhcomin fm Mille e une n
38 Sv stud have ghted ts one in pai· dt e of on DV onlden nd hr ea of�I a sd by Frtc
Zimmmn and mit hriss a Unvesy ofWinon. On t sje s Srle, T;"K ( fY n ,h Gns 1r Sp Bakr (Srd:
Sanfod Unvs 010) p 5
T ork
I Maio to shows vey w ow hs "imo f Itfwg CsiI h vy ht of h pojecto govnm of n!; in whc ollsm
13
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No top/ 450
niaUy d s :H h V momn whnm idolg aund which wod havc lv Iha
vey ogn apim rpnibl for poranng Ihc Mknwf� [HJ. a Jn-Fn� LyouUd m. od n Fa b md 1 so now-"g e- o I Go d� n.Ci'ur ri "lb/ (Pari: Amcrdam 28)
Mk dt I. 10.
j Maio L1rn P,;sl l·Ot PhDr omqr d Gabril Tm cl Jomr p(s: L Epchc dt Ou n rnd 00 and uCOIJtmrl igalitb. h ay p'd 2002,
L7ar. wh .f 0 Gbrd dTdt, �inglarly k'Sh qion o hpn wh whh p would be possi, an, a10g wih ypomnt. hOV h '1in y� Iha abl Ihe oo h pnio. wll h rlrnza haiy obais , boh on he K o podonand on a o oon On h and n dei h o hi prolaition and e S5mo! aagmen of naiis wh : w, no t c-
con n bns. o omiion tn noy o e, no o wo b mry o mpoymn
4 Yan Moe-Bong, hm ng o, e O h i pam i L 1uw fads (Pas: rdam
5 Himann H Eh.
6 War. A Hk Ma7 Mor-Boang, u pm "t p 1998 On hi qesn a Gd and r PJr ti
jr�' 9 T Jg Ih of dace \ h og
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NOS TO IA GE $-
o Bakht Tu, rm doc d
8"' mO.0 -&omJ" p' d �· ·Eonom%ing mn5
g c� the ile o a minar I gav the sprn o00 at th CI, ia d,hi,as a o [htorec acvities oA Idwials n auIo eoi iaailab at .indwtrasorg
1 Coi and o, ;nsi p 1 2 1 1 2 b p 111 3 R. 7/, Eldo/k "ution1 JMar Andr L t / f v r iH
a, ma KiN n qu, ag (Pars: ]UF1) p m.
S Mkrilt t ddf I ae tht he oti sol ass
io he ofi at oly ifrily. d heroe i a�
briK]i/rt16 o d Lo. m t«a p. 122.17 o. Gmd ialrt. 418 h Roud. -Prfc" fORik L F u i1 9 O te cneps Ti,om, i2 Ths[ ooc d hsorl s a� ve diref
e thouh O on co thm e specl, pp27). my do ay Fordm h othg10do w -ulton or sibuio. ad i pood no ·i pope·t unioly itr prduio d osummao db ine onsuei Ke}nesini o h ohehad. epn a compomi bw pia and a
a tha5maons o the rfion bwn apld labor c be md lr enogh bu om ha id ot olo ha he hould on on he COt l to distigush thm in ord t ndstd hohyb combied d nal hw fhycdecompo
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No opg�J 6-6
2 Te dnia o Ihe e:moloia scop of sychanlyss y
Svi p�hol and. mr bradly by Sali�t aristtogot th wold is intrincally d to is qioTs i I cotCI w deofNouwJk ;q"�,in A dios Wo b ie r LNou ir 10 ta a deae been Marxist ads)Y5� I. Youn commun pcianundd h on o e ov omd ho y
condmn i intprmOiJC1 f p§a A Marxi analysis o hs sitin i akingK NOIr ur n
[ v : tis demotan in Cmli"JEr Ufp" (Paris: a. 5 pp 2
23 lss of i5 er sinly ler. 5 inpailar pp 1 oLr COfHm ialh
GUav FlaI.
lsri�2S Rd B aca, aK. s Trxi
(Lndon: otaa, 19, p 4 k mdt but L (p d ibr
ar Gali 5 2 Taing t /Yoh G.28 Ja-aud ilnr. Lr Sit W L t r
t ' Cl I' Xmt Pas i, 7 Mo"c t < I.
