The Essence The Essence of Lifeof Life
The Essence The Essence of Lifeof Life
The Essence The Essence of Lifeof Life
Blending Inheritance A great idea if you IGNORE the data.
Blending Inheritance A great idea if you IGNORE the data.
The Basic Idea of Blending InheritanceThe Basic Idea of Blending Inheritance 1) Sex cells still contain the "essence of 1) Sex cells still contain the "essence of
the parents". the parents". 2) Offspring represent a mixture of the 2) Offspring represent a mixture of the
"essence"of each parent Example: "essence"of each parent Example: Cross pollinate a red flower with a white Cross pollinate a red flower with a white
flower and you get a pink flower Example: flower and you get a pink flower Example: Cross pollinate a human female with a Cross pollinate a human female with a
human male …….and you get? human male …….and you get?
Ru PaulRu PaulSo much for So much for the brilliant the brilliant idea of idea of blending blending inheritance!inheritance!
Gregor Mendel 1856A monk with no social life but a good scientific
mind.
Gregor Mendel 1856A monk with no social life but a good scientific
mind.
Mendel's improved approach to Mendel's improved approach to understanding inheritance: understanding inheritance:
1) Studied clear cut (non-ambiguous) 1) Studied clear cut (non-ambiguous) traits in pea plants, traits in pea plants, e.g. e.g. seed color, seed color, seed shape, stem height seed shape, stem height etc.etc.
2) Studied traits in pea plants that 2) Studied traits in pea plants that were"true breeding", were"true breeding", i.e.i.e. after after extensive self-pollination, offspring extensive self-pollination, offspring have the same traitsas the parents. have the same traitsas the parents.
3) He3) He COUNTEDCOUNTED the results of his the results of his crosses with different pea plants.crosses with different pea plants.
Mendel's ExperimentMendel's ExperimentCross plants that breed true for tall stems with
plants that breed true for dwarf stems
XXParent Parent PlantsPlants
F 1F 1GenerationGeneration
Mendel's Next ExperimentMendel's Next Experiment
Cross the F 1 generation plants with each other (Note: With humans, this is illegal in most states)
X
F1F1GenerationGeneration
F2F2GenerationGeneration
Mendel's Conclusions Based on counting thousands pea plants.
(Remember he had no social life.)
Mendel's Conclusions Based on counting thousands pea plants.
(Remember he had no social life.)
Blending inheritance was a bogus idea Blending inheritance was a bogus idea
Heredity, therefore, was "particulate". Heredity, therefore, was "particulate".
Each plant had two of these hereditary Each plant had two of these hereditary "particles", "alleles" or "genes". "particles", "alleles" or "genes".
Sex cells contain only one of the two Sex cells contain only one of the two hereditary "particles". The selection of hereditary "particles". The selection of which hereditary particle makes it into which hereditary particle makes it into each sex cell is random.each sex cell is random.
.
Mendel's ExperimentMendel's Experiment
True breeding True breeding plantsplants
DDDD ddddGenotypeGenotype
PhenotypePhenotypeTallTall DwarfDwarf
D Ddd
dd
Mendel's ExperimentMendel's ExperimentMendel's ExperimentMendel's Experiment
F1 Generation F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Genotype = Dd
Phenotype = TallPhenotype = Tall
DD dd
Mendel's ExperimentMendel's Experiment
D
D
d
d
50/50
50/50
F1 Generation F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Genotype = Dd
Phenotype = TallPhenotype = Tall
F1 Generation CrossF1 Generation Cross
D d
D D
d D
d d
Dd
dd
DD
Dd
Dd X Dd
When the Data Don't Quite Fit, When the Data Don't Quite Fit,
Ignore Them! Ignore Them!
When the Data Don't Quite Fit, When the Data Don't Quite Fit,
Ignore Them! Ignore Them! The Expected Outcome for Genetic Inheritance The Expected Outcome for Genetic Inheritance
that Follows Mendelian Ratiosthat Follows Mendelian Ratios
Parent #1 Breeds True Parent #1 Breeds True for Red Flowersfor Red Flowers
Parent #2 Breeds True Parent #2 Breeds True for White Flowersfor White FlowersXX
F1 Generation are all either Red (if red is F1 Generation are all either Red (if red is dominant) or all White (if white is dominant).)dominant) or all White (if white is dominant).)
F2 Generation show a 3:1 ratio F2 Generation show a 3:1 ratio of Dominant to Recessive Phenotypeof Dominant to Recessive Phenotype
You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day When...When...
You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day When...When...
Parent #1 Breeds TrueParent #1 Breeds Truefor Red Flowersfor Red Flowers
Parent #2 Breeds TrueParent #2 Breeds Truefor White Flowersfor White FlowersXX
FF11 Generation were all PinkGeneration were all Pink
FF22 Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratioGeneration showed a 1:2:1 ratio
of Red to Pink to White!of Red to Pink to White!
