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Presentation at Conference room of Angkor Paradise Hotel: 20-24 September 2016, Siem Reap, Cambodia
Technology Dissemination of Virus-free
Seed Potato Production using Hydroponic
Production systems in Thailand
AFACI Program Workshop on Food Crops
Orathai Wongmetha
Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Center (CMRARC)
Horticultural Research Institute (HRI)
Department of Agriculture (DOA), Thailand
Introduction
Potato in Thailand
Main Activities
Results and Discussion
Suggestions for project
Project Impacts & Recommendations
Future Plan
2 (https://www.google.co.th, 2013)
Thailand Background
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand,
formerly known as Siam.
Bangkok is capital of Thailand.
Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country.
An area of 513,000 km2 (198,000 sq mi).
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) is the king of
Thailand.
Flag
Emblem
(Wikipedia, 2013)
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4 4
Thailand is located in the center of peninsular Southeast Asia, 76 provinces.
Agricultural regions divided into
5 regions, namely:
1) North
2) Central
3) East
4) Northeast
5) South
Geographically Thailand
(Sripinta et al., 2008)
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Climate
Seasons Months Temperature (oC)
%RH Monsoon
Hot and dry Feb - May 34 75 -
Rainy Jun - Sep 29 87 Southwest
Cooler and dry
Oct - Jan 20 - 32 - Northeast
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Potato in Thailand is an important in the north and
northeastern part of Thailand because potato chip
consumption is an increasing rapidly.
The potato farmer income: 2,679-4,464 $US/hec
(15,000-25,000 baht/rai).
The entrepreneur required more potato production for
processing and farmer also required basic seed
production (G1) and certified seed production (G2-G3)
to support them.
Potato in Thailand
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Potato production in Thailand
Table 1. Thailand production of potato in 2011-2016 (Office of
Agricultural Economics, 2012).
Year Processing Fresh consumption
Area
(ha)
production
(tons)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Area
(ha)
production
(tons)
Yield
(kg/ha)
2011 8,741.6 124,808 14,275 880 14,863 16,887.5
2012 8,447.4 126,044 14,918.8 854.1 13,116 15,356.3
2013 6,589.9 96,096 14,581.3 646.4 9,064 14,025
2014 5,684.6 89,925 15,937.5 644 9,790 15,200
2015 7,158.7 115,141 14,206.3 672.3 10,522 15,650
2016 6,350.7 129,760 20,431.3 660.3 12,543 18,993.8
%Growth -7.72 -4.87 3.09 -7.88 -9.36 -2.14
Table 2. Quantity of seed potato imported in 2011-2015.
8 ศกล.ชม กวก.
Year Processing Fresh consumption
Quota Imported Quota Imported
2011 6,062.65 4,659.15 262.7 262.5
2012 8,135.28 3,846.03 237.7 237.7
2013 7,967.53 6,898 237.5 237.5
2014 10,422.95 6,824.08 237.6 237.5
2015 6,124.95 1,421 237.5 237.5
%Growth 2.72 -16.49 -2.00 -1.99
Unit: tones
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DOA produced pre-basic seed (G0) and basic seed
(G1) for farmer but it not adequate.
The enterprises of potato chip are imported certified
seed >>> high unit cost and difficult for a
management system.
Farmers are stored low quality (virus, bacteria, scab
etc.) certified seed potato for planting in next
season.
The effect to the quantity and quality of potato, by
reduce the total yield and also reduce the
marketable quality.
Problem of potato production in Thailand
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To find technology or protocol are produced high
yields, more easy, rapid, flexible, more security for
the phytosanitary quality and at lesser cost through
research and development.
The purpose of this study to find the new technology
of propagate potato plantlets by tissue culture
technique in solid media or microtubers production
by bioreactor and pre-basic seed production under
aeroponic system that improve quality and quantity
and lower costs.
How to solve the problem
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Main activity
Location of experimental site:
Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Centre
(CMRARC), MaeWang, ChiangMai, Thailand.
The climate condition:
At 1,250 m above sea level, a cooler, dry season,
lasts from November to February, with an average
temperatures ranging from 13.9oC, 11.5 mm rain fall level
and 84.3% relative humidity (RH).
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บา้น VIP 3 หลงั
บา้นพกัรับรอง หลงัใหญ่
ร้านกาแฟ
สโมสร/โรงครัว
เอเฟรม 7 คน 2 หลงั
และ เอเฟรม 4 คน 1 หลงั
อาคารส านกังาน
Meeting room.
