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Unifying Human Centered Design

and Systems Engineering

for Human Systems Integration

Guy Boy1,2& Jennifer Nakevicius3

1 Human-Centered Design Institute, Florida Institute of Technology2 NASA Kennedy Space Center

3 Jenius LLC

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Systems Engineering

an interdisciplinary approach and means to

enable the realization of successful systems

INCOSE

life cycle of a product:

design, manufacturing, operations, training and

support, disposal and costs (Haskins, 2011)

Holistic approach to peoples needs?

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Why SE fails?

Inadequate requirements

Technology focused

Poorly specified

Unmeasurable

Unachievable

Lack of flexibility

Technology-centered engineeringrigid processes

Uncertainty and rapid changes in our world

Solution: Human-Centered Design (HCD)

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Human-Centered Design

Various disciplines

Human-computer interaction & Artificial intelligence

Modeling and Simulation

Human-machine systems

Social and cognitive sciences

Same objective as SE (i.e., holistic)

Technology

People

Organizations

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The 21stcentury shift

From mechanical engineering

to electrical engineering

to software engineering!

From integration of local reductionist systems

to holistic coordination of autonomous agents

Highly interconnected interactive world

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Systems vs. Agents

System

integrated set of

elements that accomplish

a defined objective

(Haskins, 2011)

Systems of systems

Structures and functions

Agent

entity able to act,

produce something and

be representative of an

agency (Minsky, 1985)

Society of agents

Cognitive functions

Human-Systems Integration (HSI)

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From Army to Orchestra

Soldiers

executants, rigid

automated

Linear chain of command Generals, officers

hierarchy

Musicians

creative, flexible, experts

autonomous

Complex coordination composers, scores

conductors

Prescriptive and effective coordination

Task-level

Activity-level

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VFR

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Cognitive function

Role

ContextResources

Task Activity

Systemcognitivefunction

Human cognitive function

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Machine cognitivefunction

Human cognitive function

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Modeling and Simulation

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Technology-Centered

Engineering

Human-Centered

Design

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from Technology-Centered Engineering

to Human-Centered Design

positivism

objectivity

linear systems

context-freecontrol

phenomenology

subjectivity

non-linear systems

context-dependentmanagement

reductionism complexity science

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Human-Centered

Design

Technology-Centered

Engineering

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Human-Centered

Design

Technology-Centered

Engineering

Human-Systems Integration

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Automation vs. Autonomy

Procedures Automation

Automation

of

People

Automation

of

Machines

Automation

of

Human

Functions

Automation

of

Systems

Functions

Problem-Solving

Autonomy

of Agents

(mostly people)

Coordination

of Autonomous

Agents

Functions

Allocation

of Human & Systems

Functions

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Planning vs. Flexibility

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Complexity and Emergence

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Standardization vs. Creativity

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1596 1650

XXthCentury XXIstCentury

Ren Descartes by Franz Hals

1452 1519

Mona Lisa and Leonardo da Vinci Autoportrait