0 If mon om of ammazon and o tia ro o ial qton i 1uge su o i [ rona matery for p I m coin [ ro y h yan n
ay a Jon L's pape mon d in rn y tFc Rev si1 Tis is on o t mpostae Je i Rey's Lt tm Pars Osl&-d Ber 2002).
On i qion s (n-Frn\s Lyoad. 1,)m:
1 37
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NOTES ..CES 6-
R1r t" T tn G Bnnngon n ch
wlby rdge Polty 99)2 H a n�w Cdg f Lyd' J( POltmod COdi"wu : s Gonnion and Bian Mm(Manc Mnch Unv) P. 1992).
Pamacoog of CaptaadEoomy of
Ctibti
JnFra;o yrd LbdJ £r (loomgn nnaaoli ni ni P, 1993
2 A Insiais. an non sciion n ind1 o «log o r: hp:wnr
"' T ofn eble : hwnuispur-nom a-rb o]
4 pp6an 84 In hsn hich I tak hs em,5p 2f6 Th ndenc fco itl s w 10 c l
to n i not 10 nt th r n ord,a requetly oble, m nlh owe
7 Sp48 I t appc this them o",� i n h t nsance
cg aus ngne oue, in M I d dn dhn ;Itli Pis G20 5 othing n Engh nson m Poi)
Pes Prot de u�e of th wor n h wok Sr l«u ( Ate Sd 1988), p . I m5 tnk lGRr hi renc
9 lW Xpr« ry by Pul Mazu. bn5 row Bas, i A Gor in u01&
13
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Nol 10pag
Nw Yok ngn 007), 94 Mazu dd: �Wt shift Ami o a n die ulr I. ./«p rmU[ b ran r Wl ne ng ebfo the old hav bn eniey onsumd�
10 s of rutu with wh Go drb aa·men in errg 10 t hy o John Bowly � A Gosu/t t RrI.
1 oln and Chiaplo 7 he onene thi Rex-
ibili h or coul li.2 I have Hd ho how Ihs d$tuin cus in Tn1'S
Cr of Ylh Id Gtio ns. hn arke(Stand: an fod Un'ey 2010).
3 On this subjt 5: Fdck J Zimmemann imiti Ahrit nd ndw N. Mchwl Tiin and DVVido Viing n Chdn Youngr hn 2 Yers," Arc
PJria Adum Mlr (7), pp 47:and Diitri A. ritki erik J. r Ia.• ly vision E and Sbsqnt Anoa/Pos n hldn Pr (4) pp 83
4 S pp 3 8. and 15 L Boltanski and Ev Cho N prt f
Cptm. ts goy Elio Nw Yok nd LndonVerso 2005) p 10 [ ae tried o show in M«rilt
Jit 3 L pu u ept (a Galil 6)
why Boansk ad Chao i o g de a suh conomy and why hy at h sam imef1 ( dece theconsums dina onomy and h im 1 whih it[ds n paiular, thy l o anal Ih o the q
idation o t pparlus o poin o libidal enrad oe gly of t pyh ppas in lin Ihsoal nd symboi ppI, hen thei dciption o thxibly o aciv aions acks conseun
139
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NOTES TO PAGES 86-1 08
6 h is b th bd nomy s ponna and
u� pial is an rnitn the pdn f proei a capas s :n poh f libdinal em17 MaWebr. 71� Pt £lJ aI/ Spirt Cp
(London Unin 1930 p 7118 Ts s h Phlipp Bd and Fnck Cmrs I) to
ink udr hclC. 1t/ f/C �Vlur soci", 10wich rms jon Ie qusn ofon moto.