ทางเขา้
Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Centre (CMRARC), MaeWang, ChiangMai
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Atlantic Variety
Characteristics of selected cultivar:
Early late maturity (90-120 days after planting)
Round shape
Shallow eye
White flesh
Light tan skin
Consistently 4 to 9 cm diameter
The yield 15.175 tones/hec (2,428 kg/rai)
High solid gross >17.5%
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Main activity
Time
schedule
Activity and process
Year 1:
(Jan 2017-Dec
2017)
1. Establishment and research of aseptic techniques (Jan-
Apr 17)
- Prepare material for micropropagation plantlets.
2. Induction and multiplication of shoots in vitro (May-Aug 17)
- To find out the suitable medium for multiplication of potato
shoots and roots for produce potato plantlet production form in
vitro micropropagation technique. Including monitoring virus
infection of plantlet.
3. Mother plant production in net house (Jul-Sep 17)
- Tissue plantlets are transplant to a tray, soil media in net-
house. The Stem cutting of mother plant is transplant in aeroponic
system in 30-45 days after planting. To find out the suitable
fertilizer for produce mother plant in soil media. Including
monitoring virus infection of mother plant.
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Time
schedule
Activity and process
Year 2:
(Jan 2018-
Dec 2018)
4. Microtubers production in vitro (Jul-Apr 18)
- Potato plantlets are induce microtubers by using tissue
culture method in solid media or bioreactor system in liquid
media under aseptic condition in laboratory. In additional, to
find out the suitable medium for microtuber production in both
media.
5. Pre-basic seed production (G0)
5.1 G0 from stem cutting in Aeroponic system (Nov17-Apr
18)
- Stem cutting of tissue plantlet are inserted to a spongy in
holes of form plastic sheets and connected with aeroponic
system in net-house. To find out the suitable fertilizer or
technique for minituber production in aeroponic
system. Including monitoring virus infection of G0 production.
6. Publication paper or leaflet or book (Apr-Sep 18)
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Time
schedule
Activity and process
Year 3:
(Jan 2019-
Dec 2019)
5.2 G0 from microtuber in vitro in soil media (Nov 18-
Apr 19)
- Microtubers from in vitro are transplant to a tray, soil
media in net house. To find out the suitable fertilizer or
technique for G0 production. Including monitoring virus
infection.
6. Basic seed production (G1) in the field (Nov 18-Feb
19)
- G1 production from G0 minituber in the research field or
farmer field (field demonstration).
7. Publication paper or leaflet or book (Jul-Dec 19)
8. Training course for enterprise, student, farmer (Apr-
Sep 18)
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Time schedule Activity and process
Year 3:
(Jan 2019-Dec
2019)
7. G1 and G2 production in the field (Nov18-Apr 19)
7.1 G1 production from G0 microtuber in the research
field. To find out the suitable technique for G1
production. Including monitoring virus infection.
7.2 G2 production from G1 minituber in the research
field or farmer field (field demonstration). To find out the
suitable technique for G2 production. Including
monitoring virus infection.
Year 4:
(Jan 2020-Dec
2020)
8. Potato production for processing (Nov19-March
20)
- Potato production for processing from G1 and G2
minituber in the research field or farmer field (field
demonstration).
โรงเรือนกันแมลง (Net house)
โรงเรือนกันแมลง (Net house)
Protocols of Seed Potato Production in Thailand
19 ศกล.ชม กวก.
