Our attempt to commence from good to great

Wuhan University of Technology , P.R. China13th May 2015

Historical, Governing and Linguistic Connections

Between Sri Lanka and China

Krishantha WisenthigeSaman IIlangarathne

Amitha Kumara Lokuwithanage

Learning Outcomes

• To explore country profiles

• To interpret historical affiliations

• To identify governing principles

• To look into linguistic connections

To explore country profile

SRI LANKA

USA

CHINA

Russia

Europe

Country Profile : Geographical View

Area : 65,610 Sq.km

Population : 20 million

Provinces : 09

Districts : 25

Literacy Rate : 95.1%

Capital City : Sri Jayewardenepura

( Legislature)

Commercial City : Colombo

Life Expectancy : 71 year

GDP : 67.18 $billion

Country Profile contd.. Sri Lanka

“The Pearl of the Indian Ocean”

Area : 9,596,961 km²

Population : 1.357 billion (2013) Provinces : 23

Capital City : Beijing

GDP : 6,807.43 USD (2013)

Life Expectancy : 75.20 years (2012)

Literacy Rate : 95.1%

Country Profile contd... P.R. China

To interpret historical affiliations

Historical Affiliation Between China and Sri Lanka are mainly

based on three incidents Arrival of Chinese navigator, Zheng to Sri Lanka in the

2nd Century

Arrival of the monk Fa-Xian to Sri Lanka to study Buddhism in 05th Century

In the 15th century a Sri Lankan prince visit in Beijing.

Zheng He (1371–1433), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, was a Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiralduring China's early Ming Dynasty. Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, andEast Africa from 1405 to 1433.

Arrival of Chinese navigator, Zheng to Sri Lanka in the 2nd Century

Zhang’s Voyage Intervention in the World

Zhang’s Voyage Intervention in Sri Lanka

he Galle Trilingual Inscription is a stone tablet inscription in three languages, Chinese, Tamil and Persian, that was erected in 1409 in Galle, Sri Lanka to commemorate the second visit to the island by the Chinese admiral Zheng He.

The text concerns offerings made by him and others to the Buddhist temple on Adams Peak, a Mountain in Sri Lanka,

Wuhan University of Technology , P.R. China 14

Galle inscription (modern replica), Top half.

Arrival of the monk Fa-Xian (Fa-Hien) to Sri Lanka

Religion : Buddhism

Monastic name: Fǎxiǎn

Born : 337 BCWuyang, in modern Xiangyuan, Changzhi, Shanxi Province

Died : 422

Religious Career : Works Foguoji (A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms)

Archeological Evidence of Faxian (Fa-Hien) Monk Stay in Sri Lanka

Faxian Cave in Sri Lanka

Wuhan University of Technology , P.R. China 17

Contribution of Fa-Hien in Sri Lanka

During the period of King Mahanama , the monk took the leadership to organize tooth relic exhibition for 90 days in Abayagitiya in Anuradhapura,

Leaning of Therawada Buddhism from Sri Lankan monks and translated them into Chinese after arrival to China

He wrote the record of his travels; and later, by request ,added certain material to make the version which we have today.

• In the 15th century, a Sri Lanka prince visited Beijing and settled down in QuanZhou, Fujiang on his way back home.

• He was surnamed Shi by the Ming emperor and his descendants are still living in Quanzhou and Taiwan.

In the 15 th century a Sri Lankan prince visit in Beijing

Governance Systems of Governance Systems of

Sri Lanka and China Sri Lanka and China

To identify governing principles

Governance SystemGovernance System

The activity of governing a country or controlling a company

or an organization”

(OXFORD)

Legislative Branch

Legislative Branch

Executive Branch

Executive Branch Judiciary Judiciary

Efficient and Effective

Governance System should be able to exercise its

control of rule of law from grassroots level

to national level

Governance System

Comparison

Ancient Kingdoms / Empires

Colonization / West Imperialism Era

Post Colonization / Post independence Era

Sri LankaSri Lanka

543 BC to 1815

1815 to 1948

1948 to date

ChinaChina

2100 BC to 1911

1842 to 1949

1949 to date

Sri Lankan was totally under the Rule of Crown (British Empire) form 1815 to 1948 whereas some parts of China, specially commercial areas, ports were controlled by western powers and Japanese

Ancient Kingdoms / Empires

• King / Emperor was the head state and of all three branches of government

• King / Emperor was the commander of military

• There were regional rulers in some periods and some powerful regional states

• During some periods, country was divided and ruled by independent regional state model