9 is poi s d\X furth in MU t I. pp95-07and 2-4
2 Te wae of suicid cmied b mp' rHJ&m i th t eali dsrucion of tappau f nnovaon d poducton.el yhindivds w wom thre is nin
2 rtd Gille. Hi;" m; (Pas imad97 p 77 "I is no gr a matt o udenuncin echnll p in s reali (. 1 of
aptn wlny hat crs in te chn domnad et a hion e nc adap[ns domains, h economicawll a e miliay dmaie nm ogzH
22 The nsductiv atin is a cncp! ad b iltimndn a tnsui ren he term of tio ar tit[ed thrh the latin. :nd do no pdth an
23 « p 402 S p 7
25 On Mkisf,
Chistan au Aain Gird ndBrnad Siler POr tir nU 1 mkislu smmarn. 29) pp 2
26 O Is sut. the A Idumais semnar, Trd 0 ,: hp;asindrasog
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Nom tag 0817
lesinarruverde-nouve-areco;nra
nal-de-phlooph 7 S p 37 n Bd tele a r dui:I�RdHlmt, I /0: l' pn', (l I ppuldt (as Fammao. 2(06) pp 495 orcomig i Egs trsao om onuum
28 5 d l-Goura. Mil r mq (Pars bnMicl, 1�45).
29 Se Jaqu rrda. ·Dranc MS of 1/Opb(ag Uver hag 1)
3 oa Ml h p. 334.1 dence :e of play o wO fo
py fo$ and bolol foe n s bj. iS Tc J: FI Eprr. Gcrells and Rchd Irdwrt (Sanfo andniy es I9tl e endence ar exdacr all huan groups and i hs sne }aC uvcAl gos r em b c go conc hem ir o wy sy at is by idvdg hemin a spic y ad by didug ms og
3 Tis oomy mt � noduc bu, efr otereao the d o crlzd wor-- lecomuon ug the lehon eer of distbuionof ener thug te c ceer, o prodio anddson g yig ceracg 1 te mof con5u!oa been rogu and ha ien wayto ribuive newrks n ver many domains. n foas o pure raonalty As far the onoY of enes CnCe1 r e:ple ntrat del hae 'eunanble e conom e o mng bdcto e"ok. u a eremy in prdicd. as e
41
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NOTES I AG - 8
onbu poduto of gi [0 nduc,
mki il nw nftul wl ld-rrcT Iaa ei � Jlm
(M.
33 s noon of ngJ om co" fom Pnd. i lmnium Munt, L�mpt l Im
(Pa: M C un n 2073
m{bl m is a dymc syem a lmiof bu d deqiu. d GUb Sondono ht : os o nd'iduan con a daicysm rula« hruh c a ili lbShondn L1iuDI ydJqlr if cD/l (aAb 207), thcomng i Elh ta51ain rovy of MnO; Pre
5 Se p. 36 Gib mn 01 of ,U( n bj t«
nl (Pis: A 9). pp 3, oomi igh l!on o n\ o Mt P
We wkd hen wth n Gid nd o h devopeaion of Ihe Bibliohq Naol de Frac t a
i o dopng o for adig d y compuW
14
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D E X
abon 2 48 50pion
or ption 82, 1 03emo 7 6
Ado TKor %
A&�ri, Fnck 6Agl Ph 8Ail�g\ Jn-:ua 20uv; 23 ",mll/j 29 <Ade, Jt-Maic 5nii�ton S 781,
. 1 ,2
Ar
A boiK Mi 5af fo 51 t ilis 5 5
5 0 8 2-
mo g of882
uby, 3in 0
d'a cpogaiio of I I
AnLUoa! nua pling 33automt 3 5
Sakh ikhil 1Ih. R
E 5"Ms r�
Bl� GC 5 n
by )w 125l unrin iFion 2-9
s dlda 48Inu} d h IrtlU1
3hni 8 12-5
Bgu 5-8l hn n 78bndiu 20 22 52 5 8
jm. Wt 3Bpon Hnri 1Bni. Si·;o Bnad Caud 10)Bna. w 28N Gio 5bi 3 nf 0 05
tk L, 7 NtUI Sprit !Gpil"um 85 2
ri!iipp:e fh 2JO prj 8
143
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I NDEX
BWDn \s 3"r97
Jcu�ly 5 I 5 - 8.93, 125
iIclious n. 78 79-8 8
7--. ' . j17 J
r 7 0 �mucogy r7-Citis
Arcan 7 G�rch�i $r or9big-maa o
92-ni ulUW
<"-7oim (r 0-b o-7 616 69 74ribse 589 62- 97idwni nerz 6Ma Eg o 25 go t
a ) 7nqive yac in 5
- s prOen;O poducn
pr 70ict450hrh 89 _ 0
omft S$e 4 5. 7 1
120 1 6(sn
en of 9
144
talil;o (87-9 9 molog' cpi
791 25-i 3. 102 1
e R 55c. hni' 1 1 7Cia. Eve N w Spirt /
tms 85 2Ch Ja 2c-Indivuatio
100 171 - 1 H:sutS 43C01l�'
cor1 wh kl 1,4. 61{).