Mendel's Solution to this Problem?Mendel's Solution to this Problem?"I just won't think about this now."I just won't think about this now.I'll think about this tomorrow.I'll think about this tomorrow.After all, tomorrow is another day. "After all, tomorrow is another day. "
XX
XX
Partial DominancePartial DominancePartial DominancePartial DominanceParent #1 Breeds True Parent #1 Breeds True
for Red Flowersfor Red FlowersParent #2 Breeds True Parent #2 Breeds True
for White Flowersfor White FlowersXX
FF11 Generation were all PinkGeneration were all Pink
FF22 Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratioGeneration showed a 1:2:1 ratio
of Red to Pink to White!of Red to Pink to White!
RRRR R'R'R'R'
RR'RR'
RR : RR' : R'R'RR : RR' : R'R'
XX
XX
Customized PhenotypeCustomized Phenotype
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering - NOT!Genetic Engineering - NOT!
5' CCGC3' GG
OH
P
5' CCGCOH P
GG 3'3' GGP OH
CGCC 5'
Shark DNA
What is the result of ligating DNA from two different species?
5' CCGCOH P
GG 3'3' GGP OH
CGCC 5'
Tomato DNA
OHCGCC 5'
GG 3' P
Food for the Planet(Beyond The Joy of Chemistry)Food for the Planet
(Beyond The Joy of Chemistry)
The Biotech Revolution The Biotech Revolution Gains in agricultural production Gains in agricultural production
thanks to the introduction of:thanks to the introduction of: Genetically Engineered Life.Genetically Engineered Life. Pest and Herbicide ResistancePest and Herbicide Resistance Increased Yield and Longer Shelf LifeIncreased Yield and Longer Shelf Life Drought and Cold ResistanceDrought and Cold Resistance Flavor and Nutritional ContentFlavor and Nutritional Content Vaccine ProductionVaccine Production
Less Pesticides for Safer Agriculture
The Cotton Boll Worm is just one of the reasons cotton production consumes more agrochemicals than any crop on Earth.
Natural CottonGenetically Engineered Cotton
Genetically engineered cotton reduces insecticide use.
Transgenic BT Cotton Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis
Wild Type “Natural” CottonWild Type “Natural” Cotton BT “Engineered” CottonBT “Engineered” Cotton
Transgenic BT Corn Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis
Wild Type “Natural” CornWild Type “Natural” CornBT “Engineered” CornBT “Engineered” Corn
ACC Oxidase Gene Knockout
Slower Ripening with Higher Nutritional Content
Natural Cantaloupe60 days old
Engineered Cantaloupe60 days old
Ethylene Receptor Knockout Plants do not Ripen (vegetables) or wilt (flowers)
Genetically Engineered
Tomato
Natural Tomato
Genetically Engineered
Flower
NaturalFlower
100 Days 8 Days
Potatoes genetically engineered to produce Potatoes genetically engineered to produce human vaccines enable third world farmers human vaccines enable third world farmers to immunize people even where health care to immunize people even where health care is otherwise nonexistent.is otherwise nonexistent.
The Biotech The Biotech Revolution Revolution Doesn't Stop Doesn't Stop With the With the Green GiantGreen Giant
Dangerous Dangerous bacteria can bacteria can be genetically be genetically programmed programmed to target and to target and kill cancer kill cancer cells. cells.
Genetically Engineered Cancer Drugs (Endostatin)
Blood Vessels in Healthy Tissue
Blood Vessels in Cancerous Tissue
Endostatin starves cancers by preventing the growth of new blood vessels.
EndostatinTreated Untreated
Cloning
Cloned Goats Produce Human Anti-thrombin III in their Milk (To Treat Coagulation Disease)
Transgenic Goat Chromosomes
Blue dots are Human Anti-Thrombin III Blue dots are Human Anti-Thrombin III Genes on Goat ChromosomesGenes on Goat Chromosomes
When will WE be Cloned?When will WE be Cloned?
Clones Already
Walk Among Us
Clones Already
Walk Among Us
We have the
Technology
We have the
Technology
Embryo ScreeningEmbryo
Screening
The Leading Edge of Genetic TechnologyThe Leading Edge of Genetic Technology
Contact InformationContact InformationPhillip B. DanielsonPhillip B. DanielsonUniversity of DenverUniversity of DenverDepartment of Biological SciencesDepartment of Biological Sciences2101 E. Wesley Avenue Rm. 2112101 E. Wesley Avenue Rm. 211Denver, CO 80210Denver, CO 80210Email: [email protected]: [email protected]: (303) 871-3561Tel: (303) 871-3561
Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention.Any questions?Any questions?
C’est Fini