• King / Emperor had a council of minsters responsible for different areas / activities

• There was a administrative mechanism down t village level

Ancient Kingdoms / Empires

Colonization / Western Imperialism Era

• The first Europeans to visit Sri Lanka in modern times was the Portuguese (Lourenço de Almeida -505) and they controlled coastal areas till 1656. Then Dutch controlled coastal area till 1796 and finally Sri Lanka was under the British empire till 1948

• Two armed conflicts in China in the mid 19 th century by the forces of western countries with the Qing dynasty and they which ruled China from 1644 to 1911. The first Opium War (1839–42) was fought between China and Britain, and the second Opium War (1856–60), also known as the Arrow War or the Anglo-French War in China, was fought by Britain and France against China.

• First Sino-Japanese War (1894 – 1895)

Impact on Governance Impact on Governance System System

• Sri Lankan Governance system had change from Kingdom to a Democratic system

• Chinese Empire was converted to a Republic after 1911 revolution

• Sri Lankan constitution, legal system (Roman Dutch law), Administrative system, regional and national governance structures are mainly based on Dutch and British systems

• All unequal treaty were terminated with western nations and nationalist constitution was developed in China

• In comparison, while democratic sovereign state was formed in Lanka, China became a sovereign republic

Post Revolution / Independence Era

• In 1948, Sri Lanka got its’ independence from Britain

• In 1949, Mao Zedong led the Chinese Communist Revolution & found a People's Republic of China

• Democracy became the key governing principle of Sri Lanka where as Socialism became the key governing principle in China

• Both system are based on constitutional model

• Sri Lanka has multi party model where as China is one party system

• Sri Lankan people directly vote for the President where as Chinese president is elected from the party members

- 09 provincial Governments

- 335 Local Authorities (Municipal Councils, Urban Councils and Pradeshiya Sabha

- 23 provinces-05 autonomous regions (Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang)-04 independent municipalities (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Tianjin)-02 special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau)

Governance Structure – Sri Lanka

Parliament (Legislative Branch)-225 members elected by people repressing different parts of the country -Prime responsibility of making legislations -Power of Approval and control of government expenditure -Power of removing the President and Chief Justice

President (Executive Branch)-Head of the state and directly elected by the people of Sri Lanka for 06 year term -Head of the Military -Power to appoint Prime Minster, Chief Justice and cabinet of minsters -Executive power in implementing policies and activities as per the decision on the parliament

Judiciary Branch-Common law jurisdictions -Interpret law, including constitutions, statutes, and regulations

Governance Structure – China

• To look into linguistic connections

HistoryChineseLanguage

Nearly 4000 years old.Archaic Chinese (1700 BC-25 AD),

Bones and Beginnings Yangtze River valleys Shang dynasty (Chen 7).

Medieval Chinese (25 AD-907 AD),

Dictionaries and Dogma pronouncing dictionary Qui Yun

Pre-Modern Chinese (907 AD-1644 AD),

Dialects and Differences northern dialect Wu (mandarin)

Modern Chinese (1644AD to the present)

Communism and Calques Putonghua (Hawkins, 2000)

SinhaleseLanguage

Sinhalese Prakrit (until 3rd century CE)

Epigraphia Zeylanica upasaka asaha lene

Proto-Sinhalese (3rd - 7th century CE)Medieval Sinhalese (7th - 12th century CE)Modern Sinhalese (12th century - present)Phonetic development

vowels & consonantWestern vs. Eastern Prakrit features

words mässā ("fly") and mäkkā ("flea")

Sanskrit influence (Wijesekera, 1990)

China Sri Lanka

Population 1.26 Billon 20.5 Millon

Official Languages 8 - Standard Mandarin (Mainland), Cantonese (Hong Kong and Macau), English (Hong Kong)

3 – Sinhalese, Tamil, English

Indigenous languages <80 <10

Minority languages <12 <2

Phonological structure No proper Alphabet, Calligraphy, Pinyin (Finals =39, Initials =23 (Mandarin + Cantonese)

Sentence ruleS+V+O

Have an alphabet letter systemsSinhalese: 60 letters - (Vowels – 18, Consonant – 42)Tamil: 30 letters - (Vowels – 12, Consonant – 18)

Sentence ruleS+O+V

Letter style Box shape letters Curve shape letters

Linguistic Profiles

Tonal System

八  bā: 8， 茇  bá: betel， 靶  bǎ : mark, target， 爸  bà: father, dad

一  yī: 1, single， 移  yí: remove， 偯  yǐ : sob, wail， 邑  yì: city, village

In Chinese

In Sinhalese• Not available such kind of tonal system at all, but we use some tone for change the

meaning of the word according to the situation.