di 4-2d cmlir. 13 4
e 15- 14 21oo -9mmbn GOC MlD Ma ad
I p 2wOU\e oh1;o" 25
,7 %, e 10>8 J0 1]oser
raned 2 78.
Os of e 6 8 16, 2 6J 7
7-, - 1078 1 1 5
12end o47 22- 5} ,1
onSLt; I Sun fI'ir-
f i/ 27
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glmnz:uio or 1 1ad L ratn 10 di 2
1.65 824 21 125 88: apJkQ/ os wJ pduo 4.
- 0 90-1smls liy 5
empegn:nal t o rOj� spc 5
rbt. tonmy o J ,-0 6 (9-072 111 22
co/o (>Clc 0-1 4 6 626 88
Cu' Aonl 2 , 1-254.56
�rvY 7 16t 6 80 94 106crq
dcfo a 1 5K 1 9oa conomy
d mphy 5 or oom
1 -19 3 00utue d 56
5.6s. A 71 "w f
2m 6
Dbrd Gy doSTo IS 9 36DUC Gls i·Oip
323
lue.\·
degain 1 10 DridaJq
dT 1 I 1
OG! 29�Pl' 2 6
dso o4. 84. 8
3-6 106o cosmpio 2
1 65 12 1 ddo ev
xes 570d'sulmatin 40 2 59.
6-icniro 1 1 -2dbo' (Ikhin) 41dh 1
itl twrk 2 ow" of3U 1 2,18-9
l tel -50 4 7
7o . 1dl! 135(io 31-
scoom 6, 7mt 50 6-
67S 9qlbm 10ddo 31 37S 414
6ds 7-B 1 6
8ispbili}0 H a , 4950.
8 1 1 5-6mmnst 01
nn Nico! 65
145
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I NDEX
dC 40 59-G 8 2eumpo �d aal
12 82 8S9, 927
mc ris (8) 3-7. 22-37 n-9 9-3. 102 14
"e�oo l�(Schp<N) 8 87
:onom tm3nd pyhic 223 o y 8
\8 67 'nd :hnl sr H2
6-8 2 1 9-22'm. aud philoo
2
eonm 17-8o o conihtlon ItiM ecooy of
m ofs,"pronO economy o
ion ytm eon 2-emlout, a m qUCon
51-
Enuu Crine74neg, idina ibdn3
eeEngel. Fri�h 2- 28
uml"';s, Mio 8crpe 87
pi aption67
-7v dlo 49
7 9- h p no ml
9- 4
146
e 6xi 1 24
ad mleu 2 4ei7ion 9 27 2
feo a knwleSI'a10 29-3 ,
Cmateq;ativ 4 7 2 2-o]v ara(lgic
49-. 2an di\idu�
49
:"au lvi ni1iion 8 9
futo 2 H 9-6 8
Fbu\x y 6exby 8}Forsm 2-4 GO t-oul.Md 29 4renh goernmn
mo)me poliy 2-'d inlunr ,pd�
-"
nvcmen poic 45eud gmund 28 74 7
8894Fd� M 22ftoal iegion 278l sbili - 8.
07 24
Gaulism 9
enaon tr.Sdvd�to589
sUi5t
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ir Band 98 9 1 0 1-15
gobiion 7 J 6od [e dh o94Go Andr,M'rau
il20\'enaJ o m om o
5 1 , 9-8 01m�tizin 11 1
1 14a oor[on bwn b/"
ndsrio a of13 0-
io of48-50ew for of 1 1- 54
9-0
aphmog 4-4 0 9-0n5for feishs 41hch hoi
nddu�on -9gnmt (retntona g) 0 t 73 9.
