Current & Future Opportuni.es for Wi-‐Fi in a 4G World
Brough Turner [email protected] [email protected]
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ITU Vision for 3G
Satellite
Macrocell Microcell
Urban In-Building
Picocell
Global
Suburban
Basic Terminal PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
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“3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony
• Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging)
• Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC)
• IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
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“3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony
• Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging)
• Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC)
• IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
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“3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony
• Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging)
• Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC)
• IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Bypassed !
No traction
Too late …
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The Internet is the killer pla[orm
• Mobile Internet access drives 3G data usage
• Future business models an open ques.on – Walled garden – too late ! – Adver.sing ? – Other 2-‐sided business
models ?
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Mobile Internet Access
• For PC’s under restric.ve terms of service, e.g. no servers, no P2P, no subs.tu.on for private lines or frame relay
• AT&T: 5GB @ $60/mo • Verizon: dieo • Sprint: dieo • No US operator offers
flat rate unlimited plans
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iPhone glimmer of what’s possible
• Controlled eco-‐system – Apps must meet unpublished Apple & AT&T requirements, e.g., VoIP over Wi-‐Fi, not 3G
• Explosive growth in mobile broadband usage
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iPhone traffic
US data traffic
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US 3G performance
• Novarum Inc. (1/2010) – Measurements in 36 ci.es (Anaheim, …, Boston, …, Philly, …, Raleigh, …, Tempe)
– 8-‐2007: 507/195 Kbps & 340 ms delay
– 12-‐2009: 1.5 Mbps down
• Doubling < 24 months
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Increasing capacity
Operator Services
Femtocell
Wi-Fi
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Internet
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1. Add Cellsites ($$$) 2. Newer radios ($$) 3. More backhaul ($$$)
4. Femtocells ($$) 5. Wi-Fi ($)
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Spectrum history
• 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits
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Spectrum history
• 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits
• 1927-‐ 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing – Ensuing decades -‐ almost all spectrum assigned – Three bands reserved for “junk” uses
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Spectrum history
• 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits
• 1927-‐ 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing – Ensuing decades -‐ almost all spectrum assigned – Three bands reserved for “junk” uses
• 1985: FCC authorizes spread spectrum communica.ons in the ISM, or “junk” bands, i.e. – 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz
Wi-‐Fi History 1985 FCC permits communica.ons in “junk bands” at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz
1988 -‐ 1997 IEEE bodies iterate; eventually publish first 802.11 spec Three alternate solu.ons for 1 Mbps opera.on with a 2 Mbps op.on
1999 802.11a – 54 Mbps at 5.8 GHz using OFDM modula.on
1999 802.11b – 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using DSSS modula.on
1999 Wireless Ethernet Compa.bility Alliance (WECA) formed – Focuses on interoperability and a cer.fica.on program
2001 802.11d – extends the spec for other regulatory domains (EU, Japan, etc.)
2003 802.11g – 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using OFDM modula.on
2003 WECA adopts new name: Wi-‐Fi Alliance
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2004 view of Wi-‐Fi market
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2004 view of Wi-‐Fi market
• Rampant growth however…
• Ar.cle in ‘The Economist’ warns Wi-‐Fi under threat:
• WiMAX in wide area
• WiMedia in home
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Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure
(U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band
• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz
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Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure
(U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band
• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz
• 2003-‐2009: Task Group n works to drama.cally improve Wi-‐Fi performance, in part via MIMO and Beamforming
• 2007: 802.11n dray 2 products cer.fied by the Wi-‐Fi Alliance
• 2009: 802.11n specifica.on approved
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Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure
(U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band
• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz
• 2003-‐2009: Task Group n works to drama.cally improve Wi-‐Fi performance, in part via MIMO and Beamforming
• 2007: 802.11n dray 2 products cer.fied by the Wi-‐Fi Alliance
• 2009: 802.11n specifica.on approved
In-‐Stat (Nov 09) • Worldwide hotspots reach 245,000 venues in 2009 • Hotspot connects increased in 2009 by 47 percent, bringing total worldwide 1.2 billion connects
• Wi-‐Fi handset shipments grew 50%, 2007 to 2008 • Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled entertainment device (cameras, gaming devices, and personal media players) shipments projected to increase from 108.8 million in 2009 to 177.3 million in 2013
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ABI Research (August 2009)
• ABI projects 1 billion Wi-‐Fi chips in 2011 • Global shipments of Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled cell phones to double between 2009 and 2011 – 144 million in 2009 to 300 million in 2011
• 90% of smart phones Wi-‐Fi capable by 2014
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Increasing capacity
Operator Services
Femtocell
Wi-Fi
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3
4
Internet
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1. Add Cellsites ($$$) 2. Newer radios ($$) 3. More backhaul ($$$)
4. Femtocells ($$) 5. Wi-Fi ($)
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Femtocells: too liele, too late
• Primary users of 3G/4G data also have Wi-‐Fi – Laptops, smart phones
• Corporate IT prefers Wi-‐Fi they control • Consumers deploying Wi-‐Fi anyway
– For PCs, for gaming, for home media – Pay extra to help carrier improve their network?
