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As presented at the 4G Wireless Evolution conference in Miami, January 22, 2010.WiFI has been at the heart of the change to OFDM and MIMO solutions. It is not suprising that WiFi is a hotbed of innovation in today’s marketplace. This discussion looks at the current and future opportunities associated with WIFI and the implications for new kinds of deployment and adaptation by the LTE and WiMAX community.
Citation preview
Current & Future Opportuni.es for Wi-‐Fi in a 4G World
Brough Turner [email protected] [email protected]
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ITU Vision for 3G
Satellite
Macrocell Microcell
Urban In-Building
Picocell
Global
Suburban
Basic Terminal PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
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“3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony
• Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging)
• Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC)
• IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
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“3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony
• Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging)
• Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC)
• IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
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“3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony
• Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging)
• Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC)
• IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Bypassed !
No traction
Too late …
6
The Internet is the killer pla[orm
• Mobile Internet access drives 3G data usage
• Future business models an open ques.on – Walled garden – too late ! – Adver.sing ? – Other 2-‐sided business
models ?
7
Mobile Internet Access
• For PC’s under restric.ve terms of service, e.g. no servers, no P2P, no subs.tu.on for private lines or frame relay
• AT&T: 5GB @ $60/mo • Verizon: dieo • Sprint: dieo • No US operator offers
flat rate unlimited plans
8
iPhone glimmer of what’s possible
• Controlled eco-‐system – Apps must meet unpublished Apple & AT&T requirements, e.g., VoIP over Wi-‐Fi, not 3G
• Explosive growth in mobile broadband usage
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iPhone traffic
US data traffic
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US 3G performance
• Novarum Inc. (1/2010) – Measurements in 36 ci.es (Anaheim, …, Boston, …, Philly, …, Raleigh, …, Tempe)
– 8-‐2007: 507/195 Kbps & 340 ms delay
– 12-‐2009: 1.5 Mbps down
• Doubling < 24 months
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Increasing capacity
Operator Services
Femtocell
Wi-Fi
1
2
3
4
Internet
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1. Add Cellsites ($$$) 2. Newer radios ($$) 3. More backhaul ($$$)
4. Femtocells ($$) 5. Wi-Fi ($)
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Spectrum history
• 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits
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Spectrum history
• 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits
• 1927-‐ 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing – Ensuing decades -‐ almost all spectrum assigned – Three bands reserved for “junk” uses
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Spectrum history
• 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits
• 1927-‐ 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing – Ensuing decades -‐ almost all spectrum assigned – Three bands reserved for “junk” uses
• 1985: FCC authorizes spread spectrum communica.ons in the ISM, or “junk” bands, i.e. – 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz
Wi-‐Fi History 1985 FCC permits communica.ons in “junk bands” at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz
1988 -‐ 1997 IEEE bodies iterate; eventually publish first 802.11 spec Three alternate solu.ons for 1 Mbps opera.on with a 2 Mbps op.on
1999 802.11a – 54 Mbps at 5.8 GHz using OFDM modula.on
1999 802.11b – 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using DSSS modula.on
1999 Wireless Ethernet Compa.bility Alliance (WECA) formed – Focuses on interoperability and a cer.fica.on program
2001 802.11d – extends the spec for other regulatory domains (EU, Japan, etc.)
2003 802.11g – 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using OFDM modula.on
2003 WECA adopts new name: Wi-‐Fi Alliance
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2004 view of Wi-‐Fi market
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2004 view of Wi-‐Fi market
• Rampant growth however…
• Ar.cle in ‘The Economist’ warns Wi-‐Fi under threat:
• WiMAX in wide area
• WiMedia in home
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Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure
(U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band
• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz
20
Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure
(U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band
• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz
• 2003-‐2009: Task Group n works to drama.cally improve Wi-‐Fi performance, in part via MIMO and Beamforming
• 2007: 802.11n dray 2 products cer.fied by the Wi-‐Fi Alliance
• 2009: 802.11n specifica.on approved
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Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure
(U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band
• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz
• 2003-‐2009: Task Group n works to drama.cally improve Wi-‐Fi performance, in part via MIMO and Beamforming
• 2007: 802.11n dray 2 products cer.fied by the Wi-‐Fi Alliance
• 2009: 802.11n specifica.on approved
In-‐Stat (Nov 09) • Worldwide hotspots reach 245,000 venues in 2009 • Hotspot connects increased in 2009 by 47 percent, bringing total worldwide 1.2 billion connects
• Wi-‐Fi handset shipments grew 50%, 2007 to 2008 • Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled entertainment device (cameras, gaming devices, and personal media players) shipments projected to increase from 108.8 million in 2009 to 177.3 million in 2013
22
ABI Research (August 2009)
• ABI projects 1 billion Wi-‐Fi chips in 2011 • Global shipments of Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled cell phones to double between 2009 and 2011 – 144 million in 2009 to 300 million in 2011
• 90% of smart phones Wi-‐Fi capable by 2014
23
Increasing capacity
Operator Services
Femtocell
Wi-Fi
1
2
3
4
Internet
5
1. Add Cellsites ($$$) 2. Newer radios ($$) 3. More backhaul ($$$)
4. Femtocells ($$) 5. Wi-Fi ($)
24
Femtocells: too liele, too late
• Primary users of 3G/4G data also have Wi-‐Fi – Laptops, smart phones
• Corporate IT prefers Wi-‐Fi they control • Consumers deploying Wi-‐Fi anyway
– For PCs, for gaming, for home media – Pay extra to help carrier improve their network?