• Eg: Light Tone: එඑඑඑ - Come, එඑඑඑ - Go, එඑඑඑ - Eat = VerbHigh Tone: එඑඑඑ - Come, එඑඑඑ - Go, එඑඑඑ - Eat = Command

Phonetics FinalsCN=39, SN=18

InitialsCN=23, SN=42

In Sinhalese

NOT IN USE

U. .

In Chinese

NOT IN USE

Sentence order of Sinhala

Language

Spoken Sinhalese(S+O+V)

Written Sinhalese(S+O+V)

I go home

මම මමමම මමමම. I home go

මම මමමම මමම. I home go

Sentence Order

Sentence order of Chinese

Language

Spoken Chinese(S+V+O)

Written Chinese(S+V+O)

我 回家

I go home

我 回 家

I go home

wǒ huí jiā wǒ huí jiā

Sentence Order

Measure words

Chinese Measure Words Sri Lankan Measure Wordsgè general measure word; people එඑඑඑඑඑ - Kuttama Pair of shoes

bĕn book, magazine එඑඑඑඑඑ - Kuttama

Playing cards

bēi tea, coffee, cupඑඑඑඑඑඑඑ - Joduwa

Wedding couple

fèn newspaper; share; portion; copies එඑඑඑඑ - Dusima Dozen -12

kŏu family members; householdඑඑඑඑඑඑ එඑඑDusim Deka

Double Dozen - 24

píng bottles එඑඑ - Baana Couple of cattle

zhī pencil, cigarette, pen; other long, thin objectsඑඑඑඑඑඑඑ එඑඑThun path raana

3 elephants

• Measure words are familiar to any language.• Unlike English and most European languages, Chinese does not distinguish between

singular and plural, so nouns are simply abstract in number, with context determining whether something is singular or plural.

• The Chinese language measure word order.

Number + Measure Word + Noun

• The Sinhalese language measure word order.

Noun + Measure Word + Number

Liàng      +  shuang             +  xiézi

Two + pair of + shoes

සසසසසස + සසසසසසස + සසස shoes + pair of + Two

Linguistic ExchangesChina

Bachelor Degree in Chinese Language in Sri Lanka University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka (http://www.kln.ac.lk) Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka (http://www.sab.ac.lk/)

Chinese Language Teaching courses by Confucius Institute, Sri Lanka. University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, collaborative with Chongqing Normal University

China Lumbini Vidyalaya, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka

Bachelor Degree in Sinhala Language in China Beijing Foreign Languages University (http://en.bfsu.edu.cn/) iLanka – Sinhala language Teaching Program for Chinese people

(http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTYwOTA1Nw==&mid=205921392&idx=1&sn=b42e300b7b79e9de53503208cb967812&scene=1&from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0#rd)

Listeners Association of China Radio International in Sri Lanka Community (https://www.facebook.com/pages/Listeners-Association-of-China-Radio-

International-in-Sri-Lanka/128566517194972)

Dr. Hao weimin, Chinese symbol in Sri Lanka

References• Chinese people in Sri Lanka, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka

• Linguistic Analysis Methods for Studying Small Groups Iris Howley, Elijah Mayfield, & Carolyn Penstein Rosé Carnegie Mellon University

• Science Sri Lanka, retrieved from http://www.scenicsrilanka.com/art-of-sri-lanka.html on 06th January 2015

• Sri Lanka retrieved form http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Sri-Lanka.html#ixzz3NxgCTKv on 06th January 2015

• Sri Lanka, retrieved form http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Sri-Lanka.html on 06th January 2015

• Silva, Kalinga Tudor. "Caste Ethnicity and the Problem of National Identity in Sri Lanka." Sociological Bulletin 48 (1 and 2):201–215, 1999.

• Xiando, S., Harri, P., Yun, Chen. (2010). ‘China’s Market and Culture’ CIP.

Wuhan University of Technology , P.R. China 47

Krishantha Wisenthige (Class No 4)Saman Iilangarathne (Class No 6)

Amitha Kumara Lokuwithanage (Class No 5)