• Femtocell’s only value may be voice coverage
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What’s next?
• Wireless .pping point – 5 GHz becomes as valuable as 2.4 GHz or 700 MHz
– Spa.al reuse → incredible density increments
• Wi-‐Fi leads the way – Leveraging Moore’s law and exis.ng 802.11n spec.
– Task Grp ac – Very high throughput <6GHz (2012?) New biz ops!
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Spectrum Myth TV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum
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Spectrum Myth TV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum
• Based on legacy technology, not physics! – Travels farther thru the air – No! – Thru windows – roughly the same – Goes thru masonry – yes, this is beeer …
Free space path loss
Seems to say more , more loss
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Free space path loss
But this equation encapsulates two effects: ① Actual path loss ② Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength)
Seems to say more , more loss
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Free space path loss
But this equation encapsulates two effects: ① Actual path loss ② Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength)
Seems to say more , more loss
5 GHz photons go just as far as 700 MHz photons !
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Refrac.on and reflec.ons
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Shorter wavelength - more reflections, refraction “MultiPath” “Ghosts” if a single receiver
MIMO: Mul.ple Input Mul.ple Output
• Mul.ple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps/Hz), range & direc.onality
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Rich Indoor MIMO Mul.path
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
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Municipal Mul.path Environment
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
Mul.ple channels per chip Like CPU cores …
• 2x2 MIMO – 2008 • 4x4 MIMO – 2010-‐11 then
• 8 radios, 16 radios?, … how to use silicon?
Be$er and be$er beam-‐forming !
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Intel
Fujitsu
AMD
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Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
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Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element
– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
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Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element
– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
8 antenna elements spread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz
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Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element
– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
8 antenna elements spread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz
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Beamforming
~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ?
4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements
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Beamforming
~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ?
4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements
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Beamforming
~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ?
4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements
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Commercial beamforming Wi-‐Fi beams, before silicon support … • Vivato (’02-‐’06)
– Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km
– Vivato-‐to-‐Vivato up to 18 km
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Commercial beamforming Wi-‐Fi beams, before silicon support … • Vivato (’02-‐’06)
– Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km
– Vivato-‐to-‐Vivato up to 18 km
• Ruckus Wireless (today) – 12 elements – selec.vely switched to
two channels on 2x2 silicon
– Drama.cally outperforms conven.onal 2x2 systems
• 11n wireless networking solu.ons in silicon • Founded 2006; customers include Netgear • 4x4 MIMO with beamforming
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TVWS – Beach-‐front Property?
• MIMO antenna element separa.on >= ½ wavelength – 2.1 meters at 70 MHz – 21 cm at 700 MHz
• But only – 2.5 cm for 5.8 GHz Wi-‐Fi
Wavion Networks
D-Link DAP-2553
Ruckus Wireless
Wi-‐Fi 3G / 4G
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Wi-‐Fi • Sta.onary clients or pedestrian mo.on
3G / 4G • Supports mobile use at auto speeds
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Wi-‐Fi • Sta.onary clients or pedestrian mo.on
• Data centric (VoIP an ayerthought)
3G / 4G • Supports mobile use at auto speeds
• Voice centric (voice revenues s.ll king)
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Wi-‐Fi • Sta.onary clients or pedestrian mo.on
• Data centric (VoIP an ayerthought)
• Wide-‐open market, many vendors, many market segments, many customers
3G / 4G • Supports mobile use at auto speeds
• Voice centric (voice revenues s.ll king)
• 4-‐6 vendors, 1 applica.on, <700 customers
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Wi-‐Fi markets evolving
• Well established in enterprises and on campus
• Mesh products emerge to fill coverage gaps – Aruba Networks, BelAir Networks, Bluesocket, Cisco, Clearsite Communica.ons, Fire.de, Locust World, Meraki, Mesh Dynamics, Motorola, Nortel, Open-‐Mesh, Packet Hop, Ruckus Wireless, SkyPilot Networks, Strix and Tropos
• Mesh node as bridge from outdoor to indoor
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Muni Wi-‐Fi