1
Cspan, An 4oan. n 3 6Guari lx AmOdp
-
Mhk eh" 8H:chu Amnd lG
hi iei« I I3-1Hmn Pcl 48rsan Ae 5onion omo eoomc Horkhm. Mu6
Ix
'brs 1 1 5Hum/il. L'4
UKr Fn 8hypridria e 01 33-
1 141hprma YP"W(IU 9 - 4
4554hypmc mlu 3yn 3. .J6
ident!on prir 8}
idelg 920 1igr [e idvidato 1 -1
1
caed � o48-501ychc ad oliv
48-0 . 90 99-0 10 1 -1 5 1 1
of ree -8!«a44 11
ivida;o (cOni)Jr Ils oidiidaton
dnddoninido
inuial onomad an bomin 1 1noopoiia of eoy 1
ieto 18ndui moollaS of osol4 -
55 8cnser OsmeSn
ndul poii w 101
147
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INDEX
l oon 0 j-3 67 98, 1 14, 12
if'plcC) 44 83nnion ofd:ir 43, 82
869, 68nnovaon
nn i Saion 0(82
ad «I�ion 14 9,
92. 02nidr dn iUins 108hU 289nrrilu 19 1 31
11 J26nton 1, 2cc
mn S 6irnionl lw Om: n:o 7-dNo of, 69
17 6 24n t·P o Qnom 6, 6
1 17 22
rC on 76-s: l 67u pol
opn. on 2
nt. ane, Clq(#/U"R 8
ians 0, 9, nowg
crioriio 1 (29-3"
i\ w 19
148
I ypomnK 3� c .6roliaion los o
3- 4, 4S-. 560,6
and c1ntion; time 69Ih� 3. I1r·f;r. SiNI
LTrJqrk til) I
od;nn ond h qin
fduion 1mation o 8oycdtmine hy h ml (f
on 1
a rl pt 4or o.cr 38-9. 40whu kowed 43 46
a�mc knowlede D rng ictzon of Row f 101.
1-
nd idi'idon78
n 3bw
ad oio 690on "kng W 0 2.
Mauo 2-2 47,1 . 5, .56
L-Gu A 01 1 1 13 12-
lidn ono 2S 27 S6.68. 9 18. 1 8
f 4 7
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lbdl e 25. 40. 6 91 89. 824. 86
8 90 2. 10 1 17n: �pp rduoof%. 108 122
l Ih 10lit pg to he 50
76 %. 117. 121lg 1076
f h t� 1
I 1 tu Cil 34Lyma J-F"s hr
l'T,m Oit;w 71
achne-s 3 7 m�n: 0
1 1 2Mauf. ad 7 78 liH 6 '2Ma. Hcn rkt o mark!ol 3 7kg 60. 62 82 889
01 9 8 11 101!hn tcS ;d a
u 9101M K 1 8 35 88
Cp" 39. 7Qmisr M I . 8.
"
ib ti I N /'Poirl &J 1 2267
G UK 1Gi 3
Indo
edcq of C of pl 10 87 7789
17. 0 60 7mM m 67 101Ms t Mk( (Sgl) Mb. Dmiqu 20M�f6mcmc 1mem'
\criouto f l
hypm �n na1eJe5io j ] , 79
icrgr.io )Upp, f
v ppu� dad Z-O
: a clr!· 11mmy (ont.)
oli loo
j,S
mhsi
ad q d«OItaion ob;o 1180. 11mid d� 6
S RIboe pbi
Ml JCI 6 69mi
fh J4 hpmsi d
ni lso 1 7lo if
h 2
149
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lii1 st 36uk f nique I I
v. phy 9 36. 4Pbo
J9 1 3 290, , 6ad h lei�t
cnmydn I53 riqu 1 169.