• Femtocell’s only value may be voice coverage
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What’s next?
• Wireless .pping point – 5 GHz becomes as valuable as 2.4 GHz or 700 MHz
– Spa.al reuse → incredible density increments
• Wi-‐Fi leads the way – Leveraging Moore’s law and exis.ng 802.11n spec.
– Task Grp ac – Very high throughput <6GHz (2012?) New biz ops!
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Spectrum Myth TV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum
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Spectrum Myth TV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum
• Based on legacy technology, not physics! – Travels farther thru the air – No! – Thru windows – roughly the same – Goes thru masonry – yes, this is beeer …
Free space path loss
Seems to say more , more loss
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Free space path loss
But this equation encapsulates two effects: ① Actual path loss ② Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength)
Seems to say more , more loss
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Free space path loss
But this equation encapsulates two effects: ① Actual path loss ② Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength)
Seems to say more , more loss
5 GHz photons go just as far as 700 MHz photons !
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Refrac.on and reflec.ons
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Shorter wavelength - more reflections, refraction “MultiPath” “Ghosts” if a single receiver
MIMO: Mul.ple Input Mul.ple Output
• Mul.ple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps/Hz), range & direc.onality
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Rich Indoor MIMO Mul.path
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
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Municipal Mul.path Environment
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
Mul.ple channels per chip Like CPU cores …
• 2x2 MIMO – 2008 • 4x4 MIMO – 2010-‐11 then
• 8 radios, 16 radios?, … how to use silicon?
Be$er and be$er beam-‐forming !
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Intel
Fujitsu
AMD
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Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
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Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element
– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
39
Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element
– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
8 antenna elements spread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz
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Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element
– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
8 antenna elements spread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz
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Beamforming
~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ?
4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements
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Beamforming
~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ?
4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements
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Beamforming
~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ?
4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements
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Commercial beamforming Wi-‐Fi beams, before silicon support … • Vivato (’02-‐’06)
– Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km
– Vivato-‐to-‐Vivato up to 18 km
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Commercial beamforming Wi-‐Fi beams, before silicon support … • Vivato (’02-‐’06)
– Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km
– Vivato-‐to-‐Vivato up to 18 km
• Ruckus Wireless (today) – 12 elements – selec.vely switched to
two channels on 2x2 silicon
– Drama.cally outperforms conven.onal 2x2 systems
• 11n wireless networking solu.ons in silicon • Founded 2006; customers include Netgear • 4x4 MIMO with beamforming
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TVWS – Beach-‐front Property?
• MIMO antenna element separa.on >= ½ wavelength – 2.1 meters at 70 MHz – 21 cm at 700 MHz
• But only – 2.5 cm for 5.8 GHz Wi-‐Fi
Wavion Networks
D-Link DAP-2553
Ruckus Wireless
Wi-‐Fi 3G / 4G
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Wi-‐Fi • Sta.onary clients or pedestrian mo.on
3G / 4G • Supports mobile use at auto speeds
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Wi-‐Fi • Sta.onary clients or pedestrian mo.on
• Data centric (VoIP an ayerthought)
3G / 4G • Supports mobile use at auto speeds
• Voice centric (voice revenues s.ll king)
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Wi-‐Fi • Sta.onary clients or pedestrian mo.on
• Data centric (VoIP an ayerthought)
• Wide-‐open market, many vendors, many market segments, many customers
3G / 4G • Supports mobile use at auto speeds
• Voice centric (voice revenues s.ll king)
• 4-‐6 vendors, 1 applica.on, <700 customers
51
Wi-‐Fi markets evolving
• Well established in enterprises and on campus
• Mesh products emerge to fill coverage gaps – Aruba Networks, BelAir Networks, Bluesocket, Cisco, Clearsite Communica.ons, Fire.de, Locust World, Meraki, Mesh Dynamics, Motorola, Nortel, Open-‐Mesh, Packet Hop, Ruckus Wireless, SkyPilot Networks, Strix and Tropos
• Mesh node as bridge from outdoor to indoor
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Muni Wi-‐Fi