• Wireless broadband access networks – Take 2; recovering from early Metro Wi-‐Fi
– Dozens of US ci.es now succeeding • Ci.es bring real estate, look to save current $
– Communica.ons for police & other city services
• But strong pressure for “free” in some form – 40% of APs are open (espc. Consumer APs)
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Varia.ons on Free
• Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on
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Varia.ons on Free
• Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on
• Sponsorship – loca.ons, events By kumasawa
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Varia.ons on Free
• Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on
• Sponsorship – loca.ons, events • Carrier supported
– e.g. Cablevision’s Op.mum Wi-‐Fi
By kumasawa
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More free Ad supported
• Didn’t work in 2005; working now… – Costs way down; usage and interest up
• Freerunr in UK (& NL, RS, ZA) – Splash screens, limited dura.on free periods, …
• JiWire in US – Ad pla[orm for free Wi-‐Fi – Used by Microsoy Bing na.onwide Wi-‐Fi offer
• Sputnik in US – Ad supported model growing
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100x mesh performance coming • Wi-‐Fi mesh performance has been extremely limited
– Mul.-‐path limited link capacity & favored 2.4 GHz – Single radios with omni antennas mean all links share one 20 MHz channel, so mesh capacity drops ~x2 per node
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100x mesh performance coming • Wi-‐Fi mesh performance has been extremely limited
– Mul.-‐path limited link capacity & favored 2.4 GHz – Single radios with omni antennas mean all links share one 20 MHz channel, so mesh capacity drops ~x2 per node
• Pt-‐to-‐pt links = drama.c increase in mesh capacity – Direc.onal antennas today; soyware beamforming soon
• Mul.-‐radio mesh nodes – Separate channels for each link; note: there are eleven 40 MHz channels available at 5 GHz
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Enterprise design adapted for BB
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ILEC price umbrella • Cost of Internet transit @ urban IXPs
– <$4 /Mbps /month (mul.-‐Gbps quan..es) – <$9 /Mbps /month (<=100 Mbps)
• Elsewhere, even 1 block away, very expensive – T1 $299, 5Mbps $599, 10 Mbps $1299 /month – This is $120-‐$200 /Mbps /month 20x-‐50x markup
• Fosters wireless bypass – WISPs opera.ng 20%-‐50% under ILEC price umbrella
Wireless ISPs
• > 2000 WISPs, in fast growing segment – Most use license-‐ exempt spectrum
– Mix of pre-‐WiMAX, WiMAX and, increasingly, Wi-‐Fi gear
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Wi-‐Fi for wireless broadband
• WISPs already use license-‐exempt spectrum – Some.mes with a few licensed microwave links
• 11g & 11a, rapidly migra.ng to 11n technology – Performance advantage is significant
• Drama.cally lower cost – 5x or more vs WiMAX or pre-‐WiMAX systems – Increasing reliability, similar performance
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Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs
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Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs
Point-to-point $180-$600
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Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs
Point-to-point $180-$600
Point-to-multipoint ~$240 & $88
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Example Wi-‐Fi Pt-‐2-‐Pt Link Ubiquiti BULLET-M5-HP With 28dbi Grid Antenna 802.11n
Purchased through distribution:
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Community WISP, Inc.
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• Wireless broadband Internet access for all of Brevard County
• Served from 4 locations
• 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz, i.e. all license-exempt spectrum
• 30/10 Mbps in many areas
• Expanding into Volusia and Seminole counties
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Summary
• Wi-‐Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload – Triple play operators already bundling “free” Wi-‐Fi
– 3G/4G service providers will follow • Eventually, high speed Wi-‐Fi will be the norm
– 3G/4G coverage, merely a fallback
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Summary
• Wi-‐Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload – Triple play operators already bundling “free” Wi-‐Fi
– 3G/4G service providers will follow • Eventually, high speed Wi-‐Fi will be the norm
– 3G/4G coverage, merely a fallback
• Wi-‐Fi fosters resurgence in independent ISPs – Wireless ISPs offering wireless broadband access
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Credits, References • Image credits, beyond those noted in-‐line…
– Office building facade: hep://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Beek100 – Laptop icon: hep://www.flickr.com/photos/ichibod/ – Microwave oven: hep://www.flickr.com/photos/code_mar.al/
• Other useful references – Novarum Inc. measurements: hep://www.novarum.com/publica.ons.php
– NIST Electromagne.c Signal Aeenua.on in Construc.on Materials hep://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build97/PDF/b97123.pdf
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802.11n in-‐the-‐field • Ken Biba:
– The King is Dead, Long Live the King: 802.11n drama.cally improves Wi-‐Fi outdoors
– Real world measurements show muni Wi-‐Fi networks outperform WiMAX and cellular
• Tom’s Hardware – Reviews Ruckus Wireless 11n access point with beamforming,
hep://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/beamforming-‐wifi-‐ruckus,2390.html
• Net, net – it really works!