แปลงผลิตหัวพันธ์ุ (Field Seed production)
โรงเรือนกันแมลง (Net house)
ห้องปฏิบัติการ (Lab)
การผลติต้นอ่อนปลอดเช้ือ (Pathogen free in vitro plantlets)
การเพาะเลีย้งเน้ือเย่ือในอาหารแขง็ (Tissue culture)
การใช้ระบบไบโอรีแอคเตอร์จมช่ัวคราว (Temporary Immersion Bioreactor ; TIB)
การผลติต้นแม่พนัธ์ุ (Mother plants production)
การขยายต้นปักช า (Stem cuttings production)
การผลติหัวพนัธ์ุหลกั G0 (Pre-basic seed production) โรงเรือนกนัแมลง
(Net house) การผลติหัวพนัธ์ุขยาย G1
Basic seed production
ผลติหัวพนัธ์ุรับรอง G2 (Certified seed production)
ระบบแอโรโปนิค (Aeroponic)
Determine - Virus - bacteria - late blight
ระบบไฮโดรโปรนิค (Hydroponic)
วสัดุปลกู (Soil Media)
Year 1
Year 1 Year 2
Year 1
Year 1/2
Year 2/3
Year 3/4 การผลติมนัฝร่ังส่งโรงงาน (Potato production for processing๗
Year 4/5
ศกล.ชม กวก. 25
Prepare 300 ml of MS media
- Autuclave in 20 min
Prepare bottles 24 oz. and equipments
ศกล.ชม กวก. 26
- Wait until cool
Single node cutting in bottle
and connect with TIB system,
Feed media 2 times, 2
min/time
Prepare TIB
equipments in
laminar flow clean
bench
2. Soak knife in alcohol 50%
1. Mother plant
3. Cut potato stem
4. 2 leaves and 2-3 nodes stem cutting
5. Soak in Trichoderma + Chitosan 5 min
6. Transplant in media or aeroponic 30
Stem cuttings production
Year 2
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Important Diseases/ Pests in Thailand
Fungus Bacterial Virus & Nematode Pests
-Late blight
(Phytophthora
infestans)
-Bacterial wilt
(Ralstonia
solanacearum),
Mosaics (PVX, PVY,
PYS) and Potato
leaf roll virus (PLRV)
Aphid (Myzus persicae
Sulzer and Ahis
gossypii)
Early blight
(Alternaria solani)
Black leg and soft rot
(Erwinia carotovora and
E. chrysanthemi)
Root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne
incognita)
Thrips (Thrips palmi,
Scirtothrips dorsalis)
-Downy mildews
(Peronospora
destructor)
Ring rot (Clavibacter
michiganensis)
Potato tuber moth
(Phthorimaea
operculella)
Fusarium dry rot and wilt
(Fusarium spp.)
Common scab
(Streptomyces scabies)
Leaf miner flies
(Liriomyza brassicae)
Stem rot (Sclerotium
rolfsii)
Cutworm (Spodoptera
exigua, Spodoptera
litura, Agrotis ipsilon Stem canker and black
scurf
(Rhizoctonia solani)
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Late blight detection
CIP
scale
value
Blight (%)
Symptoms mean limits
1 0 - No late blight observed.
2 2.5 Traces < 5 - Late blight present. Maximum 10 lesions per plant.
3 10 5 < 15 -Plants look healthy, but lesions are easily seen at closer distance.
Maximum foliage area affected by lesions or destroyed corresponds to
no more than 20 leaflets.
4 25 15 < 35 - Late blight easily seen on most plants. About 25 % of foliage is covered
with lesions or destroyed.
5 50 35 < 65 - Plot looks green; however, all plants are affected. Lower leaves are dead.
About half the foliage area is destroyed.
6 75 65 < 85 - Plot looks green with brown flecks. About 75 % of each plant is affected.
Leaves of the lower half of plants are destroyed.
7 90 85 < 95 - Plot neither predominantly green nor brown. Only top leaves are green.
Many stems have large lesions.
8 97.5 95 < 100 - Plot is brown-colored. A few top leaves still have some green areas.
Most stems have lesions or are dead.
9 100 100 - All leaves and stems dead.
(Henfling, 1987)
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Project Impacts & Recommendations
The high temperature and unsuitable fertilizer ratio are affected
to impact crops.
Potato virus are seed-borne, reduce mass production of seed
potato.
The technique of in vitro micropropagation in potato cv. Atlantic
will be done.
The technique of induce microtuber in solid and liquid media
should be develop.
The minituber production under aeroponic system should be
improves technique, lower costs and increase the farmers’
income.
Aeroponics is a soilless method for producing pre basic potato
seed.
The method can produce higher yields, easier, rapid, flexible
and more security for the phytosanitary quality.
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Future plan
Activities 2017 2018 2019
1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
1. Project Activities
Preparation
2. Preparation of material
3. Establishment and
Research of Aseptic
Techniques
4. Tissue plantlets
production/ Microtubers
production
5. Mother plant production
in net house
6. G0 production from stem
cutting in aeroponic system
and microtuber in vitro
culture in soil media under
net house
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Activities 2017 2018 2019
1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
7. G1 production in the field
8. Certified seed production
(G2) in the field
9. Potato production for
processing
10. Virus and disease
elimination
11. Publication paper or
leaflet or book etc.
12. Training/Visiting
scientists/Workshop/Confer
ence meeting (1-2 weeks)
13. Training course for
enterprise, student, farmer
14. Report Preparation