3670{iry Dv
1 1as wy u oaiig
r.Jii·io () )!� w l 6-7 14ii
dve·l63h w 8-J
poulm 41poto 73-4(ufnIV m/ iWc
(SitgeJ 74pwel 9
P, : c of or 4>i Ih din br 1 xn wk m
diin 8 h -m
"rtzon of I I 1
rltio wt p 42, 50 90-1
r 65. 69
rhy nd tiiy 9
Ildrx
ad oft nlc 9 97 retu n 767
e l the te of2. 5960 8 7519
y 4 86rinz
i ;\ 01 25 27-8 5
"Cnio o7 10-4; 10M onwl 33 79
6069oil u y
cosus 6-5oe r t 4
(rijJ' (ro.)w om o 1: 27d hr] �0o 4ctia ri
iti 1 1 . 21ro]cit
dii 40avilrks
7-8
he impn d 8Shg o th 4'bto Ihc 8-36. 35ri fWI alds9
rpmy 2 1nw jct of pl SOi3 55
8 66 9-6 1067 13
<oo670. 78 818-68-9
Pou M 71
1 5 1
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INDEX
",p�rinion orhe 4
tion 10 infy9SpC :ppa -100,
04 G17nd �oom sytem 122
ho 6psypowc 4 50650.
98 I 2SG
Reja;q, N:/I ofLAbr40
ro 6 Ra] U 9 1 l )'em 0 6 )
h, lpd piwle
ivlm 00pnhiy 50 9 9inte U
rena �ondr ta' 1 2 lOG
eten Komy 6
cu, dg 0
cv 49pemnnt 0
jeemy 21. 24 26
RMh S6Ro�dl FO 9
nki. JMh 7\ 4ky. Nl 6 2J$wi"ir 6 2 4 42
4
152
Si'" 1 W 44 4 1 2
$tumcter OKph 90"o ia 5cdc1taz 1 2 1 1 5�If
oution bysrJO I
Iniq ote (FouC)5 1} 2
bit meanc lur n65
vkeono. hypcindut5 4 5
hehe man�Jcnt 2 3
homm5, 0 6\81-4 86 89 8-9 .
56 12 7 24Smonon Gt 3 2 545 IOO 2
t A 4 c� 1 40wd engieein 1 1 4soa injuske eomic is
-d 6
sa kngsoia retons
fnHtin o 1 6idai o0
i: embmnf24. 16 12n h ystm 1
2) 1 24 12«hni )'5! nd mkein
< 2epy)6 0Wt pow
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Spgi Abt peuo 6 9- 77 788
4 9 2 02. J07117 ad innvo -
iit (Wer8Stli 6-sate - 99-10 3
Nalc 99JUI/Q wr �
�i pa 7sbiin 0 . 6 1
7. 120 �yhron 1 I 1systemc pidty -50 126
Tlm 88�hnil bl"
im) hl yr 1 1 0
ad ecomsym 82 02 9-22
od ph 58ad al S 10-
1 5 1279
al ad arketg9-1 02cnc: tden
nd nm of conibun 137, 8
haal f 1 -t'C 36t!nlgy
mek 1 3 spri
tcprJliw al 556 93rs t
IJd�x
ad contr·tndn< 4
756 7 1 09 1 ].22oolo o 1 7_2veUr f 12-a peals 13 caens 78 1
e tio 1 1 706
a h d poiizto
'Yuin 9-1 Th, Maa 73 7 99
l O 13hiC 6 43-4 0 00-
13 1 7 1 1 1 12"igin 3. -9
pJoy 6r 5-6ua 5u:N t
mmdi.i 27e: oia 00li. 4
o {ermine -inal an e6
erm eu I t
pluti nsci-,66
p( oii
do l1 ti 61fal� pe;
rl)l St;liit 60-
153
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N D E X
lxid)parmaogl 5. 49-50. 9
84 88-9 IO . 15opro -9
I�( 2tJ tilhip }4-5.
0 08 17-0nsih'idution . 7 4
4850. 93 0. 8-1926
ofge(t\� 58-9ong o5. 5 7
9 0 2on-J 5 38-) 4
57- 60. , 7tsaobjet 4 7
t a id ('�0 4lh rb, rmnlc uf
29TyDi D 3
mS
«noog90Va JcqC 10\oi 48 49-0 7
1'gc h
Wark M(nm2 , 48
Weber, Ma 8 87. 9w Sa 95, 97-8i Inmao 7 9"
16
wok G- -7o 2! 3. 55-th ·J o2
I fr cmUco u ew 22a 'k c37-