• Wireless broadband access networks – Take 2; recovering from early Metro Wi-‐Fi
– Dozens of US ci.es now succeeding • Ci.es bring real estate, look to save current $
– Communica.ons for police & other city services
• But strong pressure for “free” in some form – 40% of APs are open (espc. Consumer APs)
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Varia.ons on Free
• Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on
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Varia.ons on Free
• Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on
• Sponsorship – loca.ons, events By kumasawa
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Varia.ons on Free
• Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on
• Sponsorship – loca.ons, events • Carrier supported
– e.g. Cablevision’s Op.mum Wi-‐Fi
By kumasawa
56
More free Ad supported
• Didn’t work in 2005; working now… – Costs way down; usage and interest up
• Freerunr in UK (& NL, RS, ZA) – Splash screens, limited dura.on free periods, …
• JiWire in US – Ad pla[orm for free Wi-‐Fi – Used by Microsoy Bing na.onwide Wi-‐Fi offer
• Sputnik in US – Ad supported model growing
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100x mesh performance coming • Wi-‐Fi mesh performance has been extremely limited
– Mul.-‐path limited link capacity & favored 2.4 GHz – Single radios with omni antennas mean all links share one 20 MHz channel, so mesh capacity drops ~x2 per node
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100x mesh performance coming • Wi-‐Fi mesh performance has been extremely limited
– Mul.-‐path limited link capacity & favored 2.4 GHz – Single radios with omni antennas mean all links share one 20 MHz channel, so mesh capacity drops ~x2 per node
• Pt-‐to-‐pt links = drama.c increase in mesh capacity – Direc.onal antennas today; soyware beamforming soon
• Mul.-‐radio mesh nodes – Separate channels for each link; note: there are eleven 40 MHz channels available at 5 GHz
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Enterprise design adapted for BB
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ILEC price umbrella • Cost of Internet transit @ urban IXPs
– <$4 /Mbps /month (mul.-‐Gbps quan..es) – <$9 /Mbps /month (<=100 Mbps)
• Elsewhere, even 1 block away, very expensive – T1 $299, 5Mbps $599, 10 Mbps $1299 /month – This is $120-‐$200 /Mbps /month 20x-‐50x markup
• Fosters wireless bypass – WISPs opera.ng 20%-‐50% under ILEC price umbrella
Wireless ISPs
• > 2000 WISPs, in fast growing segment – Most use license-‐ exempt spectrum
– Mix of pre-‐WiMAX, WiMAX and, increasingly, Wi-‐Fi gear
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Wi-‐Fi for wireless broadband
• WISPs already use license-‐exempt spectrum – Some.mes with a few licensed microwave links
• 11g & 11a, rapidly migra.ng to 11n technology – Performance advantage is significant
• Drama.cally lower cost – 5x or more vs WiMAX or pre-‐WiMAX systems – Increasing reliability, similar performance
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Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs
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Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs
Point-to-point $180-$600
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Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs
Point-to-point $180-$600
Point-to-multipoint ~$240 & $88
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Example Wi-‐Fi Pt-‐2-‐Pt Link Ubiquiti BULLET-M5-HP With 28dbi Grid Antenna 802.11n
Purchased through distribution:
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Community WISP, Inc.
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• Wireless broadband Internet access for all of Brevard County
• Served from 4 locations
• 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz, i.e. all license-exempt spectrum
• 30/10 Mbps in many areas
• Expanding into Volusia and Seminole counties
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Summary
• Wi-‐Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload – Triple play operators already bundling “free” Wi-‐Fi
– 3G/4G service providers will follow • Eventually, high speed Wi-‐Fi will be the norm
– 3G/4G coverage, merely a fallback
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Summary
• Wi-‐Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload – Triple play operators already bundling “free” Wi-‐Fi
– 3G/4G service providers will follow • Eventually, high speed Wi-‐Fi will be the norm
– 3G/4G coverage, merely a fallback
• Wi-‐Fi fosters resurgence in independent ISPs – Wireless ISPs offering wireless broadband access
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Credits, References • Image credits, beyond those noted in-‐line…
– Office building facade: hep://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Beek100 – Laptop icon: hep://www.flickr.com/photos/ichibod/ – Microwave oven: hep://www.flickr.com/photos/code_mar.al/
• Other useful references – Novarum Inc. measurements: hep://www.novarum.com/publica.ons.php
– NIST Electromagne.c Signal Aeenua.on in Construc.on Materials hep://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build97/PDF/b97123.pdf
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802.11n in-‐the-‐field • Ken Biba:
– The King is Dead, Long Live the King: 802.11n drama.cally improves Wi-‐Fi outdoors
– Real world measurements show muni Wi-‐Fi networks outperform WiMAX and cellular
• Tom’s Hardware – Reviews Ruckus Wireless 11n access point with beamforming,
hep://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/beamforming-‐wifi-‐ruckus,2390.html
• Net, net – it really works!